Usinglanguage-GrammarUnit4BreakingboundariesLookatthesentencesandanswerthequestions.Sentences(a)and(c)

arefromthereadingpassage.P5411.Whatdoes“it”refertoinsentences(a)and(c)?2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesentencesineachgroup?Whydoestheauthorchoosetousesentences(a)and(c)insteadof(b)and(d)?Nowlookformoresentencesusingitasanemptysubjectinthereadingpassage,andsummariseitsuseinyourownwords.“It”canbeusedinthesubjectpositiontostandfor.aninfinitiveformThefirstsentencesineachgroupuse“it”asanemptysubjectatthebeginningofthesentences.Thereasonwhysentences(a)and(c)arechosenisthatthesentencesarekeptbalancedandthekeyinformationofthesentencesisemphasised.Focuson基本概念

含義類型常見句型ItasanemptysubjectIt作形式主語含義it作為形式主語，代替句子的邏輯主語，并無實際詞義。這可以保持句子的結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免主語太長，顯得頭重腳輕。例句中，it指代不定式tocollaborate…。Inaworldstillfacingsomanyproblems,tocollaboratetocreateaglobalcommunitywithasharedfutureofpeaceandprosperity

isabsolutelyessentialforusall.Inaworldstillfacingsomanyproblems,it

isabsolutelyessentialforusalltocollaboratetocreateaglobalcommunitywithasharedfutureofpeaceandprosperity.類型一、it代表不定式it作為形式主語可以分為三種情況：二、it代表動名詞三、it代表從句it代表不定式，又可以分為四種類型：①Itisdifficult

totranslatethebook.②Itisimportant

tounderstandtherules.

③Itishelpful

tostudyChinese.翻譯這本書很難。理解規(guī)則很重要。學習中文很有用。（1）It+be+形容詞+不定式一、it代表不定式（2）It+be+名詞+不定式①Itismyhonour

tohelpyou.②Itwasherduty

tocleantheroom.③Itisapleasure

tohavebeenworkingwithyouinthepastweek.幫助你是我的榮幸。打掃房間是她的職責。過去一周能跟你共事是一種享受。（3）It+be+介詞短語+不定式①Itwasagainstmyprinciple

todothat.②Itwasbeyondmyability

tofinishthejobontime.（4）It+及物動詞+賓語+不定式①It

cost150yuan

tobuythedress.②It

takesme30minutes

togettoschooleveryday.這么做是違背我原則的。按時完成這項工作超出了我的能力范圍。買這條裙子花了我150元。我每天上學要花30分鐘。二、it代表動名詞（1）it代表動名詞，以“be+形容詞”作謂語。①Itis

pleasant

sittinghere.②It

isgood

hearingEnglishspoken.③Itis

terriblytiring

workinglatelikethis.聽到人講英語，我很高興。這樣干到深夜是非常累人的。坐在這兒真舒服。①Itisgreatfun

sailingaboat.②It

is

nouse

cryingforspiltmilk.③Ithasbeen

agreathonour

yourcomingtovisitus.覆水難收。你來看望我們是極大榮幸。揚帆駕舟十分有趣。（2）it代表動名詞，以“be+名詞”作謂語。三、it代表從句it代表從句，具體可以分為四種類型：①Itisclear

thathetoldalie.②Itis

naturalthatsheknowseverythingaboutit.③Itwas

surprising

thatshepassedthedifficultexam.她什么都知道很正常。很明顯他說謊了。（1）It+be+形容詞+從句真讓人驚訝，她通過了這次有難度的考試。①Itisapity

thatyoucan'tcome.②Itis

aquestion

howhedidit.他是怎么做的還是個問題。你不能來太遺憾了。（2）It+be+名詞+從句①It

issaid

thatheisfriendly.②It

isreported

thatthetemperaturewilldeclinesharplyinoneortwodays.（3）It+動詞的被動語態(tài)

+從句據(jù)說，他很友好。據(jù)報告近日氣溫將明顯下降。①It

maybe/seems

thatheviewstheissuefromadifferentperspective.②It

mayseem

thatyou’rewastingyourlifeaway.（4）It+be/其他系動詞+從句他似乎從不同的角度看待這個問題。似乎你是在浪費生命。常見句型it作為形式主語的常見句型：（1）Itisclear/obvious/true/possible/certain/…that…（2）Itisimportant/necessary/right/strange/natural/…that…(should)do…Itisobviousthathe’slate.Itisnecessarythatyoudoenoughexercisesbeforetherace.（3）Itissaid/reported/learnt/…that…Itisreportedthataseven-year-oldgirlwonthegame.（4）Itissuggested/ordered/required/…that...(should)do...Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.（5）Itisapity

/shame/…that…Itisapitythatyoudidn’tseesuchagoodfilm.（6）Ithappens/seems/looks/appears/…that…IthappensthatIknowhim.（7）Itdoesn’tmatterwhether/if…Itdoesn’tmatterifyoumissthebus,becausethere’sanotherone15minuteslater.（8）Itlooks/seemsasif…Itlooksasifheiswrong.（9）It+be+adj.

+ofsb+todo…It+be+adj.+forsb+todo...①Itiskindof

you

tothinksomuchofus.②It'sniceofyoutohelpme.③It'sdangerousforustoswiminsuchdeeppool.④It'snecessaryforustostudyhard.形容詞為描述人品質(zhì)及性格特征的詞。常用的形容詞有clever/foolish/good/nice/polite/kind等。形容詞為描述事物特征的詞，常用的形容詞有difficult/important/easy/hard/necessary/impossible/dangerous等。（11）It+be+awasteoftimedoing…Itis

awaste

of

time

arguing

with

her.

（12）Itis/wasnogood/usedoing…It

isno

good

wasting

time

here.

（13）Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing…It

is

worth

tryingto

use

new

technologyineducation.（10）Ittakes…(sometime)todo…Ittookusthreehours

togetthere.Rewritetheunderlinedparts

usingit

asanemptysubject.P54itisnolongerquitesodifficultforwomenandminoritiestogetrolesinAmericanfilmandtelevision.itisnowamorerealistichopeforminorityactorstobecomealeadingactorinHollywood.itismorecommonthanbeforeforwomentowriteanddirectHollywoodfilms.itisseenasacceptablebyfilmstudiostocastwhiteactorsasAsiancharacters.Checkyouranswers:

2Describethecityusingtheinformationprovidedandit

asanemptysubject.Beijingtodayismulticultural.Itisnotasurprisingthingforstudentstosee...Possibleanswer:

P553Beijingtodayismulticultural.Itisnotasurprisingthingforstudentstosee

differentskincoloursinthesameclass.Itispossibleforpeopletohearmanydifferentlanguagesanddialects.Itiseasyforpeopletofindproductsfromallovertheworld.Itisnotdifficultforforeignerstosettledownandfindajob.Itisacommonthingforpeoplefromdifferentcountriestowork

inthesamecompany.LikeBeijing,lotsofcitiesaremulticultural.Wehavemadesomeeffortstofightagainstgenderandracialdiscrimination(歧視)andourworldisbecomingmoreinclusive(范圍廣泛的)andopentopeopleofallages,racesandbothgenders.Describeoneofthefollowingcitiesusingitasanemptysubjectwhereappropriate.Doonlineresearchifnecessary.P554TorontoShanghaiLondonSydney直擊高考1.Everyweekendthisis"Wales"premiercomedyclubwherehavingagreattimeistheorderforbothaudiencesandcomedystarsalike.______ishard_________(name)acomedystarwhohasn'tbeenonthestagehere.(2022?全國甲卷?閱讀理解A)2.Itis___________(calculate)thatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.(2022?全國乙卷?閱讀理解C)calculatedIttoname直擊高考3._____isourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.(2021?新高考I卷?閱讀理解D)4.It__________(happen)thattheplantdowntownneededeightkidsfortemporaryhelpduringourspringbreak,forwhichIhadnoplansbeyondlisteningtomyfavoriterecords.(2021?新高考I卷?完形填空)5._____isnotaproblemwhetherwecanwinthebattle;it’sjustamatteroftime.(2020?江蘇卷?單項填空)happenedItIt

含義

類型it作為形式主語，代替句子的邏輯主語，并無實際詞義。這可以保持句子的結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免主語太長，顯得頭重腳輕。it作形式主語

It指代不定式

It指代動名詞

It指代從句

常見句型（1）Itisclear/obvious/true/possible/certain/…that…（2）Itisimportant/necessary/right/strange/natural/…that… (should)do…（3）Itissaid/reported/learnt/…that…（4）Itissuggested/ordered/required/…that...(should)do...（5）Itisapity

/shame/…that…（6）Ithappens/seems/looks/appears/…that…（7）Itdoesn’tmatterwhether/if…（8）Itlooks/seemsasif…（9)Itis+adj.

+ofsb

+todo…/It+be+adj.+forsb+todo（10）Ittakes…(sometime)todo（11）It+be+awasteoftimedoing…（12）Itis/wasnogood/usedoing…(13）Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing…Ⅰ.用適當?shù)膬?nèi)容或括號中所給單詞的適當形式填空。1.Itisimpossible______(get)therebyboat.2.Theyaregoodfriends.______isnowonderthattheyknoweachotherverywell.3._____isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.4.Itseemed________hedidn’ttellthetruth.5.Ittooktheworkersalmostthreeyears________(build)thestation.6.Itisuncertain__________hecancometo