測繪專業(yè)英語

EnglishforSurveying測繪遙感信息工程系常德娥

2009.09.01LessonOne

SummaryofDefinitionsLessonOne:SummaryofDefinitionsNewwordsandExpressionslevelsurface

水準面curved

adj.彎曲的element

n..元素normalto

與……垂直，是……的法線plumbline

鉛垂線disregard

vt.不考慮、不管

NewwordsandExpressionsdeviation

n.偏離、偏差vertical

n.垂直線adj.垂直的mean

adj.平均的spheroid

n.旋轉(zhuǎn)橢球體horizontalplane

水準面 tangentto

與……相切intersection

n.交叉、相交

NewwordsandExpressionsperpendicularto

與…..垂直nadir

n.天底zenith

n.天頂term

vt.稱……為……..inclined

adj.傾斜的inpractically

實質(zhì)上，實際上equivalent

adj.等價的

NewwordsandExpressionselevation

n..高度、海拔Arbitrarily

adv.任意的Assume

vt.假定為Datum

n.大地水準面Contour

n.輪廓、等高線Corresponding

adj.相應(yīng)的

NewwordsandExpressionsDifferenceinelevation

高差Leveling

n.水準測量Gradient

n.傾斜度Slope

n.坡度TextPart1:Definitionoflevelsurface(para1)Alevelsurfaceisacurvedsurface,everyelementofwhichisnormaltoaplumbline,disregardinglocaldeviationsoftheplumblinefromtheverticalwiththemeanspheroidsurfaceoftheearth.

水準面是彎曲的表面，水準面上的每一個元素都與鉛垂線垂直，（這種垂直關(guān)系）是假定不考慮某處的鉛垂線與地球平均旋轉(zhuǎn)橢球面的垂線間的偏差。Thepictureoflevelsurface

Part2:Definitionsofhorizontalplane、horizontallineandangle(Para2、3and4)Ahorizontalplaneisaplanetangenttoalevelsurfaceataparticularpoint.水平面是在特定點上相切于水準面的平面.

HorizontallineandangleAhorizontallineisalinetangenttoalevelsurface.水平線是相切于水準面的線.Insurveying,itiscommonlyunderstoodthatahorizontallineisstraight.在測量學(xué)里,通常認為水平線是直線.

HorizontallineandangleAhorizontalangleisanangleformedbytheintersectionoftwolinesinahorizontalplane.水平角是由水平面內(nèi)兩條相交線所構(gòu)成的角.ThepictureofhorizontalanglePart3:Definitionsofverticalline、verticalplaneandangle(para5、6、7、8)Averticallineisalineperpendiculartotheplane.Aplumblineisanexample.垂線是垂直于平面的直線，例如鉛垂線。Part3Averticallineinthedirectiontowardthecenteroftheearthistobesaidinthedirectionofnadir.指向球心的垂線為天底方向（的垂線）.Averticallineinthedirectionawayfromthecenteroftheearthandaboveobservor’sheadissaidtodirectedthezenith.

遠離球心且在觀測者上方的垂線為天頂方向。Part3Verticalplane:Averticalplaneisaplaneinwhichtheverticallineisanelement.垂直面是以垂線為元素的平面.Verticalangle:Averticalangleisan

anglebetweentwointersectinglinesinaverticalplane.垂直角是垂直面內(nèi)兩條相交線的夾角.Insurveying,itiscommonlyunderstoodthatoneoftheselinesishorizontal,在測量學(xué)里通常認為其中的一條是水平線.Verticalangle:andaverticalangletoapointisunderstoodtobetheangleinaverticalplanebetweenalinetothatpointandthehorizontalplane.過一點的垂直角是在垂直面內(nèi)過該點的直線與水平面間的夾角.ThepictureofverticalanglePart4:Definitionsofzenithangleandnadirangle(para9)Azenithangleisananglebetweentwolinesinaverticalplanewhereitisunderstoodthatoneofthelinesisdirectedtowardthezenith.天頂角是垂直平面內(nèi)其中一條直線指向天頂方向的兩條直線間的夾角.Part4:Definitionsofzenithangleandnadirangle(para9)Anadirangleisananglebetweentwolinesinaverticalplanewhereitisunderstoodthatoneofthelinesisdirectedtowardthenadir.天底角是垂直面內(nèi)其中一條直線指向天底方向的兩條直線間的夾角.Part5:Definitionsofhorizontaldistance(para10)Inplanesurveying,distancesmeasuredalongalevellinearetermedhorizontaldistances.在平面測量學(xué)里,沿水準線量測的距離稱為水平距離.Part5:Definitionsofhorizontaldistance(para10)Thedistancebetweentwopointsiscommonlyunderstoodtobethehorizontaldistancesfromtheplumblinethroughonepointtotheplumblinethroughtheother.兩點間的距離通常理解為過一點的鉛垂線與過另一點的鉛垂線之間的水平距離.Part5:Measureddistancemaybeeitherhorizontalorinclined,測量的距離可能是水平距離或者傾斜距離,butinpracticallyallcasestheinclineddistancesarereducedtoequivalenthorizontallengths.但實際上,所有的傾斜距離都簡化為等價的水平距離來處理.Part6:Definitionsofelevation、contour、differenceinelevationandgradient(para11、para12、para13、para14）Theelevationofapointisitsverticaldistanceabove(below)somearbitrarilyassumedlevelsurface.一點的高程是該點距離任意的假定水準面的垂直距離.Part6Acontourisanimaginarylineofconstantelevationonthegroundsurface.等值線是地面上具有一致高程的虛構(gòu)線.Thecorrespondinglineonthemapiscalledacontourline.在地圖上的相應(yīng)線叫做等高線.Part6Theverticaldistancebetweentwopointsistermedthedifferenceinelevation.兩點間的垂直距離成為高差.Itisthedistancebetweenanimaginarylevelsurfacecontainingthehighpointandanothersimilarsurfacecontainingthelowpoint