Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefour

answersmarked[A],[B],[CJand[DJ.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswerto

eachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthe

correspondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)

SectionIIIReadingComprehension(1995)

Text1

MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlyto

assistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarket

andsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonew

ideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresan

increasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthe

costsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesas

much,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortube

wouldcost20percentmore.

Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevaluein

theproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliament

governthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveup

tothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethrough

misleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenot

tobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthe

surestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.

AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcan

thinkof.

ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevision

personalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.He

wasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.

Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation—andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultif

notimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtly

persuasive—advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthat

iswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.

51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat.

[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising

[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming

[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse

[DJitisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising

52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?

[A]Securinggreaterfame.

[B]Providingmorejobs.

[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.

[D]Reducingnewspapercost.

53.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis.

[AJverypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising

[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers'attention

[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation

[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising

54.Intheauthor'sopinion,.

[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation

[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover

[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer

ID]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisement

Text2

Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehave

generallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedand

measured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeigner

wholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultsto

showfortheirefforts.

Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sinceby

definitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessis

nottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,as

theyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreally

ends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengesto

accept.

Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,to

confronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howwesee

ourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceive

ourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopento

unfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycan

causeustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Do

wethinkwe'reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtocopewithanew

challenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.

Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifweareto

changeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifwe

protectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourown

making.

55.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen.

[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit

[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork

[C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew

fD]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney

56.Intheauthor'seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould.

[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder

[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements

[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges

[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime

57.Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing"(Line2?3,Para.3)heisreferringto.

[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld

[B]anewwayoftakingrisks

[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves

[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange

58.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT.

[A]curiosityaboutmorechances

[B]promptnessinself-adaptation

[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences

fD]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubts

Text3

Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneeds

becomecomplicated.Manyoflife'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,

friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnfor

expertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmany

peopletoday.

Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamilies

moveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamily

relationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethat

informationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmost

unconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,things

oncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbe

consciouslylearned.

Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividual

nowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceof

informationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimes

evenoverwhelming.

Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhich

enablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhas

everbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatain

machine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.

Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andvery

shortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextended

thepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbeshared

worldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithoutthe

participantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhas

facilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmaking

moreinformationavailabletomorepeople.

Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.

Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,

thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.

"Knowledgeispower"maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemost

criticalrequirementofallpeople.

59.Theword"il"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto.

[A]thelackofstablecommunities

[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels

[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies

[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace

60.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat.

[Ajtheyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously

[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation

[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily

IDJtheycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily

61.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.

[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages

[Blitwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera

fClpeoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences

IDJeventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites

62.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat.

[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible

[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationaccessible

fC]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation

[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficiently

Text4

Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.

Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttothe

parents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.

OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,a

highlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe“winatallcosts“moralstandardand

measuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompete

againsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitive

A-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhave

dangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddead

secondsaftersaying:"Rejoice,weconquer!”

Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasison

examinations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The

meritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertain

knowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.

Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB's.The

worldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohis

possiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.

Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespent

teachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,

couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivity

andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock,B'sare

importantandshouldbeencouraged.

63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually.

[A]impatient

[B]considerate

[C]aggressive

[D]agreeable

64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause.

[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents

[Blsomestudentsareboundtofail

IC]failureratesaretoohigh

[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful

65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon.

[A]candidates,sensitivity

[B]academicachievements

[C]competitivespirit

[D]surervalues

66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat.

[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth

[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone'scharacteristics

[C]thedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors

[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesociety

Text5

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutnevertheless

remarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularly

namedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformance

onthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.

So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementfor

reasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependson

memory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlier

experiences.

Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.

Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptive

consequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseento

beadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinteipretedtohavesurvivedthrougha

processofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainful

experienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionary

interpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessof

forgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpful

toconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationin

time,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferring

duration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthat

mighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(by

ordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thus

forgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovides

adaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremade

betweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethat

therateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdata

offergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.

67.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,.

[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive

[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive

[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividuaFsadaptability

fD]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences

68.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,.

[A]hewouldsurvivebest

[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble

[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced

fD]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop

69.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat.

[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning

[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem

[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting

[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs

70.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof.

[A]remembering

[B]forgetting

[C]adapting

[D]experiencing

1996.SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Text1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”

Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwantthe

rightthings.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,and

eachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifwe

intendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodto

cookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountof

yourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhat

youhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldinclude

education,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfilling

outstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingto

you,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andother

qualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares“andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinan

orderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhave

somethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformation

aboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyour

eyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseeking

theemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyou

get.”？

[AJYou'llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.

fB]It'snousedreaming.

[CJYoushouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

[DJIt'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.

[A]anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob

[B]anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

[C]aguidelineforjobdescription

[D]aprincipleforjobevaluation

53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajob

because.

[A]thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

[B]thatistherequirementoftheemployer

[C]itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

[DJitforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhave

something.

[A]definitetooffer

[B]imaginarytoprovide

[CJpracticaltosupply

[D]desirabletopresent

Text2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacan

nowwatchtheCorporation'snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.

AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,

fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,

comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,

children'sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicensefeeof￡83perhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years-yettheBBC'sfutureisnowin

doubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastfor

thetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebate

inBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionofthe

BBC—includingordinarylistenersandviewers-tosaywhatwasgoodorbadaboutthe

Corporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.Thereasonforitsinquiryis

thattheBBC'sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganization

asitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation-ofwhomtherearemany-arefondofquotingtheAmerican

slogan"Ifitain'tbroke,don'tfixit.”TheBBC"ain'tbroke,“theysay,bywhichtheymeanitis

notbroken(asdistinctfromtheword'broke',meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybotherto

changeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.The

commercialTVchannels-ITVandChannel4-wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment's

BroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,and

cuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels-fundedpartlybyadvertising

andpartlybyviewers'subscriptions—whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelong

term.

55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces.

[A]theproblemofnewcoverage

[B]anuncertainprospect

[C]inquiriesbythegeneralpublic

[D]shrinkageofaudience

56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?

[A]ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

[B]Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

[C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalcooperations.

[D]Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.

57.TheBBC's"royalchartef,(Line4,Paragraph4)standsfor.

[A]thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily

[B]theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen

[C]acontractwiththeQueen

[D]auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan.

[A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels

[B]theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment

[C]theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

fD]thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels

Text3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and"labour“wereenlargingandperfecting

theirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliability

companywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsof

thenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythat

socommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationafterthe

energeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivism

andmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusiness

managedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametime

thegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothe

taxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportant

consequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthe

numbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresenting

irresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequally

detachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,

America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,and

Britishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialization.

TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable“classeswhohad

retiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatof

drawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders*meetingtodictatetheirorderstothe

management.Ontheotherhand“shareholding“meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedby

manyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.

The“shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmen

employedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapital

andlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelation

withthemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeofthe

workmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamily

businessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmen

involvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpower

andorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeeton

equaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrike

andlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffair

negotiation.

59.It'strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.

[A]theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

IB]theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

[C]theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

fD]theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycom