Unit2SpaceinvadersLanguagework1/43snake:v.(CET4TEM4)

moveinatwistingway蜿蜒行進[文學性]Detailedreading1–snakee.g.Thetrainwassnakingitswaythroughthemountains.Theroadsnakedthroughforestedmountains.這條路蜿蜒穿過樹林覆蓋群山。DetailedreadingSynonym:meander2/43inch:v.

(CET4TEM4)moveveryslowlyandcarefully

遲緩地移動;使遲緩地移動

Detailedreading1–inchDetailedreadinge.g.Howardinchedforwardinthecrowd.Heinchedhiswaythroughthenarrowpassage....aclimberinchingupaverticalwallofrock.…一個沿著陡峭巖壁遲緩往上攀登人。Heinchedthevanforward.他駕著廂式貨車緩緩前行。3/43Detailedreading1--inmildannoyanceinmildannoyance:withalittleangerorimpatience

mild:a.notverygreatindegreee.g.Welookedateachotherinmildastonishment.DetailedreadingSynonym:slight4/43Detailedreading1--sidlesidle:v.(TEM8)walkinatimidmanner,esp.sidewaysorobliquely1.側移，側身而行2.偷偷地走動：Detailedreadinge.g.AmansidleduptomeandaskedifIwantedaticketforthematch.5/43Detailedreading1--scribblescribble:

TEM41)v.writeordraw(sth.)carelesslyorhurriedly草草地寫

e.g.Hescribbledanotetohissisterbeforeleaving.Shescribbleddownherphonenumberandpusheditintohishand.Throughouttheinterview,thejournalistsscribbledawayfuriously.DetailedreadingSynonym:scrawl2)

n.

[U,sing.]

carelessanduntidywriting潦草字跡;胡亂涂畫e.g.Howdoyouexpectmetoreadthisscribble?I'msorrywhatIwrotewassuchascribble.很抱歉我寫東西太潦草了。6/43Detailedreading1--shuffleshuffle:v.

(TEM8)walkbydraggingone’sfeetalongorwithoutliftingthemfullyfromtheground拖著腳走

Detailedreadinge.g.Heslippedonhisshoesandshuffledoutoftheroom.Afatwomanwasshufflingalongwithapushchair.Collocations:shufflesth.off:avoidtalkingorthinkingaboutsth.becauseitisnotconsideredimportant推卸；擺脫shuffleoutofsth.:trytoavoidsomeunpleasanttaskbyactingdishonestlye.g.Heshuffledthequestionoffandchangedthetopic.e.g.Imistrustthewayinwhichtheyshuffleoutofsustainedefforts.Heisabletoshuffleoutofthedifficulty.他能狡猾地擺脫困境。7/43Detailedreading1--SlinkySlinky:n.

ASlinky(“靈巧鬼”，一個用軟彈簧做成會翻跟頭玩具)isacoil-shapedspringinventedbymechanicalengineerRichardJamesinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Slinkyscomeinvarioussizesandshapes.Theycan“walk”downstairsasthecoilsstretchandreformasgravitymovesthemdowneachstep,thespring’smomentumcausingittospillendoverendfromonesteptothenext.Detailedreading8/43Detailedreading2--ringring:n.aquality,oranimpressionofhavingthequalitythatismentioned感覺e.g.Herstoryhadaringoftruthaboutit.Thebookshementionedhadafamiliarringaboutthem.=（itseemsfamiliar）Detailedreading9/43gratifying:a.(TEM8)givingpleasureorsatisfaction令人滿意

Detailedreading2–gratifyinge.g.ThenewplanmaybegratifyingtothePresident.DetailedreadingDerivations:gratifyv.;gratificationn.V-TIfyouaregratifiedbysomething,itgivesyoupleasureorsatisfaction.使高興;使?jié)M意[正式]Mr.Dambarwasgratifiedbyhisresponse.他回復使丹巴爾先生感到滿意。Wetookachanceandwe'vewon.It'sverygratifying.我們碰了碰運氣而且贏了。這真令人高興。２.V-TIfyougratifyyourownoranotherperson'sdesire,youdowhatisnecessarytopleaseyourselforthem.滿足(愿望)[正式]Wegratifiedourfriend'scuriosity.我們滿足了朋友好奇心。4.GratificationN-UNCOUNT滿足10/43penetrateCET4

1.V-TIfsomethingorsomeonepenetratesaphysicalobjectoranarea,theysucceedingettingintoitorpassingthroughit.進入;穿透

X-rayscanpenetratemanyobjects.X射線能穿透很多物體。

Theypenetratedintotheterritorywherenomanhadevergonebefore.

Thesun’sradiationpenetratestheskin.

Thethickwallspreventedpenetrationbydebrisfromthehurricane.一堵堵厚墻阻擋了颶風帶來碎片穿透。

penetrationN-UNCOUNT進入;穿透

2.V-TIfsomeonepenetratesanorganization,agroup,oraprofession,theysucceedinenteringitalthoughitisdifficulttodoso.(排除困難)進入

...thecontinuingfailureofwomentopenetratethehigherlevelsofengineering.…女性躋身工程業(yè)較高層級連續(xù)失敗。

11/433.V-TIfsomeonepenetratesanenemygrouporarivalorganization,theysucceedinjoiningitinordertogetinformationorcausetrouble.打入(敵對組織)

TheCIAhadrequestedourhelptopenetrateadrugringoperatingoutofMunich.中情局曾要求我們幫助打入在慕尼黑外活動一個販毒團伙。

4.V-TIfacompanyorcountrypenetratesamarketorarea,theysucceedinsellingtheirproductsthere.打入(某市場或地域)[商業(yè)]12/43Detailedreading3–wedge

Thepeoplesittingclosetomewedgedmeintothecorner.Openthedoorwideandwedgeitwithapadofnewspaper.Wedgetheplugintothehole.把塞子塞進洞里。e.g.Detailedreadingwedge:v.CET6TEM8

forceintoanarrowspace;fixsth.inpositionbyusingawedgeorsth.else將…塞入13/43Detailedreading3–zigzagDetailedreadingzigzag:CET6TEM4

Wezigzaggedupthehill.Thenarrowpathzigzagsupthecliff.e.g.1)

v.moveforwardbygoingatananglefirsttooneside,thentotheother作之字形前移2)

n.alineorpatternthatlookslikeaseriesofletterW’sasitbendstotheleftandthentotherightagain

Thepathdescendedthehillinzigzags.e.g.3)

a.[onlybeforenoun]azigzagline/path/patterne.g.14/43jostle/?d??s?l/TEM8

1.V-T/V-IIfpeoplejostleyou,theybumpagainstyouorpushyouinawaythatannoysyou,usuallybecauseyouareinacrowdandtheyaretryingtogetpastyou.推搡;推擠

Youget2,000peoplejostlingeachotherandbumpingintofurniture.你令人相互推搡并撞倒家俱。

Wespentanhourjostlingwiththecrowdsaswedidourshopping.我們花了一個小時在人群中擠來擠去買東西。

2.V-IIfpeopleorthingsarejostlingforsomethingsuchasattentionorareward,theyare

competingwithotherpeopleorthingsinordertogetit.爭奪

...thecontenderswhohavebeenjostlingforthetopjob.…一直在爭奪最高職位競爭者們15/43Detailedreading3–carveoutDetailedreadingcarveout:establishorcreatesth.throughpainstakingeffortWithmonthsofstrenuouswork,theartistcarvedoutaflowerofivory.Yearsoffailuresandsetbackshavetaughthimandcarvedoutacareerforhim.e.g.16/43Detailedreading3–pressDetailedreadingpress:v.

CET4

push,move,ormake(one’sway)strongly,esp.inacrowd推;擠Hepressedhiswaythroughthecrowd.Somanypeoplepressedroundthefamousactressthatshecouldn’tgettohercar.e.g.Translation:人群擠在她身邊，爭著要她署名。Crowdspressedroundher,tryingtogetherautograph.____________________________________________________________17/43fidgety/?f?d??t?/

1.ADJSomeonewhoisfidgetykeepsfidgeting,forexample,becausetheyarenervousorbored.煩躁;不安

Ithelpsoutwhenyou’reinafidgetymood.

當你心情煩躁時，能夠用它來發(fā)泄。18/43Detailedreading4–infuseDetailedreadinginfuse:v.

TEM８

fillorcausetobefilledwithsth.V-TToinfuseaqualityintosomeoneorsomething,ortoinfusethemwithaquality,meanstofillthemwithit.注入(某種特征)[正式]Hernovelsareinfusedwithsadness.e.g.Collocations:infuse…into/with:fill...with...e.g.Heinfusedeagernessintothemen.Hisspeechinfusedthemenwitheagerness.19/43Detailedreading4–keeptooneselfDetailedreadingkeeptooneself:

remainprivate;avoidmeetingotherpeople不與人來往，不交際：Shedoesn’tgooutmuch;shelikestokeeptoherself.There'ssomethingwrongwithher.Shekepttoherselfallday.她有些不大對頭，一整天都不與人打交道。e.g.20/43Detailedreading5–MalthusianlogicDetailedreadingMalthusianlogic:ThomasRobertMalthus(1766—1834),Britisheconomistandclergyman.InEssayonPopulation(1798)hearguedthatwithoutthepracticeof“moralrestraint”thepopulationtendstoincreaseatagreaterratethanitsmeansofsubsistence,unlesswar,famine,ordiseaseintervenesoreffortsaremadetolimitpopulation.21/43馬爾薩斯首次提出一個假設，認為人口增加“自然”傾向快于食品供給增加。所以伴隨時間推移，人均食品增加率趨于下降，從而給人口增加設置了一個障礙。普通來說，伴隨人口收入水平和生活標準提升，人口傾向于更加快增加。

釋義：馬氏指出，在不受限制時，人口是按幾何級數(shù)增加，而事務供給是按算術級數(shù)增加，所以，不論可能存在食物供給增加比率怎樣高，未受限制人口倍增都將很快造成地球擁擠不堪。同時，馬氏認為阻止超出食物供給人口增加方法通常有兩種，即直接抑制（戰(zhàn)爭、饑荒和瘟疫）和預防抑制（流產、殺嬰），這兩種方法經常被稱為“貧窮和罪惡”。以后他也認為人口抑制能夠經過某種“道德抑制”去實現(xiàn)，如晚婚和婚前禁欲。22/43Detailedreading5–wagerDetailedreadingwager:v.(amoreformaltermfor)bet

下賭注

Shewagered￡50onahorse.IhadwageredagreatdealofmoneythatIwouldbeathim.Theywageredalotofmoneyontherace.e.g.1)wager(sth.)(onsth.);wagersth./sb.that…:betmoneyonsth.2)wager(that):usedtosaythatyouaresoconfidentthatsth.istrueorwillhappenthatyouwouldbewillingtobetmoneyonitI’llwagerthatsheknowsmoreaboutitthanshe’ssaying.e.g.23/43trespassTEM8

1.V-IIfsomeonetrespasses,theygoontosomeoneelse'slandwithouttheirpermission.私自進入

Theyweretrespassingonprivateproperty.

他們正在私自闖進私人領地。

2.N-VARTrespassistheactoftrespassing.

私自進入[法律]

Youcouldbeprosecutedfortrespass.

你可能會因私自闖進而被起訴。

24/43Detailedreading6–plowDetailedreadingplow:

v.

CET4TEM4

forceawayormakeatrack開路：Atruckplowedintothebackofthebus.Sheplowedherwaythroughthewaitingcrowds.e.g.Spelling:plow(AmericanEnglish)=plough(BritishEnglish)25/43Detailedreading7–lamentlament:v.

CET6+TEM8

Ifyoulamentsomething,youexpressyoursadness,regret,ordisappointmentaboutit.感到悲痛;感到遺憾;感到失望[FORMAL,WRITTEN]e.g.Inthepoemhelamentsthedestructionofthecountryside.DetailedreadingSynonym:bemoane.g.Sheshowsalamentablelackofunderstanding.Derivations:lamentable:a.verydisappointing,regrettable

可憐，可悲lamentation:n.(formal)anexpressionofgreatsadnessordisappointment26/43Detailedreading6-7–stakeaclaimtoDetailedreadingstakeaclaimto:makeaclaim

to提出全部權要求stake:

v.CET4beassertiveindefininganddefendingapositionorpolicy支持；資助；打賭Ifsomethingisatstake,itisbeingriskedandmightbelostordamagedifyouarenotsuccessful.得失難料

Ifyoustakesomethingsuchasyourmoneyoryourreputationontheresultofsomething,youriskyourmoneyorreputationonit.以(金錢、聲譽等)下賭注

e.g.Hestakedaclaimtothelandwherehe’dfoundthegold.27/43Detailedreading6-7–annexDetailedreadingannex:v.

CET6+TEM4

takecontrolandpossessionofland,asmallcountry,etc.,esp.byforce;takewithoutpermission吞并(領土等)，強行占取(領土等)；Synonym:occupye.g.GermanyannexedAustriain1938.Thereareexamplesofpeopleoccupyingpublicsquaresandannexingthepavementnexttotheirlands.28/43Detailedreading8–beproportionaltoDetailedreadingbeproportionalto:increaseordecreaseatthesamerateastheotherthingincreasesordecreases,sothatthereisalwaysthesamerelationshipbetweenthetwothingsDerivation:proportion:n.therelationshipofonethingtoanotherinsize,amount,etc.

e.g.Theoutputshouldbeproportionaltotheinput.Asarulesuicideratesareproportionaltothesizeofthecity.e.g.Theroomisverylonginproportionto(=relativeto)itswidth.29/43Detailedreading8–self-absorptionDetailedreadingself-absorption:thecharacteristicofthinkingaboutthingsconcerningoneselfwithoutnoticingotherpeopleorthethingsaroundhim聚精會神Derivation:self-absorbeda.30/43Detailedreading1–sometiredvelvetrope…sometiredvelvetrope(Paragraph1)Explanation:Here,theword“tired”means“drooping,loosenedorslackened”.Detailedreading31/43Detailedreading1–…untilwewere……untilwewereallhugger-muggeragainsteachother,theoriginallazylinehavingcollapsedinonitselflikeaSlinky.(Paragraph1)Paraphrase:…untilwewereallpushingagainsteachother,leavingthelineindisorder.Detailedreading32/43Detailedreading2–Thephrase…Thephrase“personalspace”hasaquaint,seventiesringtoit...(Paragraph2)Paraphrase:Thephrase“personalspace”soundsold-fashionedandremindsoneoftheseventies...Detailedreading33/43Detailedreading4...I’vewondered…...I’vewonderedifit’stheseason:T-shirtweathercanmakeproximitymorealluring(ormuch,muchless).(Paragraph4)Paraphrase:...ithaspassedthroughmymindthatmaybethecause(ofthespaceinvasion)istheseason:summermaymakepeoplewanttobeclosertothosewhosephysicalattractionisrevealedbylightsummerclothing(thoughitmayalsomakethemwishtomovefurtherawayfromthosesmellingunpleasantlyofperspiration).Detailedreading34/43Detailedreading4–Orperhaps…OrperhapstheproliferationofcoffeebarsinManhattan…isinfusingsomuchcaffeineintothealreadyjanglinglocalsthatpeoplecannolongerkeeptothemselves.(Paragraph4)Paraphrase:OrperhapstheincreasingcoffeebarsinManhattan...attractmoreandmorepeople,whoarestimulatedandexcitedbythecaffeinetheytakein,sothattheybecomeeagertomeetothersandnolongerwanttoremaininprivate.Detailedreading35/43Detailedreading5–…weallow…weallowallkindsofinvasionsofpersonalspaceinprivate.(Humanitywouldn’texistwithoutthem.)(Paragraph5)Paraphrase:…privatelyweallowpeoplewithwhomwehavecloserelationshipstoenterourpersonalspaceinavarietyofways.(Indeed,intheabsenceofsexualintimacy,noneofuswouldbehere.)

Detailedreading36/43Detailedreading5–Thelogistics

Thelogisticsofitvaryaccordingtogeography.(Paragraph5)Paraphrase:Peopleindifferentregionsaregivendifferentsizesofpersonalspace.Detailedreading37/43Detailedreading5–“Don’ttreadon

“Don’ttreadonme”couldhavebeencoinedonlybysomeonewithaspread.(Paragraph5)Paraphrase:“Don’tstepintomyspace.”Thiscouldonlyhavebeeninventedbypeoplewhohaveafarmandthusalargespacealltheirown.

Detailedreading38/43Detailedreading6–Thedeclineof

Thedeclineofmannershasbeenwidelylamented.(Paragraph6)Paraphrase:Manyhaveexpressedregretatthedeteriorationofmanners.Detailedreading39/43Detailedreading7–I’vealsonoticed

I’vealsonoticedanincreaseintheranksofwhatIthinkofasspaceinvaders,