文體分類練(三)說明文之新發(fā)明/新產(chǎn)品類Passage1(2024寧夏銀川二模)主題:發(fā)明創(chuàng)造詞數(shù):324難度:★★★☆☆3MandDiscoveryEducationannouncedSeanJiangfromGilmanSchoolasoneofthetoptenfinalistsfromacrossthenationforthe20233MYoungScientistChallenge.It’sacompetitionthatencouragesstudentstoidentifyaneverydayproblemandsubmitavideoshowingthesciencebehindthesolutionheorshecameupwith.14-year-oldJiangdecidedtohelpthosewhocan’tsee.Blindpeoplehadahardtimenavigating(導航)objectsthataremediumtofarrange.SoJiangwantedtodesignsomethingtogivethemaheads-uponobstaclesthatmaybeincoming.Jiang’sinspirationcamefromthepowersofthehearingsystem.“Ilearnedinschoolthatbatsandwhalesareabletouseecholocation(回聲定位)tohelpthemnavigateandjustusetheirsenseofhearingandIalsosawonYouTubesomeveryskilledblindpeoplethatuseecholocationtohelpthemwalk,”saidJiang.Jiangstartedwithavirtualrealitysettingandthenmadeitareality.Hiscreationusesadepthcamerathatcandetecthowcloseobjectsare,thusgivingenoughtimetododgetheobstacles.Whenablindiswalkingwiththedevice,thesensorofthedepthcameragatherstheinformationregardingtheobstacles’positionanddistance.ThentheAIsysteminitwillturnthedistancedataintomusicalsoundguidance.Thiscouldsignificantlyincreasethewalkingspeedofablindpersonaswellasdecreasethenumberofobstaclestheyhit.Someothersimilarprogramswerealrightatfindingobjectsthatwereincloserange,butJiangstillwantedtheblindtoexperiencetheworldevenfullersotheywereabletoseestuffthatwasmuchfurtherawaythantheircircleofreach.InOctober,thetoptenfinalistswillcompeteinpersoninMinneapolisforthetitleof“America’sTopYoungScientist”anda$25,000prize.【語篇導讀】本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要報道了一個青少年SeanJiang的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造,他發(fā)明的設備能用聲音幫助盲人順利行走。1.WhatcanwelearnaboutJiangfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasthechampionofthe20233Mevent.B.Heinventedtechnologytoremoveroadobstacles.C.Hesoughttoassisttheblindinwalkingsmoothly.D.Hedevelopedanewnavigationappforhisschool.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知,Jiang設法幫助盲人順利行走。2.WhydidJiangmention“echolocation”?A.Toshowthedevelopmentoftechnology.B.Topresentthedifficultiestheblindface.C.Tostressthesignificanceofhearing.D.Toexplaintheinspirationofhisinvention.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段可知,Jiang提到“回聲定位”是為了解釋他的發(fā)明靈感。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dodge”meaninparagraph4?A.Avoid. B.Encounter.C.Challenge. D.Remove.答案A解析詞句猜測題。畫線詞下文“Whenablindiswalkingwiththedevice,thesensorofthedepthcameragatherstheinformationregardingtheobstacles’positionanddistance.ThentheAIsysteminitwillturnthedistancedataintomusicalsoundguidance.Thiscouldsignificantlyincreasethewalkingspeedofablindpersonaswellasdecreasethenumberofobstaclestheyhit.”說明該設備能夠幫助盲人避開障礙物,從而推知畫線詞意思是“避開”。4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.3Mfacilitiesintendedfortheblind.B.Ateenusingsoundtohelptheblind.C.Aninventiontocurevisionproblems.D.Acompetitiontoimprovetheblind’slife.答案B解析主旨大意題。通讀全文可知,本文主要介紹了一個青少年SeanJiang的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造,他發(fā)明的設備能用聲音幫助盲人順利行走。Passage2(2024廣東湛江二模)主題:機器人傳感器詞數(shù):357難度:★★★☆☆ResearchershavedevelopedaroboticsensorthatcombinesartificialintelligencetechniquestoreadBraille(盲文)atspeedsroughlydoublethatofmosthumanreaders.Theresearchteam,fromtheUniversityofCambridge,usedmachinelearningalgorithms(算法)toteacharoboticsensortoquicklyslideoverlinesofBrailletext.Theroboticsensortheresearchersusedhasacamerainits“fingertip”,andreadsbyusingacombinationoftheinformationfromthecameraandthesensors.“Thisisahardproblemforroboticistsasthere’salotofimageprocessingthatneedstobedonetoremovemotionblur(模糊),whichistime-andenergy-consuming,”saidParthPotdarfromCambridge’sDepartmentofEngineering.“ThereareexistingroboticBraillereaders,buttheyonlyreadoneletteratatime,whichisnothowhumansread,”saidPotdar.“ExistingroboticBraillereadersworkinastaticway:Theytouchoneletterpattern,readit,pullupfromthesurface,moveover,lowerontothenextletterpattern,andsoon.Wewantsomethingthat’smorerealisticandfarmoreefficient.”Theteamdevelopedmachinelearningalgorithmssotheroboticreaderwouldbeableto“deblur”theimagesbeforethesensorattemptedtorecognisetheletters.TheytrainedthealgorithmsonasetofsharpimagesofBraillewithfakeblurapplied.Afterthealgorithmshadlearnedtodeblurtheletters,theyusedacomputervisionmodeltodetectandclassifyeachcharacter.Oncethealgorithmswereincorporated,theresearcherstestedtheirreaderbyslidingitquicklyalongrowsofBraillecharacters.TheroboticBraillereadercouldread315wordsperminutewith87%accuracy,whichistwiceasfastandaboutasaccurateashumanBraillereader.“Braillereadingspeedisagreatwaytomeasurethedynamicperformanceoftactile(能觸知的)sensingsystems,soourfindingscouldbeapplicablebeyondBraille,forapplicationslikedetectingsurfacetexturesorslippageinroboticmanipulation,”saidPotdar.Inthefuture,theresearchersarehopingtoscalethetechnologytothesizeofahumanoidhand.【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。劍橋大學的研究團隊開發(fā)了一種機器人傳感器,該傳感器結(jié)合了人工智能技術(shù),能以近似人類讀者兩倍的速度讀取盲文。5.Whatisdifficultforroboticiststodealwithinthereadingprocess?A.Riddingofmotionblur.B.Teachingarobottolearn.C.Processingroboticsensors.D.Fixingacameraonthefingertip.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“‘Thisisahardproblemforroboticistsasthere’salotofimageprocessingthatneedstobedonetoremovemotionblur,whichistime-andenergy-consuming,’saidParthPotdarfromCambridge’sDepartmentofEngineering.”可知,機器人專家在閱讀過程中很難消除動態(tài)模糊。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“static”inparagraph3mean?A.Still. B.Fast.C.Clever. D.Lazy.答案A解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“‘ThereareexistingroboticBraillereaders,buttheyonlyreadoneletteratatime,whichisnothowhumansread,’saidPotdar.”以及畫線詞下文“Theytouchoneletterpattern,readit,pullupfromthesurface,moveover,lowerontothenextletterpattern,andsoon.”可知,現(xiàn)有的機器人盲文閱讀器是以靜態(tài)的方式工作的。7.WhatdidPotdarwanttoexpressinparagraph6?A.Thegoodperformanceoftherobotsensor.B.Thepromisingfutureoftheirresearchresults.C.Thefactorsinmakingthetactilesensingsystems.D.Thewaytoensuretheaccuracyofthetechnology.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段內(nèi)容可知,他們的研究結(jié)果可以應用到其他方面。由此可推斷,該研究結(jié)果是有前景的。8.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TechnologytobescaledtothesizeofahumanoidhandB.RobotstrainedtoreadBrailleattwicethespeedofhumansC.AgreatwaytomeasuretheperformanceofsensingsystemsD.MachinelearningalgorithmsexpectedtochangeBraillewriting答案B解析主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了劍橋大學研究團隊開發(fā)的機器人傳感器,該傳感器結(jié)合了人工智能技術(shù),能以近似人類讀者兩倍的速度讀取盲文。B項“RobotstrainedtoreadBrailleattwicethespeedofhumans(機器人被訓練以兩倍于人類的速度閱讀盲文)”最能概括本文主旨。Passage3(2024湖南張家界二模)主題:預測閱讀困難的新工具詞數(shù):306難度:★★★☆☆Astudyexpandspositiveevidenceforanewscreeningtoolthatdirectlyengagespreschoolchildrenduringclinicvisitstoassesstheirearlyliteracyskills.Thetool,calledTheReadingHouse(TRH),isthefirstofitskind.Ithasthepotentialtoidentifyreadingdifficultiesasearlyaspossible,accordingtoresearchersatCincinnatiChildren’sHospitalMedicalCenter.TRHisanassessmentdevelopedbyJohnHuttonandhisteamforkidsagedfrom3to5.Screeningtakesjustaboutfiveminutesandassessesperformancelevelsforkidsagedfrom3to5.Itaddressesasignificantgapinwaystoscreenearlyliteracyskillsefficientlyanddirectly.Thetool,whichisfunforkids,couldbeusedinplaceslikeprimarycareorpreschoolsettings.Thescreeningmeasurescoreskillstypicallyappearinginthepreschoolagerange,includingvocabulary,rhyming,alphabetknowledgeandprintconcepts.Allareskillspredictiveofreadingsuccessandoftenassociatedwithreadingdifficulties.Thestudyinvolved70healthychildren—34boysand36girls—between3and5yearsoldfromvarioussocioeconomicbackground.Thechildrencompletedstandardizedtestsofimportantliteracyskills:vocabulary,rhymingaridrapidautomatizednaming.Fifty-twoofthesechildrenalsosuccessfullycompletedMRI(磁共振成像),includingthemeasurementofthegraymattersurfaceoftheirbrains.Thethickercortex(皮質(zhì)),particularlyinleft-sidedareassupportinglanguageandreading,hasbeenassociatedwithhigherskillsthatarepredictiveofreadingoutcomes.Manychildrenarriveatkindergartenunpreparedtolearntoread,especiallythosefromminoritiesandeconomicallypoorbackgrounds—estimatedatover50%ofchildrenfromdisadvantagedbackgroundsintheU.S.andover25%overall.“Byscreeningearlyduringclinicvisits,wecantargeteffectiveinterventionsthathelpthesechildrenbetterprepareforkindergartenandimprovereadingoutcomes—literally,snappingtheirbrainstoread,”saidHutton.【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一些研究人員研發(fā)出了一個新的工具,可以幫助預測3—5歲的小孩是否會有閱讀困難。9.WhatmightbethepurposeofcreatingTRH?A.Toidentifythebestreadingappsforkids.B.Todeveloppreschoolkids’literacyskills.C.Todiscoverkids’readingproblemsearly.D.Tostudykeyfactorsinkids’development.答案C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“Thetool,calledTheReadingHouse(TRH),isthefirstofitskind.Ithasthepotentialtoidentifyreadingdifficultiesasearlyaspossible,accordingtoresearchersatCincinnatiChildren’sHospitalMedicalCenter.”可知,該工具可以確認學齡前兒童是否會