劉騁蔡靜主編電子與通信技術(shù)專業(yè)英語（第6版）高職高專電子信息類“十三五”規(guī)劃教材EnglishonElectronicandTelecommunicationTechnology04UnitⅣBasicKnowledgeofElectronicsLesson20ComputerSimulation

UnitⅣNewWordssimulation [,simju'lei?n] n. 仿真，假裝，模擬demonstrate ['dem?nstreit] vt. 示范，證明，論證prototype ['pr?ut?taip] n. 原型phenomenon [f?'n?min?n] n. 現(xiàn)象malfunction [m?l'f??k?n] n. 故障supersonic [,sju:p?'s?nik] adj.&n. 超音波的；超聲波NewWordscrash [kr??] n.&v. 碰撞，墜落，墜毀impact ['imp?kt] n. 碰撞，沖擊，影響，效果calamity [k?'l?m?ti] n. 災(zāi)難，不幸事件replicate ['replikit] v. 復(fù)制iterative ['it?r?tiv] adj. 重復(fù)的，反復(fù)的depict [di'pikt] vt. 描述，描寫NewWordspseudo ['sju:d?u] adj. 假的，冒充的architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n. 建筑師fuselage ['fju:z?lɑ:?] n. 機(jī)身aerodynamics [,ε?r?udai'n?miks]n. 空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)，氣體力學(xué)Elasticity [,el?s'tis?ti] n. 彈力，彈性geometry [d?i'?m?tri] n. 幾何學(xué)NewWordsaftermath ['ɑ:ft?m?θ] n. 結(jié)果，后果collision [k?'li?n] n. 碰撞，沖突meteorite ['mi:ti?rait] n. 隕星comprise [k?m'praiz] v. 包含，由……組成PhrasesandExpressionsCAD(ComputerAidedDesign) 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)greenhouseeffect 溫室效應(yīng)ComputerSimulationasapowerfulanalytictoolwidelyusedinscientificresearchandengineeringdesigndemonstratesunrivalledadvantages.Withcomputersimulation,scientistsandengineersdonothavetobuildrealprimaryprototypeswhentheyobserveanknownphenomenon,analyseacomplexprocess,designamachineorabuilding,etc.Computersimulationisparticularlysignificantwhentheobjectunderstudyandexaminationiscostlyorevenimpossibletobebuiltintoarea1model.Forexample,tostudythecauseofenginemalfunctionthathasledtoaseriesofsupersonicplanescrashed,ortoexaminetheimpactonpassengerswhenanairplanecrashes,researchersmayhavetorepeatsimulatingthecalamitiesoverandoveragainbeforetheycanfindoutwhattheyneedtoreachaconclusion.Lesson20ComputerSimulationChineseTranslationofTexts計(jì)算機(jī)仿真作為一種功能強(qiáng)大的分析工具廣泛地用于科學(xué)研究和工程設(shè)計(jì)中且具有無與倫比的優(yōu)越性?？茖W(xué)家們?cè)谟^察已知的現(xiàn)象；分析復(fù)雜的過程；設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)機(jī)器或一座建筑物時(shí)，利用計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)后，不再需要建立真實(shí)的原始模型。在研究和考察價(jià)格昂貴或甚至無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的真實(shí)模型時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)顯得尤為重要。例如，為了研究造成超音速飛機(jī)一系列事故的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障的原因，或者為了檢查當(dāng)飛機(jī)失事時(shí)對(duì)乘客的影響，研究者需要一遍又一遍地反復(fù)模仿飛機(jī)的飛行過程，直到獲得最后的結(jié)論。第20課

計(jì)算機(jī)仿真ChineseTranslationofTextsObviously,thesecanonlybesimulatedbyrunningcomputersimulationprogramsorthelike,ratherthanreplicatingthetragedies.Anotherexampleisengineeringdesign,inwhichengineershavetotrymanyschemesandparametersbeforetheycancomeupwithasatisfactorydesign.Usingcomputersimulationprograms,engineerscanaccomplishthatiterativeprocesseachtimebyinputtingdifferentschemesandparametersintotheircomputermode1s,ratherthanbuildingmanydifferentrealmodels.ChineseTranslationofTexts顯然，他們只能通過操作計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)過程進(jìn)行仿真，而不能創(chuàng)建真實(shí)的環(huán)境。另一個(gè)例子是在工程設(shè)計(jì)中工程師必須試驗(yàn)很多方案和參數(shù)，才能完成令人滿意的設(shè)計(jì)。利用計(jì)算機(jī)仿真程序，工程師只須將不同的方案和參數(shù)輸入到用計(jì)算機(jī)建立的模型中，就能完成每一次重復(fù)過程，而不需建立多個(gè)真實(shí)模型。ChineseTranslationofTextsVirtually,computersimulationisbasedonmathematica1modelsrepresentingthenatureoftheobjectunderstudyorexamination.Themathematicalmodelcomprisesaseriesofequationsthatdepicttheinherentprocessesoftheobjectinmathematicalterms.Acomputersimulationprogramincludesalgorithmsthatarederivedfromthoseequations.Theoutcomeofsimulationisusuallyexpressedinratherabstractforms,forinstance,2-Ddiagramscurvestables,figures.ChineseTranslationofTexts實(shí)際上，計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)是以數(shù)學(xué)模型為基礎(chǔ)的，通過研究和考察后獲得的這些數(shù)學(xué)模型能夠代表物體的自然屬性。數(shù)學(xué)模型由一系列描述物體內(nèi)在過程的，用數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)表示的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式組成。計(jì)算機(jī)仿真程序包含了由這些數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式獲得的算法。仿真的結(jié)果通常以相當(dāng)抽象的形式表達(dá)，如二維曲線、圖表、數(shù)字等。ChineseTranslationofTextsOverthepastyears,computergraphicstechniqueshavehelpedcomputersimulationbycreatingrealistic3-Dimagestodepicttheobjecttobesimulatedandtheenvironmentarounditortheeffectimposedonit.Sophisticatedcomputersimulationpackagecapableofprovidingreal-timeinteractivemovingimageshaveemerged,althoughstillbeyondthereachofmostindustries.Meanwhile,manyCADsystemshaveincorporatedvisualmodulestoenableengineerstointeractively“walk”throughtheir3-Dpseudomodelsonscreentoreviewtheirdesignsandpresentthemtotheirclients.Thisconvenienceisparticularlyimportanttoarchitects.ChineseTranslationofTextsChineseTranslationofTexts在過去幾年里，計(jì)算機(jī)圖形技術(shù)已經(jīng)可以創(chuàng)造真實(shí)的三維圖像來描述物體，物體周圍的環(huán)境或其對(duì)環(huán)境的影響效果，這都促進(jìn)了計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)的發(fā)展。雖然還沒有廣泛用于工業(yè)，但能夠提供實(shí)時(shí)的、交互的運(yùn)動(dòng)圖像的計(jì)算機(jī)仿真程序已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。同時(shí)，許多結(jié)合了可視模型的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)使工程師能夠交互地“走”進(jìn)他們屏幕上的3D虛擬模型，檢查他們的設(shè)計(jì)并將它們呈現(xiàn)在客戶面前。這種方便對(duì)于建筑設(shè)計(jì)尤為重要。Hereisanexample.Toanalysethedistributionofstressinafuselagewhentheplaneisflying,thecomputersimulationpackagewillfirstsetupamathematicalmodelforthisspecificthemewhichcomprisesequationsderivedfromaerodynamics,elasticity,structuralmechanics,thenimplementaseriesofcomputationsonasimplifiedstructureoftheplane,basedonthefiniteelementstressanalysis,finally,itgivestheoutcomewhichwillbeclustersofcurvesspreadoverthesimplifiedstructureoftheplane,eachindicatingthelocationsinthefuselagethatsufferstressofauniformvalue.Theaccuracyofthesimulationdependsontheaccuracyofthemathematicalmodel,thatis,howcloselythemodelisbuilttorepresenttherealplaneanditsenvironmentintermsofmathematics,geometryandmechanics.ChineseTranslationofTexts這里還有一個(gè)例子，為了分析飛機(jī)飛行時(shí)機(jī)身的應(yīng)力分布，計(jì)算機(jī)仿真系統(tǒng)將根據(jù)這一特殊主題，建立一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)模型，數(shù)學(xué)模型由從空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)、彈性力學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)等理論得出得等式組成；然后根據(jù)有限元應(yīng)力分析，針對(duì)飛機(jī)的簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行一系列計(jì)算；最后，由計(jì)算機(jī)仿真系統(tǒng)算出結(jié)果，結(jié)果將是一簇遍布飛機(jī)的簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu)的曲線，每一條曲線指明了機(jī)身上承受同一應(yīng)力的位置。仿真結(jié)果的精確性取決于數(shù)學(xué)模型的精確性，即數(shù)學(xué)模型與它代表的真實(shí)飛機(jī)以及用數(shù)學(xué)、幾何學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)表示的飛機(jī)所在環(huán)境的接近程度。ChineseTranslationofTextsComputersimulationseemstobetheonlychoiceforanalysingdisasters,calamitiesandaccidents.Quitealotofimpressivesimulationshavebeenmadeonsomepotentiallythreateningdisastersandcalamities,forexample,theaftermathsofaglobalnuclearwar,thedisastrouseffectonglobalclimateandenvironmentasaresultofworldwidegreenhouseeffect,theprobabilityofcollisionbetweenaninvadingmeteoriteandtheearth,etc.ChineseTranslationofTexts計(jì)算機(jī)仿真似乎是分析災(zāi)難、氣候和事故的唯一選擇。相當(dāng)多的給人印象深刻的針對(duì)具有潛在威脅的災(zāi)難的計(jì)算機(jī)仿真已經(jīng)被建立，例如，地球核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的后果；世界范圍的溫室效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的對(duì)地球氣候和環(huán)境的災(zāi)難性的影響；天外入侵的隕石與地球相撞的可能性等。ChineseTranslationofTextsOtherapplicationsofcomputersimulationtechniquecanbeweatherforecasting,simulationofcombatactionsinbattlefield,flightprogramsfortrainingfuturepilots,humanmodelsfortestingnewmedicinesandbusoperator’sworkstation(asshowninFig.20-1).ChineseTranslationofTexts計(jì)算機(jī)仿真還可應(yīng)用于天氣預(yù)報(bào)，戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)情況的模擬，訓(xùn)練飛行員的飛行程序，模仿人類試用新藥的反應(yīng)和汽車駕駛仿真操作等（如圖20－1所示）。ChineseTranslationofTextsNotesComputersimulationasapowerfulanalytictoolwidelyusedinscientificresearchandengineeringdesigndemonstratesunrivalledadvantages.計(jì)算機(jī)仿真作為一種功能強(qiáng)大的分析工具，廣泛地用于科學(xué)研究和工程設(shè)計(jì)中，且具有無與倫比的優(yōu)越性。過去分詞短語widelyusedinscientificresearchandengineeringdesign充當(dāng)后置定語，修飾computersimulation。1NotesForexample,tostudythecauseofenginemalfunctionthathasledtoaseriesofsupersonicplanescrashed,ortoexaminetheimpactonpassengerswhenanairplanecrashes,researchersmayhavetorepeatsimulatingthecalamitiesoverandoveragainbeforetheycanfindoutwhattheyneedtoreachaconclusion.例如，為了研究造成超音速飛機(jī)一系列事故的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障的原因，或者為了檢查當(dāng)飛機(jī)失事時(shí)對(duì)乘客的影響，研究者需要一遍又一遍地反復(fù)模擬飛機(jī)的飛行過程，直到獲得最后的結(jié)論。2NotesForexample,tostudythecauseofenginemalfunctionthathasledtoaseriesofsupersonicplanescrashed,ortoexaminetheimpactonpassengerswhenanairplanecrashes,researchersmayhavetorepeatsimulatingthecalamitiesoverandoveragainbeforetheycanfindoutwhattheyneedtoreachaconclusion.（1）兩個(gè)不定式短語充當(dāng)目的狀語，其中，thathasledtoaseriesofsupersonicplanescrashed是定語從句，修飾enginemalfunction；whenanairplanecrashes是時(shí)間狀語從句。（2）overandoveragain：“一次又一次”，相當(dāng)于againandagain。2NotesForexample,tostudythecauseofenginemalfunctionthathasledtoaseriesofsupersonicplanescrashed,ortoexaminetheimpactonpassengerswhenanairplanecrashes,researchersmayhavetorepeatsimulatingthecalamitiesoverandoveragainbeforetheycanfindoutwhattheyneedtoreachaconclusion.（3）before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，其中，what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。（4）findout：v.計(jì)算出，找出，發(fā)現(xiàn)，查明（真相等）。2NotesObviously,thesecanonlybesimulatedbyrunningcomputersimulationprogramsorthelike,ratherthanreplicatingthetragedies.顯然，他們只能通過計(jì)算機(jī)模擬程序或其他類似的程序?qū)^程進(jìn)行仿真模擬，而不是在現(xiàn)實(shí)中再制造一場(chǎng)同樣的災(zāi)難。3NotesObviously,thesecanonlybesimulatedbyrunningcomputersimulationprogramsorthelike,ratherthanreplicatingthetragedies.（1）orthelike：“或者像這種”，指類似于通過操作計(jì)算機(jī)仿真程序進(jìn)行模仿這樣的事情；（2）ratherthan：“而不是”。3Notes Sophisticatedcomputersimulationpackagecapableofprovidingreal-timeinteractivemovingimageshaveemerged,althoughstillbeyondthereachofmostindustries.雖然還沒有廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)，但能夠提供實(shí)時(shí)的、交互的運(yùn)動(dòng)圖像的計(jì)算機(jī)仿真程序已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。4Notes Sophisticatedcomputersimulationpackagecapableofprovidingreal-timeinteractivemovingimageshaveemerged,althoughstillbeyondthereachofmostindustries.（1）capableofprovidingreal-timeinteractivemovingimages：形容詞短語，后置定語，修飾computersimulationpackage。（2）在althoughstillbeyondthereachofmostindustries中省略了主謂部分itis，it指computersimulationpackage。4Notes…whichcomprisesequationsderivedfromaerodynamics,elasticity,structuralmechanics,…finally,itgivestheoutcomewhichwillbeclustersofcurvesspreadoverthesimplifiedstructureoftheplane,eachindicatingthelocationsinthefuselagethatsufferstressofauniformvalue.（1）這里的兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)定語從句，分別修飾amathematicalmodel和outcome。（2）it這里指computersimulationpackage。5Notes…whichcomprisesequationsderivedfromaerodynamics,elasticity,structuralmechanics,…finally,itgivestheoutcomewhichwillbeclustersofcurvesspreadoverthesimplifiedstructureoftheplane,eachindicatingthelocationsinthefuselagethatsufferstressofauniformvalue.（3）spreadoverthesimplifiedstructureoftheplane：過去分詞短語，修飾clustersofcurves。（4）eachindicatingthelocationsinthefuselagethatsufferstressofauniformvalue：現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，充當(dāng)伴隨狀語，其中that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾locations。5Exercises1.WriteT(True)orF(False)besidethefollowingstatementsaboutthetext.a.Withcomputersimulation,scientistsandengineersstillhavetobuildrealprimaryprototypes.b.Computersimulationisreallyusefulwhenmakingamodelcostsalotorevenimpossible.c.Evenusingcomputersimulationprograms,engineershavetotrymanyschemesandparametersbeforetheycancomeupwithasatisfactorydesign.d.Thetechnologyofcomputersimulationisbasedonmathematicalmodelsrepresentingthenatureoftheobjectunderstudyorexamination.e.Themathematicalmodelcan’tdepicttheinherentprocessesoftheobject.Exercises1.WriteT(True)orF(False)besidethefollowingstatementsaboutthetext.a.Withcomputersimulation,scientistsandengineersstillhavetobuildrealprimaryprototypes.b.Computersimulationisreallyusefulwhenmakingamodelcostsalotorevenimpossible.c.Evenusingcomputersimulationprograms,engineershavetotrymanyschemesandparametersbeforetheycancomeupwithasatisfactorydesign.d.Thetechnologyofcomputersimulationisbasedonmathematicalmodelsrepresentingthenatureoftheobjectunderstudyorexamination.e.Themathematicalmodelcan’tdepicttheinherentprocessesoftheobject.FTFTFExercises1.WriteT(True)orF(False)besidethefollowingstatementsaboutthetext.f.Theoutcomeofsimulationisusuallyexpressedinparticularforms.g.Computergraphicstechniqueshavehelpedcomputersimulationbycreatingrealistic3Dimages.h.Computersimulationistheonlychoiceforanalysingdisasters,calamitiesandaccidents.Exercises1.WriteT(True)orF(False)besidethefollowingstatementsaboutthetext.f.Theoutcomeofsimulationisusuallyexpressedinparticularforms.g.Computergraphicstechniqueshavehelpedcomputersimulationbycreatingrealistic3Dimages.h.Computersimulationistheonlychoiceforanalysingdisasters,calamitiesandaccidents.TTTExercises2.Fillinthemissingwordsaccordingtothetext.a.Computersimulationasapowerfulanalytictoolwidelyusedinscientificresearchand engineeringdesigndemonstratesunrivalledadvantages.b.Otherapplicationsofcomputersimulationtechniquecanbeweatherforecasting,simulationofcombatactionsinbattlefield,flightprograms,fortrainingfuturepilots,humanmodels

fortestingnewmedicines.c.Tostudythecauseofenginemalfunctionthathasledtoaseriesofsupersonicplanescrashed,ortoexaminetheimpactonpassengerswhenanairplanecrashes,researchersmayhavetorepeatsimulatingthetragediesoverandoveragainbeforetheycanfindoutconclusio