Unit5

LanguagesaroundtheWorldDiscoveringUsefulStructures“Adifferentlanguageisdifferentvisionoflife.”---FedericoFellini“每種不同的語言都是一種不同的生活視角。”——費德里科·費里尼Part01WarmupLookatthesesentencesandunderlinetherestrictiverelativeclauses.Whatkindofinformationdoeseachclausecommunicate?1.Itwasatimewhenpeopleweredividedgeographically.2.EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountrywheretheChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection.3.Therearemanyreasonswhypeoplelearnaforeignlanguage.4.ThesewereanimalbonesandshellsonwhichsymbolswerecarvedbyancientChinesepeople.修飾atime,when在從句中作時間狀語修飾oneunifiedcountry,where在從句中作地點狀語修飾reasons,why在從句中作原因狀語修飾animalbonesandshells,onwhich=ontheanimalbonesandshells。Part02關(guān)系副詞When的用法

when引導(dǎo)定語從句，其先行詞是表示_________的名詞,如_____________________________________等，when在從句中作________。時間time,morning,day,week,month,year時間狀語Istillrememberthedayswhenweswamtogetherintheriver.我仍然記得我們在這條河中一起游泳的日子。Doyouknowthedatewhentheygotmarried?你知道他們結(jié)婚的日期嗎?where的用法

where引導(dǎo)定語從句，其先行詞是表示_______的名詞,如________________________________等,when在從句中作______。地點place,spot,room,house,school,city地點狀語地點具體的地點：place,house抽象的地點：position,stage隱性的地點：news,story,words,somethingDoyoustillrememberthewoodswherewefirstmet?你還記得我們第一次見面的那片樹林嗎?Pleasekeepyourthingsinaplacewhereyoucanfindthemeasily.請把你的東西放在容易找到的地方。并非所有的表示“地點”和“時間”的先行詞,后面的定語從句一定要用where和when引導(dǎo)。如果定語從句中缺少主語或賓語，就要用that或which引導(dǎo)。why的用法

why引導(dǎo)定語從句，表示___________，其先行詞是_______,when在從句中作__________。reason原因狀語原因或理由Isthisthereasonwhyyourefusedme?這就是你拒絕我的理由嗎?Shecamearoundtoexplainthereasonwhyshewasabsentfromthemeeting.她過來是為了解釋她當(dāng)時缺席會議的原因。如果reason不是定語從句中事件發(fā)生的原因，而是充當(dāng)了定語從句中謂語動詞的主語或賓語，這時，要用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句，不用why。。that的用法

that作關(guān)系副詞時可以修飾表示_______________________________________________的先行詞，相當(dāng)于____________________________，而且一般可以省略。表示時間時，that相當(dāng)于when或"介詞+which"可省略。Istillrememberthetime(that/when/inwhich)Ihelpedmyfatheronthefarm.我仍然記得在農(nóng)場里幫助我爸爸的歲月時間(time)、地點(place)、原因(reason)、方式(way)when,where,why,inwhichthat的用法

表示地點時that相當(dāng)于where或“介詞+which”可省略。Ihaveneverbeentotheplace(that/where/inwhich)theIndianslive.我從未去過那些印第安人居住的地方。表示原因時，that相當(dāng)于why或forwhich,可省略。Thereason(that/why/forwhich)helosthislifewaslackofmedicalcare.他死的原因是缺乏醫(yī)療護(hù)理。表示方式時,that相當(dāng)于inwhich,可省略。Canyouworkoutaway(that/inwhich)wecansolvethisproblem?你能找出一種我們能夠解決這個問題的方法嗎?

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句when,where,whyI'llneverforgetthedayonwhich(=when)mysonwasborn.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我兒子出生的那一天。“介詞+which”可以替代關(guān)系副詞when,where,whyI'dlikeyoutoexplainthereasonforwhich(=why)yourefusedmyoffer.我想讓你解釋一下你拒絕我?guī)椭脑颉?for依據(jù)forthereason確定)關(guān)系副詞_______________引導(dǎo)定語從句時,關(guān)系副詞可用“______________”代替。在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞只能用_____________,不可用that或who。介詞+關(guān)系代詞which或whom替代when替代whereThisisthefarmonwhich(=where)Iusedtowork.這就是我過去工作過的農(nóng)場。(on依據(jù)onthefarm確定)替代why

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句依據(jù)與先行詞的固定搭配確定使用什么介詞I'llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIwaswithmyfriendsinthecountry.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記和朋友們一起在鄉(xiāng)村度過的時光。依據(jù)定語從句中動詞或形容詞的搭配來確定介詞Sheboughtseveralbooks,onwhichshespentallhermoney.她買了幾本書,這些書花光了她所有的錢。根據(jù)定語從句所表達(dá)的具體意思來確定介詞Canyouseetheriveracrosswhichthereisabridge?你能看見上面有座橋的那條河嗎?(during依據(jù)duringthetime確定)(on依據(jù)spend...on確定)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的其他表達(dá)法如果在whom和which之前用of表示所屬關(guān)系(即ofwhom,ofwhich表示所屬關(guān)系)，這時名詞需要特指，應(yīng)加定冠詞該名詞放在ofwhom,ofwhich之前或之后均可。I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichlooksoutoverthesea.I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowlooksoutoverthesea.因為whose也表示所屬關(guān)系,所以可以轉(zhuǎn)換為:I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的其他表達(dá)法在whom和which之前用of,還可以表示部分與整體的關(guān)系。這時，表示“部分”的數(shù)詞或代詞，放在ofwhom,ofwhich之前或之后均可。Shehasthreedaughters,oneofwhomisadoctor.Shehasthreedaughters,allofwhomarebeautiful.還可以說:Shehasthreedaughters,theoldestofwhomiscalledMary.Shehasthreedaughters,ofwhomoneisadoctor.Shehasthreedaughters,ofwhomallarebeautiful.Part03PracticeCompletethepassagewiththecorrectrelativeadverbsorpronouns.Addaprepositionwherenecessary.WhenIstartedstudyingGerman,itwasastruggle.Thewordsfeltstrangeonmytongue,andthegrammarwouldnotstayinmyhead.ItoldmymumthatIwantedtogiveup,andthatIwouldneverliveinacountry_____________Germanwasspoken.Mymumtoldmethatstudyingalanguagewasnotjustformyfuture.Itwasexerciseforthebrain;themorellearntofalanguage,themoremybrainwouldgrow.where/inwhichCompletethepassagewiththecorrectrelativeadverbsorpronouns.Addaprepositionwherenecessary.AndIrememberthatday______________IsuddenlyfeltlikeGermanwasnolongeraforeignlanguage.Itfeltlikemybrainhaddoubledinsize.Ihadfinallycometoaplace_______________Icouldthinkinthisforeignlanguage,andIcouldseetheworldfromadifferentpointofview.IfeltasifIhadreachedthegoal____________IhadbeenfightingforIcouldopenabookandseemeanings,notjustaseaofwords.Ifinallyunderstoodthereason_________mymumhadencouragedmenottogiveup.Thanks,Mum!when/onwhichwhere/atwhichthat/whichwhy用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞完成下列各句1.Theseboneandshellfossilsdatebacktoabillionyearsago__________therewerenohumanbeings.2.Theyarenatives__________attitudetowardstheircivilisationcan'tbechanged.3.Thesystemstillhassomefaultsdespitethefactson__________itisbased.4.Wehaveignoredmanyfactors__________ledtotheempire’supsanddowns.5.Wewillvisitthepark__________thereareavarietyofstonefigures_______________thesculptorcarved.whenwhosewhichthatwherewhich/that/省略用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞完成下列各句1.長春是我們班大多數(shù)同學(xué)們出生的城市。_____________________________________________________________2.很多時候我們在學(xué)習(xí)上會犯這樣或那樣的錯誤。(therearemanytimeswhen...)_____________________________________________________________3.在頭一個小時內(nèi)決不令人厭煩的地方是餐桌。（where引導(dǎo)的定語從句）_____________________________________________________________4.他考試不及格的原因是他沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)。(thereasonwhy...isthat...)_____________________________________________________________5.他沒來的原因是他的車在半路上拋錨了。_____________________________________________________________Changchunisthecitywheremostofthestudentsinourclasswereborn.Therearemanytimeswhenwewouldmakemistakesofthiskindoranother.Thetableistheonlyplacewhereamanisneverboredduringthefirsthour.Thereasonwhyhefailedtheexamisthathedidn'tstudyhard.Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewasabsentwasthathiscarbrokedownhalfway.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞完成下列各句6.你還記得我們一起待在上海的日子嗎？_____________________________________________________________7.你最好在你有疑問的地方做一個標(biāo)記。(where)_____________________________________________________________8.畢業(yè)后,我決定留在重慶,在那里我曾度過了我的童年和四年的大學(xué)生活。_____________________________________________________________DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwestayedtogetherinShanghai?Youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.Aftergraduation,IdecidedtostayinChongqing,whereIspentmychildhoodandfouryears’collegelife.Part04LanguagePointsstrugglen.斗爭;奮斗;搏斗vi.奮斗,拼搏thestrugglefor...爭取……的斗爭astruggleforindependence爭取獨