第03講課文初探+題型銜接（說(shuō)明文研究類）一、聽(tīng)見(jiàn)課文THEFRESHMANCHALLENGEHi!MynameisAdamandI'ma(fresh)atseniorhighschool.Goingfromjuniorhighschooltoseniorhighschoolisareallybig.Thefirstweekwasalittle(confuse).First，IhadtothinkverycarefullyaboutwhichcoursesIwantedtotake.Theschooladviserhelpedmechoosethesuitableones:maths,English,chemistry,worldhistory,andChinese.IknowthatChineseisaverydifficultlanguage,butIhopetobe(fluency)whenIgraduate.Myadviser(remendation)thatIshouldsignupforadvancedliteraturebecauseIlikeEnglishandI'mgoodatit.Ihadtochooseextra-curricularactivities,too.Itriedtojointheschoolfootballteam,butthecoachtoldmethatIdidn'tplaywellenough.(obvious),Iwasunhappy,butIwon't.I'llfindawaytoimproveonmyownsothatIcanmaketheteamnextyear.Ijoinedavolunteerclubinstead.EveryWednesday,weworkatasoupkitchenandfoodto(home)peopleinthemunity.IknowI'llhavetostudyharderasaseniorhighschoolstudentandgetusedtobeing(response)foralotmore.I'mabitworriedaboutkeepingupwiththeotherstudentsinmy(advance)course,andit'llbequitedifficulttogetusedtoallthehomework.Still,I'mhappytobehere.Studyinghardisn'talwaysfun,butI'llbewellpreparedforuniversityorwhateverelseesinthefuture.詞匯及短語(yǔ)歸納總結(jié)①freshmann.(大學(xué)或高中)一年級(jí)新生②challengen.挑戰(zhàn)；艱巨任務(wù)vt.懷疑；向……挑戰(zhàn)③confusingadj.難以理解的；不清楚的confusevt.使糊涂；使迷惑confusedadj.糊涂的；迷惑的④take...course修……課程⑤fluentadj.(尤指外語(yǔ))流利的；熟練的⑥graduatevi.&vt.畢業(yè);獲得學(xué)位n.畢業(yè)生⑦remendvt.建議；推薦；介紹⑧signup(forsth.)報(bào)名(參加課程)⑨advancedliterature高級(jí)文學(xué)⑩begoodat擅長(zhǎng)于?extra-curricularadj.課外的；課程以外的extraadj.額外的；附加的?obviouslyadv.顯然；明顯地?quitvi.&vt.(quit,quit，quitting)停止；戒掉；離開(工作職位、學(xué)校等)?improvevi.&vt.改進(jìn)；改善?onone'sown獨(dú)自(完成某事)?maketheteam成為隊(duì)員，此處make意為“(盡力)達(dá)到，(盡力)成為”?soupkitchen(救濟(jì)窮人的)施粥場(chǎng)?handout分發(fā)；給予?getusedto...習(xí)慣于……，to為介詞?responsibleadj.負(fù)責(zé)的；有責(zé)任的beresponsiblefor對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))keepupwith跟上，不落在……后面二、題型初識(shí)1、從說(shuō)明文(研究類)說(shuō)起PassageANewresearchstudying20yearsofoceaninformationhasfoundthatouroceanshavechangedthecolor.Thisalsomeansagreatchangeintheecosystems(生態(tài)系統(tǒng))oftheoceansthatislikelycausedbyhumanactivities.Fortensofyears,satellites(衛(wèi)星)havebeenwatchingthecolorofEarth'soceansandcollectinginformationonthecoloroflightreflecting(反射)offthewater.Especiallyoneofthesatellites,theAquasatellitehasrecentlypleted20yearsofcollectinghighqualityglobaloceancolorinformation.Anewstudyhasexaminedthisinformationandfoundchangesinoceancoloroverthepast20yearsthatcannotbeexplainedbynatural,yeartoyearvariability(可變性）alone.1.WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkabout?A.Thepurposeofthestudy. B.Thewritersofthestudy.C.Theprocessofthestudy. D.Theadvantagesofthestudy.PassageBSomethingstrangeishappeningtotheAntarctica(南極洲）.Seaiceintheareafelltoarecordlowin2023.Thedropisaresultofrisingtemperaturesallovertheworld.Andthereisnomethodtomakeupfortheharmfulresult,researcherssaidrecentlyinanewstudy.In2022,theminimum(最小的)summericecoverinAntarcticadroppedtolessthan2millionsquarekilometersforthefirsttimesince1978.ItfellfurthertoanewlowinFebruary2023.Theseaiceminimumin2023is20percentlowerthantheaverageoverthelast40years.Thismeansanareanearly10timesthesizeofNewZealandhasbeenlost.2.HowisParagraph2organized?A.Bytellingastory. B.Byaskingquestions.C.Bygivinganexample. D.Bylistingnumbers.PassageCScientistsdugupthefossil（化石）ofabirdlikedinosaurintheFujianareaandtheynameditFujianvenatorprodigiosus(奇異福建龍).It'ssaidthatthedinosaurlivedduringtheJurassicperiod.Theresearcherssaythenewfindingprovidesmoreinformationabouthowbirdsevolved(進(jìn)化).3.Whatmaythefossilhelpresearchersknow?A.HowdinosaursdisappearedonEarth. B.Howbirdsdevelopedgradually.C.Whatbirdlikedinosaursfedon. D.Whatmightbetheoldestbird.2、題型講解1.研究類說(shuō)明文定義研究類說(shuō)明文是一種基于特定研究的文章，它向讀者介紹研究的背景、對(duì)象、方法、結(jié)果，以及這些研究成果對(duì)我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹膶?shí)際指導(dǎo)意義。這類文章的結(jié)論有時(shí)會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)或更新公眾的既有認(rèn)知。2.解題策略關(guān)注點(diǎn)：文章的開頭、結(jié)尾、主題和作者的態(tài)度。關(guān)鍵詞：thestudy,researchshows/suggests/found,Accordingtothestudy,Anewstudyhasfound...3.重點(diǎn)句講解首段：通常提出研究對(duì)象和中心論點(diǎn)，需仔細(xì)理解。尾段：可能包含文章的升華和主旨，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握。轉(zhuǎn)折句：轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的內(nèi)容往往是重點(diǎn)，如but,however。首句：常作為段落的小標(biāo)題，概括段落中心。解釋說(shuō)明符號(hào)：破折號(hào)和冒號(hào)后的文句有助于理解難懂的中心句。強(qiáng)調(diào)句：包括特定的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。最高級(jí)：雖不常見(jiàn)，但出現(xiàn)時(shí)可用于解題。尾句：可能總結(jié)段落或承上啟下，需重點(diǎn)理解。結(jié)論句：通常位于段落末尾或文章結(jié)尾。4.非重點(diǎn)句例證：如forexample,suchas,like后的內(nèi)容。讓步從句：由though,although,while引導(dǎo)。數(shù)據(jù)和陳述性語(yǔ)言：大量引用的數(shù)據(jù)和描述性陳述。Accordingto之后的前半句：通常不是重點(diǎn)。人物描述：對(duì)人物頭銜、身份的描述性語(yǔ)言。3、同頻練習(xí)PassageABlindpeoplehavelongdesiredforbrightness,butscientistsdon’thavethetechnology.Tobringthatonestepclosertoreality,ZhiyongFan,amaterialsscientistoftheHongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,developedanewartificialeyerecently.Thedevice,whichisaboutassensitivetolightandhassharpervisionandafasterreactiontimethanarealeyeball,mayoutperformhumaneyes.1.WhydoesZhiyongFandeveloptheartificialeye?A．Toreplacepeople’srealeyeballs. B．Togainasharpervision.C．Tohelptheblindregaintheireyesight. D．Tohelpnormaleyesperformbetter.PassageBSoap(肥皂)mightseemlikeareasonablewaytoavoidmosquitobites(蚊子叮)onthebasisthatifmosquitoescan’tsmellyou,theycan’tbiteyou.However,arecentstudyhasfoundthatratherthanprotectingyou,certainsoapsmightactuallymakeyoumoreattractivetomosquitoes.2.Whathasthestudyfound?A．Soapattractsmanymosquitoes. B．Malemosquitoesfeedonblood.C．Someplantsdriveawaymosquitoes. D．Notallsoapcanstopmosquitobites.PassageCDevelopedbyateamofWSUresearchers,therobots’tininesslargelyreliesonamaterialknownasashapememoryalloy(合金).Althoughshapememoryalloyschangeformwhenheated,theycan“remember”theiroriginalshapesandreturntothemaftercooling.Becauseofthis,thetwomicrorobotsdonotrequirestandardmotors,andtheyuselightandsmallonesinsteadofbulkymovingparts.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“bulky”meaninparagraph2?A．Cheap. B．Huge. C．Cool D．Fast.PassageDAccordingtothestandard,myhusband’sbodymassindex(BMI身體質(zhì)量指數(shù))istoohigh.YetheisthefittestpersonIknow—anathletecarryingplentyofmuscleandverylittlefat.ThereliestheproblemwithBMI.ArecentstudyshowedhowimpreciseBMIcanbe.YftachGepner,aprofessoratTelAvivUniversity,lookedatdataabout3,000Israelimenandwomen.AboutonethirdofthosewithnormalBMIwerefoundtobeobese(肥胖的)whentheiractualbodyfatwasmeasured.AndathirdofthosewhowereoverweightbytheirBMIhadactuallynormalamountsofbodyfat.NotonlydoesBMIfailtodistinguishbetweenmuscleandfat,butitsaysnothingaboutwherefatsitsinyourbody.Withfat,aswithrealestate(房地產(chǎn)),locationmatters.Abdominalfat(腹部脂肪)carrieshigherrisk,asdoesfataroundvitalorgans.A2018studylookedatMRIscans(磁共振成像掃描)—thegoldstandardforbodypositionresearch—collectedbytheU.K.Biobank.TheresultsshowedthatpeoplewithfatconcentratedintheirabdomenhadhigherriskofheartdiseasethanpeoplewiththesameBMIandofthesameagewhosefatwasspreadthroughotherpartsoftheirbody.AfurtherproblemisthatBMIisbasedonheightandweighttablesusingdatafromNonHispanicwhitepeople,whousuallyhavehigherbodyfatthanHispanicwhitepeoplewiththesameBMI.Yetresearchersnowknowthatrace,sexandageaffectbodypositionandhealthrisksdifferently.Forinstance,BlackpeopletendtohavegreatermusclemassandthusmaynotbeconsideredasobeseonthebasisofBMI.TheoppositeistrueforAsians,whotendtohavemorebodyfatatlowerBMIs,sotheiractualdiseaserisksmaybemissed.AlthoughBMIhasvalueforevaluatingobesity,bettermethodsexistforindividuals.Bioelectricalimpedanceanalysis,usingelectricsignalstodistinguishfatfrommuscle,isbeingmoremoninmedicaloffices.DEXAscans,atypeofXrayimaging,tendtobemoreefficientyetmorecostly.Withsomanyoptionsavailable,noone,includinghealthcareworkers,shouldgiveBMItoomuchweight.1．Whydoestheauthorpresentherhusband’sexample?A．ToprovetheaccuracyofBMI. B．TopresenttheproblemsofBMI.C．TointroducethepopularityofBMI. D．Toraisedoubtsabouttherecentstudy.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Withfat,aswithrealestate,locationmatters”suggestinParagraph3?A．Withhigherfateshigherrisk. B．BMIcantellwherefatislocated.C．Abdominalfatcarriesthehighestrisk. D．Wherethefatsitsisrelatedtohealthrisks.3．ForthosewiththesameBMI,whomighthavethehighestriskofdiseases?A．Hispanicwhitepeople. B．Asians.C．NonHispanicwhitepeople. D．Blackpeople.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsBMI?A．Concerned. B．Approving. C．Objective. D．Indifferent.三、課后作業(yè)1、聽(tīng)力小練【第一組】1．Whywon'tthemanjointhebasketballteamthisyear?A．Hewantstohavemoretimetorelax.B．Hewantstotrysomethingnew.C．Hedidn'tdowellintheteam.2．Whatdoesthewomanwanttodo?A.Joinadancingclub.B．Playasport.C．Havemoretimetorest.3．Whatdoesthewomanthinkofmusic?A．It'sgoodforus.B．It'snotinteresting.C．It'suseful.4．Whichclubwillthemanprobablyjoin?A．Themusicclub.B．Thedanceclub.C．Thecookingclub.【第二組】聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽(tīng)完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1．Howwillthewomangettotheairport?A．Bybus.B．Bytaxi.C．Bycar.2．What'stheman'splanfortonight?A．Togooutfordinner.B．Towriteaworkreport.C．Tocooksomechicken.3．What'sthemostprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Classmates.B．Workmates.C．Teacherandstudent.4．Howdoesthewomanmostprobablyfeelnow?A．Relaxed.B．Surprised.C．Worried.5．Whatarethespeakersmostprobablytalkingabout?A．Abook.B．Anewspaper.C．Anexperience.2、閱讀練習(xí)PassageAItseemsthere’snowherelefttorunfromthemicroplastic(微塑料的)pollution.AsmallpilotstudyrecentlytookmicroplasticsfromoneofEurope’smostdistantplaces,theFrenchPyreneesmountains,andfoundasmanymicroplasticsinthesoilasyoumightexpectfromabigcitylikeParis.Thereason?Thewind.Researchersnowfearthatourplanet’swindscanpickupmicroplasticsfromaboutanywhereandtransportthemaroundtheworld,sometimesinlargequantities.“We’dkindofexpecteditinacitygettingblownaround,”saidSteveAllenfromtheUniversityofStrathclydeintheUK,onememberoftheteam.“Butwayupthere?Weexpectedtofindsome,”hesaid.“Wedidn’texpecttofindsomany.”Microplasticsarepiecessmallerthanafifthofaninchthathavebrokendownfromlargerpiecesofplastic.Theforcesofnaturedon’tdistinguish(區(qū)分)betweenmaterialslikestonesandrocks,andplastics.Windandwaveshitplasticsandbreakthemdownjustthesame,makingthemintodustthatcanthengetsweptupbythegentlewindandintotheatmosphere.It’sacontinuingenvironmentalconcern,asmoreandmoremicroplasticsfindtheirwayintoourfoodandair.Thefactthatmicroplasticscanbefoundinlargenumbersevenindistantplacesisasignthatishasbeeaglobalpollutionproblem.SteveAllenandhisteamsetupcollectors4,500feetupinthemountainsforfivemonthstotrapplasticparticles(粒子)astheyfelltotheEarth.Theteamfoundthatanaverageof365plasticparticlesfellontheirsquaremetercollectordaily.Thisincludedbitsfromplasticbags,plasticfilmandpackagingmaterial,amongotherplasticsources.Manyofthesematerialsweresmallenoughtobebreathedinwithoutevenrealizingit.They’reintheair,andthey’reeverywhere.1．WhatdidSteveAllenthinkofthefinding?A．Interesting. B．Boring.C．Surprising. D．Disappointing.2．Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph3?A．Howthemicroplasticseintobeing.B．Howthewindspreadsthemicroplastics.C．Howthemicroplasticpollutionappears.D．Howthewindmakesthepollutionserious.3．Whatdoweknowabouttheplasticparticles?A．Itisdifficulttocollectthem.B．Theyallefrombigcities.C．Theyarepartoftheairwebreathe.D．Itisimpossibletoknowtheirsource.4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Plasticshavebeenfoundinthedistantareas.B．Plasticsareprovedtodogreatharmtothesoil.C．Themicroplasticpollutionisworseinbigcities.D．Windiscarryingmicroplasticsaroundtheworld.PassageBDoyouevergetthatfeelingthattherearen’tenoughhoursintheday?Thattimeissomehowracingawayfromyou,anditisimpossibletofiteverythingin.Butthen,youstepoutsideintothecountrysideandsuddenlyeverythingseemsslower,morerelaxed,liketimehassomehowchanged.It’snotjustyou—recentresearchshowednaturecanregulateoursenseoftime.Formanyofus,thebineddemandsofwork,homeandfamilymeanthatwearealwaysfeelinglikewedon’thaveenoughtime.Timepovertyhasalsobeenexacerbatedbydigitaltechnologies.Permanent(長(zhǎng)久的，永久的)onlineconnectivitylengthensworkinghoursandcanmakeithardertoswitchofffromthedemandsoffriends·andfamily.Recentresearchessuggestthatthecureforourlackoftimemaylieinthenaturalworldwhichmaychangehowweexperiencetime.Thesestudiesconsistentlyshowedthatpeoplereportasenseofexpandedtimewhentheywereinnatureparedtowhentheywereinanurbanenvironment.Forexample,peoplearemorelikelytoperceive(感知)awalkinthecountrysideaslongerthanawalkofthesamelengthinthecity