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TRENDSElectricvehiclesinEuropeCHAPTER

01OverviewSizeoftheglobalmarketforelectricvehiclesin2022,withaforecastfor2028(inbillionU.S.dollars)Electricvehicles-globalmarketsizeforecast2022&2028900800700600770.03500419.324003002001000202220283Description:Between2022and2028,thesizeoftheglobalelectricvehiclemarketisexpectedtoincreasebyacompoundannualgrowthrateof3.48percenttoreachanestimatedglobalmarketsizeofsome770billionU.S.dollarsby2028.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023;includespassengervehiclesandcommercialvehicles.Source(s):MordorIntelligenceEstimatedplug-inelectriclightvehiclesalesworldwidefrom2015to2022(inmillionunits)Plug-inelectriclightvehiclesalesworldwide2015-20221210810.26.5642.972.052.0821.180.750.550201520162017201820192020202120224Description:Itisestimatedthat2022sawplug-inelectriclightvehicle(PEV)salesofaround10.2millionunits.TheChinesemarketpickedupsteamafteraperiodofslowdownin2020,asvehiclemanufacturinganddemandwasatastandstillduetotheCOVID-19pandemic.Meanwhile,electricvehiclesalesinEurope'sfivelargestmarketssurgedin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2015to2022Source(s):IEAYear-on-yearchangeinnewplug-inelectricvehicleregistrationsin2022,bymarketChangeinPEVregistrationsworldwidebymarket2022Year-on-yeargrowth40%0%10%20%30%50%60%70%80%90%ChinaNorthernAmericaEurope82%48%15%5Description:Chinesebatteryelectricvehicle(BEV)andhybridelectricvehicle(PHEV)registrationsincreasedbyastaggering82percentyear-on-yearin2022.Globalplug-inelectricvehicle(PEV)salescametojustover10.5millionunitsin2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;JanuarythroughDecember2022Source(s):EV-VGlobalplug-inelectricvehiclemarketsharein2022,bymainmanufacturerPlug-inelectricvehiclemarketsharebymanufacturer2022Marketshare0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%BYDTeslaInc.18.4%13%VWGroup8.2%SAIC*7.2%Geely-VolvoCarGroupOthers6%47.2%6Description:BYDwasrankedasthebest-sellingelectricvehiclemanufacturerworldwideaftersellingcloseto1.86millionunitsin2022,overtakingTeslaasthebest-sellingelectricvehiclemanufacturer.BYD'ssalesvolumetranslatesintoamarketshareofaround18.4percent.TeslaandtheVolkswagenGroupwereamongtherunners-up.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2021;*IncludesSAIC-GM-Wuling.ReadmoreSource(s):EV-V;InsideEVsGovernmentspendingonelectricvehiclesin2022,byvehicletypeandselectedcountriesandregions(inbillioncurrentU.S.dollars)GovernmentspendingonEVsbyvehicletypeandselectedregions2022SpendinginbillioncurrentU.S.dollarsPHEV8BEV02461012141618ChinaEuropeUnitedStates7Description:Acrossthethreecountriesorregionsstudied,battery-electricvehiclesreceivedmostofthegovernment'sspendingonelectricvehicles.InChina,governmentspendingonBEVsreachedaround17billioncurrentU.S.dollarsin2022,withEuroperecordingasimilarinvestmentat13billioncurrentU.S.dollars.Incontrast,theUnitedStatesrecordedthelowestgovernmentalspending,atapproximatelytwobillioncurrentU.S.dollarsacrossvehicletype.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):EV-V;IEADistributionoftheglobalmotorvehiclemarketlocatedincountrieswithpoliciessupportingelectricvehicleadoptionin2022,byregionandsalessegmentShareofglobalvehiclesalesincountrieswithpoliciessupportingEVsales2022EuropeAsiaAmericasAfricaRestoftheworld12010080604020032421224116403129282691Light-dutyvehiclesElectricvehiclesupplyequipmentHeavy-dutyvehiclesTwo-andthree-wheelers8Description:Asof2022,97percentofthegloballight-dutyvehiclemarketcomprisedcountrieswithpoliciesencouragingelectricvehicleadoption,with41percentofthesepoliciescomingfromcountriesintheAsiaregion.Incontrast,around58percentoftheheavy-dutyvehiclemarketwascoveredbypoliciessupportingelectricvehicles,asharewhichdroppedevenfurtherdownto29percentfortwo-andthree-wheelers.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):IEANewpassengercarregistrationintheEuropeanUnionin2022,byleadingpowertrainNewcarregistrationsbyleadingpowertrainintheEU2022Numberofnewregistrations1,000,000

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2,000,0000500,0002,500,0003,000,0003,500,0003,371,1534,000,000PetrolHybridelectricvehicle*2,089,653Diesel1,522,686Battery-electricvehicle**Plug-inhybridelectricvehicle***Otheralternatively-poweredvehicles****Naturalgasvehicle1,123,778874,182257,45818,2989/statistics/1301925/car-sales-by-leading-powertrain-european-unionAtnearly3.4millionnewregistrations,petrolinternalcombustionengineswerethemostpopularpowertrainintheEuropeanUnionin2022,followedbyhybridelectricanddieselpowertrains.Bycontrast,naturalgasvehicleswerelesspopular.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2022;*Includesfullandmildhybrids.**Includesfuelcellelectricvehicles.***Includesextended-rangeelectricvehicles.****Includesliquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol(E85)andotherfuels.ReadmoreSource(s):ACEAEstimatedoildisplacementinEuropeduetoelectriccarsbetween2011and2022(inmillionlitersgasolineequivalent)EuropeanoildisplacementduetoEVs2011-20227,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0006,1004,2001,80020201,50020181,20020197801,000055028026066671420112012201320142015201620172021202210Description:Around6.1billionlitersofgasolineequivalenthadbeendisplacedbyelectriccarsinEuropein2022.Thiswasanincreaseofaround45.24percentthevolumeofoildisplacedin2021intheregion.Oildisplacementhasbeenincreasingsince2011,aselectricvehiclesbecomemorepopularamongEuropeanconsumers.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2011to2022Source(s):IEADistributionofavailableelectriccarmodelsworldwidein2022,byselectedregionsandcountriesandvehiclesegmentsShareofavailableEVmodelsworldwidebyregionandvehiclesegment2022SUVMediumSmallLargeCrossover120%100%80%60%40%20%0%ChinaEuropeanUnionUnitedStates11Description:MostoftheelectricvehiclemodelsavailableintheUnitedStates,China,andtheEuropeanUnionweresportutilityvehicles.IntheUnitedStates,thisvehiclesegmentrepresentedaround60percentofthetotalEVmodels.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):IEA;MarkLinesNumberofelectricvehiclechargingstationsinEuropefrom2020to2022NumberofelectricvehiclechargingstationsinEurope2020-2022600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000020202021202212Description:In2022,therewereroughly535,700publicchargingstationsforelectricvehiclesinEurope(includingTurkey).Thisfigureincludesbothalternatingcurrentanddirectcurrentchargers.Figuresgrewconsecutivelybetween2020and2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2020to2022Source(s):EAFOCHAPTER

02SegmentQuarterlysalesvolumeofbatteryelectric(BEV)andplug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEV)inEuropefromQ12015toQ42022(in1,000s)QuarterlysalesvolumeofelectricvehiclesinEurope2015-20228007006005004003002001000Q1

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'2214Description:Around571,400electricvehiclesweresoldthroughoutEuropeinthefourthquarterof2022.Thissalesvolumeincludessalesofbatteryelectricvehicles(BEV)andplug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEV).Europeisoneoftheleadingmarketsforplug-invehiclesalesworldwide.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;Q12015toQ42022Source(s):ACEA;Varioussources(NationalAutomobileManufacturers'Associations)TotalmarketshareofnewlyregisteredpassengerelectricvehiclesintheEuropeanUnionbetween2015and2022Passengerelectricvehicles-newregistrationmarketshare2022BatteryelectricvehiclePlug-inhybridelectricvehicle25%20%15%10%5%0%2015201620172018201920202021202215Description:IntheEuropeanUnion,theshareofnewpassengercarregistrationswithall-electricpropulsionpeakedat12percentin2022.Meanwhile,plug-inhybridelectricvehicleregistrationsexperiencedasomewhatmoderategrowthbetween2015and2019,onlytosurgeto9.5percentin2022.RegistrationsofbatteryelectricvehiclesinEuropereachedalmost1.3millionunitsin2021.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2015to2022Source(s):EAFOQuarterlysalesvolumeofplug-inelectricvehiclesinEuropefromQ12015toQ42022,bytype(in1,000s)QuarterlysalesvolumeofelectricvehiclesinEuropebytype2015-2022BEVsPHEVs1,000900800700600500400300200100016Description:Battery-electricvehicles(BEVs)werethemostpopulartypeofelectriccaracrossEuropeinthefourthquarterof2022,representingover63.7percentofelectricvehiclesales.BEVsaleswereattheirhighestinthefourthquarterof2022,whentheyreached572,400units.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;Q12015toQ42022Source(s):ACEA;Varioussources(NationalAutomobileManufacturers'Associations)PassengercarsalesinselectedEuropeancountriesin2022,byfueltypeShareoffueltypesofnewpassengercarsinEuropebycountry2022SalessharePetrol0%DieselBatteryelectricvehicles20%Plug-inhybridelectricvehicles40%

60%Hybridelectricvehicles80%APVotherthanelectric100%120%Europe(EU,EFTA,UK)EuropeanUnionGermanyUnitedKingdomFranceItalySpainPolandBelgiumNetherlandsSwedenSwitzerland17Description:BetweenJanuaryandDecember2022,Norwayhadthehighestshareofbattery-electriccarsinEurope,withjustover79.3percent.Thecountrywiththelargestproportionofdiesel-propelledvehicleswasIreland,withover26.7percentofsalesinthecountrythatyearbeingdieselvehicles.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2022Source(s):ACEA;Salesvolumeofplug-inelectricvehiclesinselectedEuropeancountriesin2022(in1,000units)ElectricvehiclesalesinmainEuropeanmarkets2022Plug-inelectricvehiclesalesinthousandunits0100200300400500600700800900GermanyUnitedKingdomFrance833.49368.62329.67Sweden161.65Norway154.41Italy114.76107.91Netherlands18Description:In2022,GermanywasthelargestEuropeanmarketintermsofplug-inelectricvehiclesales.MotoristsinGermanypurchasedsome833,500plug-inelectricvehicles.Norwayheldthehighestmarketshareofplug-inelectricvehiclesamongEuropeancountries.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2022Source(s):ACEA;Varioussources(Nationalautomobilemanufacturers'associations)Plug-inelectriccarsalesinGermanybetween2018and2022(in1,000units)Germany:newplug-inelectriccarregistrations2018-2022BatteryelectricPlug-inhybrid90080070060050040030020010002018201920202021202219Description:Germancarshoppersboughtnearly830,700plug-inhybridelectricvehiclesin2022.Thatyear,battery-electricpassengervehiclesrepresentedthelargestsegmentofthemarketforvehicleswithanelectricdrivetrain.

ReadmoreNote(s):Germany;2018to2022Source(s):KBANewregisteredelectricpassengercarsintheNetherlandsfrom2014to2022(in1,000units)NewregisteredelectricpassengercarsintheNetherlands2014-202212010080107.5695.58967604440282320015920142015201620172018201920202021202220Description:Alittleunder107,600passengercarsequippedwithanelectricdrivetrainwereregisteredintheNetherlandsin2022.Thisfigurerepresentedanincreaseofapproximately12.6percentyear-over-year.

ReadmoreNote(s):Netherlands;2014to2022Source(s):CleanTechnica;EV-V;InsideEVs;SolarMagazineNewlyregisteredplug-inelectriccars(PHEVandBEV)inNorwayfrom2010to2022Newlyregisteredplug-inhybridandbatteryelectriccarsinNorway2010-2022180,000160,000140,000120,000100,00080,000154,416151,776105,55979,42072,65061,98060,00044,530201640,00020,000033,40819,69720148,36420134,59620122,01020113802010201520172018201920202021202221Description:Thenumberofnewlyregisteredplug-inhybridandbattery-electriccars(abbreviatedasPHEVandBEV,respectively)inNorwayreachedover154,400unitsin2022.Themarketshareofplug-inelectricvehiclesincreasedthatyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Norway;2010to2022Source(s):EAFO;Numberofnewlyregisteredbattery-electricpassengercarsinSwedenfromMay2020toJuly2023Monthlynumberofnewlyregisteredall-electricpassengercarsinSweden2020-202320,00018,00016,00014,00012,00010,00018,20712,64411,69611,00510,97010,0829,2548,7068,3656,5298,0367,8717,4868,0006,0004,0002,00006,9836,6096,5286,2124,3335,9274,7925,5494,6345,491

5,5005,2214,8883,9724,8062,5563,6782,3452,7292,6251,4162,1201,3071,7068411,16122Description:InJuly2023,thenumberofnewlyregisteredbattery-electricpassengercarsinSwedenamountedtoover6,500units.Thisindicatesasharpincreaseyear-on-yearincomparisontoJuly2022,whennearly4,800carswereregistered.Intheperiodshown,March2023heldarecord-high12,600newall-electricpassengercarregistrations.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;May2020toJuly2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysCHAPTER

03CompaniesLeadingbattery-electricvehiclemanufacturersbasedonnewregistrationsinEuropein2022Best-sellingbattery-electriccarmanufacturersinEurope2022Newregistrations150,000

200,000050,000100,000250,000300,000350,000400,000VolkswagenGroupTesla349,147232,018230,383StellantisHyundai-KiaRenaultGroup157,213143,73624Description:TheVolkswagenGroupwastheleadingcarmanufacturerinEuropebasedonnewbattery-electricvehicleregistrationsrecordedin2022.Thatyear,over349,100newBEVswerefromoneoftheVolkswagenGroup'sbrands.Incontrast,theAmericanEVgiantTeslarankedsecond.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2022Source(s):JATOLeadingplug-inhybridelectricvehiclemanufacturersbasedonnewregistrationsinEuropein2022Best-sellingplug-inhybridelectriccarmanufacturersinEurope2022Newregistrations80,000

100,000020,00040,00060,000120,000140,000160,000180,000200,000VolkswagenGroupStellantis183,065147,051BMWGroup141,116Mercedes-BenzGeelyGroup134,504115,66125Description:Atnearly183,100Europeansales,theVolkswagenGroupwastheleadingoriginalequipmentmanufacturer(OEM)fornewplug-inhybridelectricvehicleregistrationsintheregion.ItwasfollowedbyStellantisandtheBMWGroup,whichwerealsoEuropeanautomakers.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2022Source(s):JATOBest-sellingplug-inelectricvehiclemodelsinEuropebetweenJanuaryandJune2023(in1,000units)Best-sellingPEVmodelsinEuropeYTD2023Salesinthousandunits60

8002040100120140138.81160TeslaModelYTeslaModel343.1342.2141.73VolvoXC40(BEV+PHEV)VolkswagenID.4VolkswagenID.3Fiat500electricAudiQ4e-tronMG435.4232.2932.1831.34SkodaEnyaqiVDaciaSpring30.2626.9926Description:Tesla`sModelYwasthebest-sellingelectriccarinEuropeasofJune2023,beatingtheTeslaModel3tofirstplace.TheVolvoXC40andVolkswagen'sID.4andID.3roundedoffthetopfive.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;JanuarythroughJune2023Source(s):InsideEVsLeadingbattery-electricvehiclemodelsbasedonnewregistrationsinEuropein2022Leadingbattery-electriccarmodelsinEuropebynewregistrations2022Numberofnewregistrations60,000

80,000020,00040,000100,000120,000140,000137,052160,000TeslaModelYTeslaModel3VolkswagenID.4Fiat50091,47567,49066,198VolkswagenID.3SkodaEnyaqDaciaSpringPeugeot208HyundaiKonaKiaNiro53,01549,56648,53546,61641,22638,52227Description:In2022,thefullyelectriccarmodelwiththehighestnumberofnewregistrationsintheEuropeanUnionwastheTeslaModelY,atnearly137,100newsales,followedbytheTeslaModel3.TheVolkswagenID.4andID.3werealsointhetopfive.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2022Source(s):JATOLeadingplug-inhybridelectricvehiclemodelsbasedonnewregistrationsinEuropein2022Best-sellingplug-inhybridelectriccarmodelsinEurope2022Newregistrations30,000010,00020,00040,00050,00060,00057,92470,000FordKugaBMWSeries332,40531,234VolvoXC40HyundaiTucsonVolvoXC6029,04328,40928,358Peugeot3008MitsubishiEclipseCrossJeepCompassLynk&Co0127,13425,86025,79825,444KiaSportage28Description:In2022,theFordKugawasthebest-sellingplug-inhybridelectricvehiclemodelbasedonnewregistrationsrecordedin28Europeancountries.Over25,500moreFordKugasweresoldthanBMWSeries3,secondintheranking.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2022Source(s):JATOTesla'srevenuefromFY2008toFY2022(inmillionU.S.dollars)Tesla'srevenue2008-202290,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00081,46253,82331,53630,00020,00010,000024,578201921,461201811,75920177,00020164,0463,19820142,014201315112117204413200820092010201120122015Fiscalyear20202021202229Description:Tesla`srevenuegrewtonearly81.5billionU.S.dollarsinthe2022fiscalyear,a51percentincreasefromthepreviousyear.TheUnitedStatesisTesla'slargestsalesmarket.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;FY2008toFY2022Source(s):TeslaRenaultGroup'srevenuefromFY2010toFY2022(inbillioneuros)RenaultGroup'srevenue2010-20227058.77605040302010057.4255.5451.2446.3945.3343.4742.641.6640.740.941.0639201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021*202230/statistics/387188/revenue-generated-by-renault-groupIn2022,Renaultgeneratedsome46.39billioneurosinrevenue,anincreaseofsome11.36percentcomparedtothepreviousyear.Thecarmaker'ssalesvolumewasrestatedfor2021duetoitsdiscontinuedoperationsintheRussianFederation.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;FY2010toFY2022Source(s):RenaultVolkswagenAG'ssalesrevenuefromFY2006toFY2022(inbillioneuros)VolkswagenAG'ssalesrevenue2006-20223002502001501005002006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202231Description:VolkswagenGroup`srevenuegrewinthe2022fiscalyear.Thecarmaker`s279.2billioneurosinrevenuealsosecuredVWaspotintherankingofthewealthiestcompaniesworldwide.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;FY2006toFY2022;fiscalyearendsDecember31.Source(s):VolkswagenToyota'snetrevenuefromFY2012toFY2023(intrillionJapaneseyen)Toyota'snetrevenue2012-20234037.15353025201510531.3830.2329.8729.3828.427.627.2327.2125.6922.0618.580201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Fiscalyear32Description:TheToyotaMotorCorporation`snetrevenuerosebysome18.4percentyear-on-yearandgrewtojustunder37.2trillionJapaneseyeninthefiscalyearendedMarch2023.Thisfigureisapproximatelyequalto279billionU.S.dollars.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;FY2012toFY2023Source(s):ToyotaCHAPTER

04ConsumersConsumers'carpurchasingintentioninselectedcountriesandregionsin2022,byvehicletypeCarpurchasingintentioninselectedcountriesandregionsbyvehicletype2022AnelectricvehicleIwouldsubstitutemycarwithpublictransportorabikeIdon`thaveavehiclenowanddonotplantobuyoneAhybridvehicleApetrol/dieselvehicleDon`tknow120%100%80%60%40%20%0%ChinaUnitedKingdomEuropeanUnionUnitedStates34Description:IntheEuropeanUnion,overhalfoftherespondentsreportedintendingtopurchaseahybridorelectricvehicleshouldtheyneedtochangetheircarorbuyoneforthefirsttime,asharesimilartothatrecordedintheUnitedKingdom.Chinawastheonlycountrysurveyedwheretheshareofparticipantsreportingelectricvehiclepurchasingintentionswasover50percent.Chinawasthecountrywiththelargestestimatedplug-inelectricvehiclefleetworldwide.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;August2022;25,722respondents;15yearsandolder;weightedresults.Source(s):EIBConsumers'carpurchasingintentionintheEuropeanUnionin2022,byvehicletypeandagegroupCarpurchasingintentionintheEU27byvehicletypeandagegroup2022AnelectricvehicleApetrol/dieselvehicleAhybridvehicleIwouldsubstitutemycarwithpublictransportorabikeIdon`thaveavehiclenowanddonotplantobuyoneDon`tknow120%100%4%7%10%7%7%9%10%7%10%7%9%10%80%60%40%20%0%14%13%13%24%26%30%23%31%31%22%22%19%18%27%24%25%20%19%From15to19yearsFrom20to29yearsFrom30to49yearsFrom50to64years65yearsandmore35Description:IntheEuropeanUnion,overhalfofrespondentsover30yearsoldreportedintendingtopurchaseahybridorelectricvehicle.Whilearoundtenpercentofunder-20swereconsideringsubstitutingtheirvehiclewithpublictransportorabike,passengercarsstillremainedthemostpopularmobilityoptionforallparticipants.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;August2022;22,722respondents;15yearsandolder;weightedresults.Source(s):EIBConsumers'carpurchasingintentionintheEuropeanUnionin2022,byvehicletypeandlivingareaCarpurchasingintentionintheEU27byvehicletypeandlivingarea2022AhybridvehicleAnelectricvehicleApetrol/dieselvehicleIwouldsubstitutemycarwithpublictransportorabikeIdon`thaveavehiclenowanddonotplantobuyoneDon`tknow120%100%6%8%8%8%10%11%5%80%60%40%20%0%7%15%21%27%18%22%25%19%30%30%27%AlargecityAsmallormedium-sizedtownAruralarea36Description:In2022,fullyelectricvehicleswerenotaspopularamongEuropeanrespondentslivinginruralareas,comparedtoaquarterofparticipantslivingincitiesreportingintentionsofbuyingthisvehicletype.Thisisinpartduetocharginginfrastructurebeingmoreaccessibleinmetropoliswithahigherurbanpopulation.TheEuropeanelectricvehiclechargingsystemmarketisforecasttoreachover24.9billionU.S.dollarsby2028.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;August2022;22,722respondents;15yearsandolder;weightedresults.Source(s):EIBConsumers'carpurchasingintentionintheEuropeanUnionin2022,byvehicletypeandclimatechangeperceptionCarpurchasingintentionintheEU27byvehicl