go,come,stay,leave,start的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的過去進(jìn)行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作將來進(jìn)行時將來進(jìn)行時用于在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作，或按方案在未來將要進(jìn)行的動作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，或表示過去發(fā)生的動作，但對現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。Hehaspaidhisincometax。過去完成時用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。將來完成時用來表示在將來某時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去某一個時間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動作，這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。過去完成進(jìn)行時表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。可能剛剛停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示時間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)〞原那么，主句用將來時態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在時1、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等時間狀語連用;2、表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客觀事實或普遍真理;4、表示安排或方案好的將來要發(fā)生的動作;Theplanetakesoffat10am。5、在時間或條件狀語中，表示將來的動作;WhenyouseeherjusttellherthatIamallright.一般過去時用于表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inJuly。一般將來時主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況在時間或條件狀語中，一般不用將來時，而是用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。I’llletyouknowtheresultwhenIfinisheverything。1、shall,will+動詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時;2、am(is,are)goingto+動詞原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、am(is,are)aboutto+動詞原型，表示即將發(fā)生的動作;4、am(is,an)to+動詞原型，表示必須或方案要進(jìn)行的動作Youaretobehereby4pmforcollectingtheshipmentyouordered。過去將來時用于表示過去某一時間內(nèi)，將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)was(were)goingto+動詞原型was(were)aboutto+動詞原型was(were)to+動詞原型表示過去某時間內(nèi)方案、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時go,come,stay,leave,start的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的過去進(jìn)行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作將來進(jìn)行時將來進(jìn)行時用于在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作，或按方案在未來將要進(jìn)行的動作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，或表示過去發(fā)生的動作，但對現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。Hehaspaidhisincometax。過去完成時用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。將來完成時用來表示在將來某時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去某一個時間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動作，這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。過去完成進(jìn)行時表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。可能剛剛停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示時間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)〞原那么，主句用將來時態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。被動語態(tài)助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞含有情態(tài)動詞：情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分辭短語動詞：exampletakesgoodcare>>takengoodcare虛擬語氣條件從句主句違背現(xiàn)在事實過去式should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecisionimmediately違背過去事實had+過去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecareful違背將來事實should+動詞原形should/would/could/might+動詞原形were+動詞不定式(wereto+動詞原形)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatcouldwedo?在以下結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣Itisnecessary/imperative/important/essential/advisablethatItisproposed/desired/requested/suggested/recommended/demanded/decided/arrangedthat混合虛擬句條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作，在時間上不一致，動詞形式需要調(diào)整Ifyouhadtakenthemedicineyesterday,youwouldbewellnow。Suggest,order,ask,demand,command,request,requireetc.這些動詞的賓語從句用虛擬句，在這些動詞后面的賓語從句中，助動詞一律是should。Itis(Itwas)important，其后的主語從句用虛擬語氣，助動詞用should。Itisimportantthatwe(should)learncomputer.Wish+(that)從句，通常表示不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。表示現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)是，從句中的動詞用過去時;表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)時，從句中的動詞用had+過去分詞。但是，從句中動詞用would(might)+動詞原形時，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛锌赡軐崿F(xiàn)的愿望IwishIknewalittlecontractlaw.但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道)Iwishyouwouldcometomorrow.我希望你明天能來(有可能來)Asif/asthought引導(dǎo)的狀語從句(或表語從句)中，常用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語動詞那么應(yīng)使用過去式;如果從句表示的意思與過去事實相反，謂語動詞那么使用had+過去分詞的形式。根本句型主語+謂語動詞Thetwo-manspaceshiptookoffthismorning。主語+謂語動詞+賓語Thedrillingmachineismakingahole。主語+連系動詞+表語Theanswerisoffthepoint。主語+謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語Thenewapproachhassavedusagreatdealoftime主語+謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語Welikeourgueststofeelathome。常用連詞等立連詞：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞that,whether,if連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,where,which連接副詞when,where,why,how倒裝句Never,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時)Therebe句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句Here,there,then,thus等副詞放在句首時，謂語動詞為come,be,exist,follow等不及物動詞時，句子一般都為全部倒裝Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首為so,nor,neither等副詞時、說明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時，句子為倒裝RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister考易網(wǎng)校在虛擬語氣中，非真實條件從句中的連詞省略時，句子為倒裝。這時，倒裝到主語前的助動次had,should和動詞were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語，用到裝。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否認(rèn)詞或否認(rèn)詞組放在句首，主句局部中的主、謂要到裝———助動詞+主語+動詞原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引語和間接引語Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.〞JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑問句變成以if(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?〞Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage?！痶應(yīng)變?yōu)閚ot。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.〞Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthebook.〞Hesaysthatheisverybusyreadingthebook.如主句謂語動詞為過去時，間接引語中的動詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化：一般現(xiàn)在時———一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時———過去進(jìn)行時一般將來時———過去將來時現(xiàn)在完成時———過去完成時一般過去時———過去完成時過去完成時不變直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時，代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下：this--thatlastweek–theweekbeforetherse–thosethreedaysago–threedaysbeforenow–thentomorrow–thenextdaytoday–thatdaynextweek–the(next)followingweekthisweek–thatweekhere--thereyesterday–thedaybeforecome–go介詞at表示確切的時間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時間attwoo’clockin表示一天中的各局部時間或較長的時間inthemorning,inspring,in1967on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午onSunday,onMondayafternoondurning表示一段時間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù)durningtheSummervacationatonetime過去有段時間、從前atthesametime同時ontime按時below表示低于，溫度低于多少度above表示高于，溫度高于多少度幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞的時候，排列順序如下：好壞、美丑等+大小、新舊、顏色+質(zhì)地、屬性+名詞和前綴a-組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語，afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awakeetc.非謂語動詞forgettodosomething忘了而沒有做某事forgetdoingsomething忘了已做過某事remembertodosomething記住了要去做某事rememberdoingsomething記得已經(jīng)做過的事情stoptodosomething停下正做的事情去做別的事情stopdoingsomething停下手中正在做的事goontodosomething接下來做另一件事情goondoingsomething繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情動詞need,want,require和形容詞worth后，可接動名詞的主動形式來表示被動的意義現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式與及物動詞的過去分詞都表示被動：前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為Theproblembeingdiscussedisimportant后者表示承受過了的行為Theproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.情態(tài)動詞must+have+過去分詞，表示對過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷;must+動詞原形，表示對現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。Neednot+have+過去分詞表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情主謂一致(語法一致、意義一致、就近)謂語動詞用單數(shù)：不定式、動名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語時;事件、國名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時;one,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noone,nobody,anybody,somebody做主語或修飾主語時;表示時間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時;apersonof,aseriesof,akindof等表示一個、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時;集體名次作主語表示一個整體概念時。謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)both,few,many,several等詞語作主語或修飾主語時;(some不一定)形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時;cattle,people,police,clothes等名詞作主語時;由and連接兩個主語時;anumberof修飾主語時。定語從句I.定義：定語是修飾名詞或代詞的成分,定語可由單詞、短語來充當(dāng)。當(dāng)用一個句子來充當(dāng)名詞或代詞的修飾語時，這種起定語作用的句子就被稱為定語從句。Theyhaveacleverson.Doyouknowthemanoverthere?Iknowthemanwhowrotethebook.II.要點(diǎn)：1.定語從句的前面都有先行詞(被修飾語)Thisistheboywhomwearelookingfor2.定語從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后3.先行詞與定語從句之間要有關(guān)系詞(有時可省略)4.關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一成分Thegirlwhoisstandingunderthetreeismysister.Themanwhomyouwanttoseehascome.III.關(guān)系詞根本用法

主格賓格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhichofwhich但that一般可用來代替who,whom,which,作賓格時可省略Doyouremembertheteacherthat/whotaughtusEnglish?Abookstoreisastorethat/whichsellsbooks.Theman(that/whom/who)youknowisafamousprofessor.A)that不能用來替代who,whom,which的兩種情況1)“介詞+whom/which〞的結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能用thatSheisagoodstudentfromwhomweshouldlearn.Shesanganewsong,whichwelikeverymuch.注意：非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能省略考易網(wǎng)/提供B)用that不用which的一些特殊情況1)先行詞為all,much,little,something,anything,everything,nothing等Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2)先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾ThisisthemostexcitingreportthatIhaveeverread.3)先行詞前有first,last,next,only,very,all,any等詞修飾Thefirststep(that)wearetotakeisverydifficult.4)先行詞同時含有“人〞和“非人〞時，用that不用which，也不用who/whomHetalkedaboutthepeopleandthebooksthatinterestedhim.C)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why用關(guān)系副詞when時，它的先行詞是表示時間的名詞，用where時先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而用why時它的先行詞只可能是reason，使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1)關(guān)系代詞的選擇主要是看先行詞在從句中所作的成分ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.Thisisthecity(which/that)hehasvisitedIdon’tknowthereasonwhysheislate.Thatisthereason(which/that)everybodyknowsDoyoustillrememberthedaywhenhearrived?Doyoustillremembertheday(that/which)wespenttogether?2)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why可由“介詞+which〞的結(jié)構(gòu)來替代Isthisthereasonforwhichtheycame?HeleftthedayonwhichIcame.注意：how不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句Thisisthewayhowhedidit.D)As作關(guān)系代詞的用法與thesame,such連用ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.定語從句練習(xí)：1.

Thebook______isyellowwasgiventomebyMr.Li.A)

it’scover

C)whosecoverB)

itscover

D)thecoverofthat2.

Whowasthegrey-hairedoldwoman______atyesterday’smeeting?A)

wesawher

C)wesawB)

wesawwhom

D)shewasseen3.

Hemakesgooduseofthetime______hecanspare.A)

when

C)thatB)

inthat

D)inwhich4.

Idon’tknowtheroom______A)

whereourheadmasterlivesinB)

ourheadmasterlivesinC)

inthatourheadmasterlivesD)

inwhichdoesourheadmasterlive5.

Thisistheleastinterestingbook______A)

whichIhaveeverread

C)whatIhaveeverreadB)

Ihaveeverread

D)whichIhaveeverread6.

Youmustdoeverything_____Ihavetoldyouto.A)

which

B)that

C)when

D)how7.

Hasall_____canbedone_____?A)

what/done

C)that/beendoneB)

that/bedone

D)what/alreadydone8.

Oct.1,1949istheday_____evenasmallchildcanwellremember.A)

when

B)that

C)what

D)why9.

Thatwastheroom______theypretendedtobeworkinghard.A)

which

B)inthat

C)inwhich

D)that10.

Thisisthereason______Ilovetoreadthestory.A)

Why

B)because

C)when

D)since11.

Shehadthreesons,all______becamedoctors.A)

ofwhich

B)

which

C)ofwhom

D)who12.

Haveyouboughtthesamedictionary______Ireferredtoyesterday?A)

that

B)which

C)what

D)as13.

Thedoctor______steppedin.A)

DellawaswaitingforhimB)

whomDellawaswaitingC)

DellawaswaitingforD)

whoDellawaswaiting14.

Iwanttobuysuchadictionary_____youboughtlastweek.A)

that

B)what

C)like

D)as15.

ThisistheTVstation______wevisitedlastyear.A)

Where

B)that

C)towhich

D)inwhich16.

Doyoustillrememberthedays______wespenttogetherinAustralia?A)

when

B)duringwhich

C)which

D)onwhich17.

Haveyoueveraskedhimthereason_____mayexplainhisabsence?A)

why

B)when

C)that

D)what18.

MaryisgoodatEnglishandmathematics,______weallknowverywellinourschool.A)

that

B)what

C)/

D)as19.

Let’sgoandvisitMr.Brown,______youknowvisiteduslastyear.A)

that

B)who

C)whom

D)whose20.

Sheispleasedwith______youhavegivenherand______youhavetoldher.A)

that/that

B)what/that

C)what/allwhatD)all/what21.

I,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A)

be

B)am

C)are

D)is22.

I’llrememberthedaysandnights______weweretogetherinAustralia.A)

when

B)that

C)atwhich

D)atwhen23.

Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A)

inthatwelive

C)onwhichweliveB)

wherewelivein

D)welivein24.

Thisisthemostdifficultbook______.A)

whatIhaveeverread

C)whichIhaveeverreadB)

Ihaveeverreadit

D)thatIhaveeverread25.

Therecomesatimeineveryman’slife______.A)

thenhehastothink

C)whenhehastothinkB)

thereforehehastothinkD)aboutwhichhehastothink26.

Hespokeconfidently,_____impressedmemost.A)sothat

B)that

C)it

D)which27.

Hetookdownasquaregreenbottle,_____hepouredintoadish.A)itscontent

B)whichcontent

C)thecontentofwhich

D)thecontentofthat28.

Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_____shehadpromisedus.A)that

B)which

C)as

D)what29.

All_____isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.A)whatisneeded

B)forourneeds

C)thethingneeded

D)thatisneeded30.

Thegoals_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.A)afterwhich

B)forwhich

C)withwhich

D)atwhich31.

Thetimeisnotfaraway_____moderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina’svastcountryside.A)when

B)as

C)until

D)before32.

Theresidents,_____hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A)allwhosehomes

B)alltheirhomesC)allofwhosehomes

D)alloftheirhomes33.

Languageisacity,tothebuildingof_____everyhumanbeingbroughtastone.A)which

B)that

C)it

D)this34.

Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,from_____tosuspendyourtent.A)there

B)them

C)where

D)which35.

Themerefact_____mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A)what

B)which

C)that

D)why36.

Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,_____uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.A)ofwhom

B)forwhom

C)withwhich

D)inwhich37.

I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplace_____.A)whereI’dliketovisit

B)ImostwanttovisitC)inwhichI’dliketovisit

D)thatIwanttovisititmost38.

Wegrowallourownfruitandvegetables,_____savesmoney,ofcourse.A)which

B)as

C)that

D)what39.

Todaythepublicismuchconcernedabouttheway_____.A)natureisbeingruined

B)whichnatureisruinedC)onwhichtoruinnature

D)ofnaturetoberuined常用連詞等立連詞：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞that,whether,if連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,where,which連接副詞when,where,why,how倒裝句Never,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時)Therebe句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句Here,there,then,thus等副詞放在句首時，謂語動詞為come,be,exist,follow等不及物動詞時，句子一般都為全部倒裝Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首為so,nor,neither等副詞時、說明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時，句子為倒裝RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister在虛擬語氣中，非真實條件從句中的連詞省略時，句子為倒裝。這時，倒裝到主語前的助動次had,should和動詞were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語，用到裝。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否認(rèn)詞或否認(rèn)詞組放在句首，主句局部中的主、謂要到裝———助動詞+主語+動詞原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引語和間接引語Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.〞JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑問句變成以if(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?〞Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage?！痶應(yīng)變?yōu)閚ot。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.〞Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語的原來時態(tài)Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthe