2022年(英語一)真題研讀第一部分知識(shí)運(yùn)用①Theideathatplantshaveconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s.②Theterm“plantneurobiology”wascoinedaroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbecomparedtointelligenceinanimals.③Thoughplantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthathintedatconsciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.面(的智慧)堪比動(dòng)物智力”這一觀念創(chuàng)造 第二段一、英漢對(duì)譯opinionarticle.②Plantbiologyiscomplexandthatso-calledevidenceofplants'intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.二、詞匯注釋二、詞匯注釋 oplantbiology植物生命機(jī)理并以判斷句suchanideaisuntrue強(qiáng)調(diào)上述說法的不真實(shí)(缺乏事實(shí)依據(jù))。②句句內(nèi)but則表明句內(nèi)語第三段thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,forming“aplantnervoussystem,analogoustothatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz.②“Theyevenclaimedthatplantshave‘brain-like二、詞匯注釋二、詞匯注釋□commandcenter指揮中心Oroottip植物的根尖3物的進(jìn)化之需。整個(gè)段落群以saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz(第三段)、Taizsaid(第四段)、headded(第五段)、accordingtothearticle(第六段，其中article即Taiz為第一作者的新研究文章)明確它是從新研究作者的角度展開(注意寫作視角，更能幫助理解文意與情感)。第三段介紹“植物意識(shí)說”支持者的主張。段落內(nèi)部以somescientistshavearguedthat...、Theyevenclaimedthat...形成語義遞進(jìn)，明確語義重心在舊研究者的觀點(diǎn)(即“植物意識(shí)說”支持者的論調(diào)),而argued、claimed所暗藏的“未經(jīng)事實(shí)證明”以及even所傳遞的“出乎意料”足以表明新研究者(說話人)①Thisperspectivemakessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,reducingittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals.②However,thesignalinginaplantisonlysuperficiallysimilartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.①如果把復(fù)雜大腦的運(yùn)作機(jī)制簡(jiǎn)化為一系列電脈沖，這一觀點(diǎn)倒也言之有理；(因?yàn)?內(nèi)的信號(hào)傳遞與動(dòng)物復(fù)雜的大腦的信號(hào)傳遞②Oamassofcells細(xì)胞團(tuán)現(xiàn)銜接，表明段落邏輯，先讓步分析上述觀點(diǎn)成立的邏輯條件，再轉(zhuǎn)而剖析這一邏輯背后的不合理性。①句的分號(hào)形式上分隔前后兩分句，實(shí)際上暗藏因果關(guān)聯(lián)，以分句2的內(nèi)容來闡釋分句1的合理性。if條件句看似明確成立的條件，而從句內(nèi)simplify/reducingvscomplex的巨大反差實(shí)則暗示這一條件不可能成立(前者屬于假設(shè)行為“假設(shè)能簡(jiǎn)化”,后者屬于事實(shí)信息“大腦很復(fù)雜，不可能簡(jiǎn)化”)。②句onlysuperficiallysimilar、morethan在部分承認(rèn)動(dòng)植物的相似性(動(dòng)物確實(shí)通過電脈沖交流)的基礎(chǔ)上，更加強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)物大腦功能的復(fù)雜性，暗示二者不具有可比性。4①“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwthresholdlevelofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,”headded.②“Sinceplantsdon'thachancesthattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”①“想要進(jìn)化形成意識(shí)，大腦的復(fù)雜性和容納度需要達(dá)到一定的閾值?！彼a(bǔ)充在意識(shí)的可能性實(shí)際上為零?！?②第五段從生理角度解釋植物不具備意識(shí)的原因。①句Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrain...isrequired明確“生物進(jìn)化出意識(shí)”的普適條件：大腦的復(fù)雜性和容納度達(dá)到閾值，其中thresholdlevel(threshold意為thelevelatwhichsomethingstartstohappenorhaveaneffect)強(qiáng)調(diào)“意識(shí)出現(xiàn)”的最低要 ①那么,意識(shí)究竟有什么了不起的呢?能量投放在一個(gè)可以識(shí)別威脅并能感知疼痛①Andwhat'ssogreatanyway?②Plantscan'trunawayfromdanger,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhichrecognizesathreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeaverypoorevolstrategy,accordingto①那么,意識(shí)究竟有什么了不起的呢?能量投放在一個(gè)可以識(shí)別威脅并能感知疼痛orunawayfrom.避開……;逃離…..第六段從進(jìn)化角度解釋植物不具有意識(shí)的合理性。段內(nèi)兩句以一問一答的形式呈現(xiàn)強(qiáng)關(guān)聯(lián)。①句首先以Andwhat'ssogreatabout..anyway?承上“植物意識(shí)說”的強(qiáng)勁勢(shì)頭發(fā)問“植物意識(shí)的價(jià)值為性”的質(zhì)疑，另一方面提示下文將就上述爭(zhēng)議給出終極結(jié)論。②句以因果邏輯詞so關(guān)聯(lián)can'trunaway危險(xiǎn)卻不能逃離危險(xiǎn)的生理機(jī)制純屬徒增煩惱，價(jià)值何在?作用何在?averypoorevolutionarystrategy充分表達(dá)出了植物并沒有進(jìn)化出意識(shí)的根本原因：意識(shí)對(duì)植物來說不是一種進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢(shì)，不具備意識(shí)才符合植物的進(jìn)化規(guī)律。 第二部分閱讀理解Text1當(dāng)塑料彌足珍貴之時(shí)①Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.②Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.③Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.④Theycrackandfrizzle.⑤They“weep”outadditives.⑥Theymeltintosludge.⑦Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.8Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.①人們常抱怨塑料太耐久了。②從珠穆朗以及其他廢棄物弄得亂七八糟，這正是因?yàn)樗芰蠠o處不在且不易分解。③但有些塑料材料會(huì)隨時(shí)間推移逐漸發(fā)生變化。④它們會(huì)破裂、卷曲。⑤它們會(huì)滲出添加劑。⑥它們會(huì)逐漸融化成泥。7所有這一切都給博物館等努力保護(hù)重要文物的機(jī)構(gòu)帶來了大麻煩。8岌岌可危的塑料文物種類繁多，令人眼花繚亂：早期的收音 □waterbottles水瓶oshoppingbags購物袋6otheMarianaTrench馬里亞納海溝4 institutions;2plasticobjectsatrisk。durable說明對(duì)塑料的不滿2句解釋1句。because呈遞因果邏輯：前半句中Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrash例舉durable對(duì)立。456句列舉塑料會(huì)發(fā)生的具體變化。三個(gè)短句They..They...They...變化”,createshugeheadaches強(qiáng)調(diào)這些變化給博物館等機(jī)構(gòu)“帶來了大麻煩”。tryingtopreservepolymerchemistwho,untilretiritheNetherlands.②“It'slikebaobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.” ③8第三段 ①Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.②Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces③Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotherrectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.4Hewantedviewonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.①但有時(shí)這并不是藝術(shù)家的錯(cuò)。②20世紀(jì)60年代，意大利藝術(shù)家皮耶羅·吉拉爾迪開始創(chuàng)作了數(shù)百件鮮艷奪目、五彩繽紛的泡沫藝術(shù)品。③那些藝術(shù)品包括小型玫瑰花圃和其他物①②□colorful['k?l?fl]a.色彩豐富的；五彩繽紛的2③□pumpkin['p?mpkin]n.南瓜第三、四段指出原因二：材料(聚氨酯泡沫)本身不穩(wěn)定。品至今只有50余年。hundredsof..pieces凸顯作品數(shù)量之多。bright,colorful點(diǎn)出作品的典型特征“色想要地毯具有“真正地毯”的功能：讓參觀者在上面四處走動(dòng)。從句明確實(shí)現(xiàn)這一功能對(duì)材料的要求“必須耐久(hadtobedurable)”。9①Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.②It'sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.③Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.③①SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi'ssculptures.②Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.③VanOostencallsthosechemical霜”,因?yàn)樗麄兊哪康脑谟诜乐垢蟪潭鹊墓鈸p傷，并修復(fù)那些已經(jīng)老化的聚合物纖維。④令她自豪的是，好幾件雕塑甚至得以重新展出，盡管有時(shí)是在防護(hù)罩的保護(hù)之下。①②oinfuseAwithB給A注入B1③④23句具體介紹范·奧斯藤等人所用方法。兩句以chemicals回指銜接，明確所用材料“具有穩(wěn)定和加固作用的化學(xué)物質(zhì)”;②句以infused...with..闡述具體曬霜”,同時(shí)明確操作目的“防止更大程度的光損傷，修復(fù)老化的聚合物纖維”。sculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain說明保護(hù)工作的結(jié)果，二者共同強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)吉拉爾迪雕塑的保護(hù)工表讓步，指出修復(fù)之后的雕塑也并非完全無虞(有時(shí)還需置于防護(hù)罩下)。【深層解讀】本段通過詞匯的選用(workedtopreserve、infuse...with.體現(xiàn)“艱苦、細(xì)致的工作”情”)以及讓步邏輯的運(yùn)用(albeit..指出即便修復(fù)之后，雕塑也難復(fù)當(dāng)初模樣)來展現(xiàn)塑料雕塑保護(hù)第六段preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.②Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.③plastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.保護(hù)塑料文物的工作很可能會(huì)更加艱難。②舊物件還在繼續(xù)老化變質(zhì)。③更糟的是，設(shè)計(jì)為可(自行)分解的可生物降解塑料正日益普遍。successstorieslikevanOosten's回溯上文，表明文物保護(hù)的確已有多起成功實(shí)例；willlikelygetharderobjects.②JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.③Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”[438words]①②□StoneAge石器時(shí)代□IronAge鐵器時(shí)代 21 24 25Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney發(fā)生什么樣的改變?Z世代開啟自己教 首段亮明全文關(guān)注的兩大問題：大學(xué)學(xué)位的意義、目的和價(jià)值發(fā)生了何種變化；Z世代應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)。學(xué)生”。pen(義同write,但更為正式)、weighup均表明“學(xué)生們對(duì)待大學(xué)入學(xué)申請(qǐng)的態(tài)度極為嚴(yán)肅，對(duì)maybeworthconsidering(變體為Itmaybeworthconsideringthat/how/what...)是禮貌地提出建議以化”:內(nèi)嵌的as從句強(qiáng)調(diào)Z世代正處于關(guān)鍵時(shí)期“正要開啟教育旅程的第三階段高等教育之時(shí)”,凸顯思考上述問題的緊迫性。注：Z世代指出生于1996-2012年之間(也有說法稱是1995-2010年之間)的一代?！敖逃龤v程的第三階段”即“高等教育(HigherEducation)”,在英國的教育體系中，是繼“義務(wù)教育(Compulsory第二段①M(fèi)illennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.②Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.③Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.④Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.⑤Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongtheOECDcountries.①千禧一代曾被告知，如果你在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)便可衣食無憂。②但結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這一承諾未能兌現(xiàn)。③隨著大學(xué)學(xué)位的普及，其價(jià)值不免降低。④教育不再是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)階層流動(dòng)的可靠途徑。⑤如今，英國28%的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生從事著無需本科學(xué)歷的工作，而這一比例是經(jīng)合組織成員國平均水平的兩倍。②③⑤onon-graduate[inon'gred?u?t]a.無需本科學(xué)歷的12句指出從千禧一代開始，本科學(xué)位便已不再是體面生活的保證(But體現(xiàn)語義轉(zhuǎn)折)的學(xué)位(didwellinschool,gotadecentdegree)→余生便345句具體說明大學(xué)學(xué)位的價(jià)值變化(nolonger體現(xiàn)情形變化)。mobility...innon-graduateroles。這并這并不是在表明獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位毫無意教室到講堂的轉(zhuǎn)換不是必然之路，還有其他選項(xiàng)可供選擇。Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingetdegree,butratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotan第四段輩們學(xué)習(xí)。②雇主們?cè)缫颜J(rèn)識(shí)到雇用中學(xué)畢業(yè)生的好處事實(shí)證明他們作為③許多雇主也逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到取消對(duì)某些職①Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisahappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindtheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployees輩們學(xué)習(xí)。②雇主們?cè)缫颜J(rèn)識(shí)到雇用中學(xué)畢業(yè)生的好處事實(shí)證明他們作為③許多雇主也逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到取消對(duì)某些職③1句明確Z世代正在吸取千禧前輩的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，中學(xué)畢業(yè)即參加工作。this回指上一段觀點(diǎn)“對(duì)于Z世①Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.②Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.③Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.④Whenmoreandmorehaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetw的薪資比本科生多40%。④當(dāng)越來越多人擁有①②③④ 234句說明繼續(xù)深造的理由。skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.②Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.③Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ'scareertrajectory.①Z世代不可能在18或21歲就結(jié)束于17個(gè)不同的雇主，從事于5種不同的職①②③第六段提出觀點(diǎn)：教育將是貫穿Z世代職業(yè)生涯的核心部分。關(guān)鍵詞：constantlyup-skilling 第七段一、英漢對(duì)譯①Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:‘Iamageographer,or‘Iamaclassist'.②Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it'sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon'tdefinetheminthesameway.[423words] □generation[id?en?'rei?n]n.②1句借介紹“老一輩人如何談?wù)摯髮W(xué)學(xué)位”明確其定義自身身份的關(guān)鍵因素：大學(xué)學(xué)位。thepresenttense(現(xiàn)在時(shí))與thepasttense(過去時(shí))相對(duì)，用于表明某一事物一直存在或某一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)would、asif表明作者意在推測(cè)未來的情形。neversaysuchathing強(qiáng)調(diào)Z世代肯定不會(huì)說“我是一所以很容易將之視為對(duì)個(gè)人身份的定義。而對(duì)于當(dāng)前剛 ofurtherone'sstudy深造 ①Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.②TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperiencesofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.③Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.①富于啟發(fā)、頗具挑戰(zhàn)、振奮人心、饒有樂趣。②這些都是《自然》讀者，在一系列以藝術(shù)家與科研人員的合作關(guān)系為主題的文章中，描述其對(duì)于藝術(shù)與科學(xué)合作的感受時(shí)所用到的一些詞匯。③在大約350名接受隨文所附問卷調(diào)查的人中，有近40%的人表示，他們?cè)c藝術(shù)家合作過；而且?guī)缀跛腥硕急硎舅麄儠?huì)考慮在未來與藝術(shù)家合作。ostimulating['stimjuleiti?]a.振奮人心的 ② ③①②句采取不見其人先聞其聲的方式引出話題對(duì)象“科藝合作”,并強(qiáng)調(diào)它收效甚佳、頗受好評(píng)。①句僅由四個(gè)飽含強(qiáng)烈褒義色彩的評(píng)價(jià)詞構(gòu)成，彰顯對(duì)某事物/現(xiàn)象的高度贊揚(yáng)，引發(fā)好奇。②句借解釋①句的具體內(nèi)涵引出討論對(duì)象。判斷句式Theseweresomeofthewords...usedtodescribe...artexperiences...collaborations點(diǎn)明評(píng)價(jià)主體“《自然》讀者中有科藝合作體驗(yàn)之人(即科藝界業(yè)內(nèi)人士)”;近義詞對(duì)art-science3句進(jìn)一步借調(diào)查結(jié)果明晰現(xiàn)象“科藝合作得到(科界人士)積極響應(yīng)”。本句借調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)將視角第二段②Scientistsareincreasinglyseekinghelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.③“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning,”①如此鼓舞人心的(調(diào)查)結(jié)果并不出奇。 ③23句具體說明原因“藝術(shù)是傳播科學(xué)的有力媒句以科學(xué)家求諸于藝術(shù)的目的tohelp..明確科藝合作走強(qiáng)的原因：助力科學(xué)可視化(visual),擴(kuò)大科普受眾面(tonewaudiences);頻度詞第三段①OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.②Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.③TheUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.候變化交流研究中心提供的每個(gè)季節(jié)的歷史的樂曲。③該表演先于十一月將在英國格拉斯哥召開的聯(lián)合國氣候變化大①②oreimagine[riri'mad?in]v.重新詮釋；重新構(gòu)想③Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.②FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.③Norshouldtheirworkbemostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.⑤Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.術(shù)家并非僅限于協(xié)助科學(xué)家實(shí)現(xiàn)傳播科學(xué)的需要。③他們的工作也不應(yīng)只被認(rèn)為是一個(gè) 1②④ ⑤alliancesaremostvaluablewhen..?；蜓芯快`感”,暗示當(dāng)前科藝合作中對(duì)藝術(shù)的價(jià)值認(rèn)識(shí)還有所欠缺，價(jià)值挖掘不夠充分。注：②句中句1vs分句2及③句”,因?yàn)榉志?中的severalrespondentsnoted實(shí)際轄域到③句。銜接。④句以when(when影響力。23①M(fèi)orethanhalfacenturyInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toculture.②Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight—hencethe‘visualstudies’ianinterestin,andtherdividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewcouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.①半個(gè)多世紀(jì)以前，麻省理工學(xué)院開以探索科技在文化中的作用。②創(chuàng)始人特意將他們的項(xiàng)目重點(diǎn)圍繞在光上——項(xiàng)目對(duì)光感興趣，因此他們之間的合作也就有且分化出更多分支學(xué)科，該(研究)中心也在展望這么一個(gè)時(shí)代：一流的科研人才也可以是藝術(shù)家、作家或詩人，反之亦然。3□something['samθi?]n.被認(rèn)為重要的事物24□viceversa[ivais'v3rs?]ad.反之亦然 ②文藝術(shù)的雄心抱負(fù)。達(dá)的是become、be之意，強(qiáng)調(diào)“興趣/利益支撐點(diǎn)”與“合作之根基”為等同關(guān)聯(lián)。藝合作提出了更高要求，實(shí)現(xiàn)真正有價(jià)值的科藝聯(lián)盟勢(shì)在必行。文章在明確核心觀點(diǎn)之后一般會(huì)輔以例證加以闡述。上段末作者明均為例證信息且無明確的段落主旨句，故推測(cè)本段為上段末論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。段內(nèi)②③句Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocused..formthebasisofcollaboration重在展現(xiàn)CAVS是通過找到雙方利益共同點(diǎn)從而促成①Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.②Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogoandparticipantsmustnotdiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiqucoretoboth,too.[432words]①②都需要投入時(shí)間，并樂于接受意外與挑戰(zhàn)。②藝術(shù)與科學(xué)合作的范圍需要突破科研傳播入以刻板印象看待彼此的困境之中。③藝術(shù)③②句前半部分以Thereachmunication同義復(fù)現(xiàn)第四段②句(主題句)artistsdono分析了當(dāng)前科藝合作的問題“止于科學(xué)傳播之需”,并給出了相應(yīng)的解決辦法“應(yīng)拓展雙方所需、彼此賦能、從而成就社會(huì)”3132 3334 35①ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.②Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.③Employersmustbothshow □employmentrelations雇傭關(guān)系② ③provisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct;②dismissalsmustbejustified。thejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”.②Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlacksufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconducmanagement.③Longgonearethedayswhenabosscould① ②③第二至四段點(diǎn)明ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款造成的“不正當(dāng)解雇 2句解釋ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款出臺(tái)的原因：合同判例法未能充分保護(hù)普通員工。premise指結(jié)論形式，此處用以指代“不正當(dāng)解雇”;副詞Long(時(shí)間久遠(yuǎn)地)修飾gone(消失的；不復(fù)存在的),凸顯ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款實(shí)施力度之大、產(chǎn)生效果之巨：一經(jīng)頒布就早早地徹底杜絕了不正當(dāng)解雇。可厚非，個(gè)人申訴條款終結(jié)雇主不正當(dāng)解雇員工的時(shí)代似乎也值得稱贊，但①句中一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的were第三段whenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.②Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainifailure.④Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersor①但這些條款如果應(yīng)用于高薪的經(jīng)理和高管，就會(huì)給企業(yè)帶來不少難題。②正如無數(shù)董事會(huì)和企業(yè)主會(huì)證實(shí)的一阻礙企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)效率以及整體業(yè)績(jī)的提 第三段以But轉(zhuǎn)承上文，點(diǎn)明ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款實(shí)際保護(hù)的群體范圍及其危害。關(guān)鍵詞：1appliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives;2createdifficultiesforbusinesses。①句總起指出，ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款現(xiàn)實(shí)中還會(huì)被應(yīng)用于高薪管理人員，導(dǎo)致企業(yè)發(fā)展受困。從句whenappliedto針對(duì)第二段①句weredesignedtoguard,明示設(shè)想與現(xiàn)實(shí)的差距——個(gè)人申訴條款現(xiàn)實(shí)中還被用以保護(hù)普通員工之外的“權(quán)勢(shì)員工群體(企業(yè)管理人員)”;主句theseprovisio②至⑤句詳述“個(gè)人申訴條款被用于保護(hù)管理人員”為何會(huì)阻礙企業(yè)發(fā)展。countless(無數(shù)的)、willattest(會(huì)證明)表明本句借條款造成的一種普遍影響證明首句論點(diǎn)。主句具體論企業(yè)發(fā)展”的內(nèi)在邏輯：個(gè)人申訴條款被用于保護(hù)管理人員→企業(yè)難以解雇表現(xiàn)不佳的高薪管理人員導(dǎo)致管理人員缺乏能力及動(dòng)力去提升企業(yè)效益)→阻礙企業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率及整體業(yè)績(jī)的提高。③4⑤句先指出管理人員的能力關(guān)乎企業(yè)與普通員工工作崗位的存亡，后重申新條款的要求“不得以‘能力平平’為由解雇員工”,暗指企業(yè)將因無法解雇表現(xiàn)不佳的管理者而深受其害。③④句The differencebetween...and...mayverywellbethedifferencebetween...Between...一、英漢對(duì)譯protectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.作崗位而出臺(tái)的法律可能反而會(huì)使他們的第四段總結(jié)“ERA個(gè)人申訴條款保護(hù)管理人員”造成的“不正當(dāng)解雇悖論”。關(guān)鍵詞：①Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.②Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand'sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.岌可危，這些法律也會(huì)限制企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)原因之一。二、詞匯注釋 ② poorproductivitygrowthrecord呼應(yīng)①句中constraintonfirmproductivity,以singledoutAasacauseofB第六段①NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.②Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.BThismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.4Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemployment①高薪經(jīng)理自身也無法幸免于《雇傭②鑒于就業(yè)保護(hù)法抬高了解雇員工的成本，雇主在招聘新員工時(shí)會(huì)更為謹(jǐn)慎。③這使得能力平平的經(jīng)理更難被雇用。④而且企業(yè)因?yàn)橐袚?dān)雇用安排出錯(cuò)的責(zé) 二、詞匯注釋①②③④2至4句詳述管理人員利用ERA2句鋪墊ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款對(duì)企業(yè)招聘的整體影響：招聘更加謹(jǐn)慎。Because、makeitcostlier4句從入職薪資角度闡明2句，點(diǎn)明條款對(duì)管理人員的危害二：降低薪資。從句中firmscarrythe①社會(huì)也會(huì)因過度的就業(yè)保護(hù)而受損害。②嚴(yán)苛的解雇法規(guī)會(huì)對(duì)生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生①Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.②Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell①社會(huì)也會(huì)因過度的就業(yè)保護(hù)而受損害。②嚴(yán)苛的解雇法規(guī)會(huì)對(duì)生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生2句具體說明。Stringentjobdismissalregulations仍指ERA的個(gè)人申訴條款，其中Stringent“(法律、①AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.②InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers'Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-regime.③However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.[406words]①塔斯曼海對(duì)岸的澳大利亞為應(yīng)對(duì)上收入門檻”的員工排除在其“不公平解雇一項(xiàng)無公職議員法案試圖允許公司和高收入員工訂約退出不正當(dāng)解雇制度。③然 oprivatemember無公職議員 ③ounwieldy[?n'wi:ldi]a.難運(yùn)作的□votedown投票否決Bill;②voteddown。論”的解決辦法。employeesearningabove.“high-incomethreshold”概指上文所述的高薪管理人員，3句進(jìn)而點(diǎn)明新西蘭應(yīng)對(duì)“不正當(dāng)解雇悖論”嘗試的結(jié)果：已被投票否決。themechanisms并直接排除超過門檻者(specified、excluding)vs新西蘭的無公職議員法案模糊且復(fù)雜(permit.36□corporate['k?:p?r?t]a.公司的1?38(41)TeriByrd:[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals'well-being.②Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.③Thisclaimwasfalse.④Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.⑤Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottom③④⑤小標(biāo)題oclosedown關(guān)閉①②①至③句表明觀點(diǎn)：動(dòng)物園聲稱以保護(hù)動(dòng)物為己任，實(shí)際并非如此。①句azo...employeeforyears以多年業(yè)內(nèi)經(jīng)歷暗示Byrd所言真實(shí)可信。②③句claimed、Thisclaim以及貶義評(píng)注詞false或隱或顯地表明動(dòng)物園在動(dòng)物保護(hù)方面只做表面文章，并未做出實(shí)質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)。兩句中profitable、bottomline等商業(yè)詞匯與animal...conservation等公益詞匯形成反差，彰顯商業(yè)利益與動(dòng)物保護(hù)之間的矛盾。一、英漢對(duì)譯①Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.②Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequapasttimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit'spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourcu①動(dòng)物們都極其討厭被關(guān)在動(dòng)物園里。③這些動(dòng)物最終都會(huì)變得焦慮不安，失去健康或生命。④是時(shí)候讓這些機(jī)構(gòu)透明化了，也是① ②□stressed[strest]a.焦慮不安的2④①至③句呈現(xiàn)問題：動(dòng)物園中的動(dòng)物承受著心理和身體上的雙重痛苦。此三句實(shí)際從動(dòng)物角度出(42)KarenR.Sime:[C]Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantroleinstartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.①Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.②Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.法，此處can表示可能性，暗示有些動(dòng)物園展覽實(shí)際可以做到不殘忍，為下段建議暗留余地。后以But轉(zhuǎn)①我所在大學(xué)的動(dòng)物學(xué)課程吸引來的①我所在大學(xué)的動(dòng)物學(xué)課程吸引來的生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)或者國家公園參觀。③盡管好的電視節(jié)目有助于激發(fā)孩子對(duì)于動(dòng)物保①Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomz00visitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.②Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.③AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.④Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos'treatmentofanimalswiththeir①②③ (43)GregNewberry:[A]Zoos,whichsparencefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticismtothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.②Sheusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.①艾瑪·馬里斯的文章是對(duì)成千上萬滿腔熱血的、具有奉獻(xiàn)精神的動(dòng)物工作者的侮辱與中傷，這些工作人員都在為改善動(dòng)物生活和保護(hù)地球而孜孜不倦地努力。②馬里斯援用力于讓孩子與更廣闊世界建立聯(lián)結(jié)的機(jī)構(gòu)的崇高使命。 ②①Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.②Aretheretragedies?③Ofcourse.④Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.⑤Adistressedanimalinazo0willgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.件發(fā)生呢?③當(dāng)然有。④但是這些悲劇只是特例并不是馬里斯女士所暗指的常態(tài)。⑤動(dòng)物園里身④5①②(44)DeanGallea:[D]Zooswildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlife①Asafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos②ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherbeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown①n.環(huán)保主義者②③12句簡(jiǎn)要表達(dá)看法 Zoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedfor觸這些活生生的動(dòng)物的需要，同時(shí)使絕大多數(shù)觸這些活生生的動(dòng)物的需要，同時(shí)使絕大多數(shù)棲息于自然環(huán)境中的動(dòng)物不受人類打擾。時(shí)即地滿足人類對(duì)自然萬物的好奇心與求知欲，從而可減少人們因自行探索而給自然帶來的傷害。第九段一、英漢對(duì)譯(45)約翰·(45)約翰·弗雷澤：[G]馬里斯歪曲了我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們的研究實(shí)際證明，動(dòng)物園是人類與自然之間不可或缺的紐帶。①艾瑪·馬里斯對(duì)我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了選擇性的描述與刻意歪曲。②我們的研究關(guān)注的是，參觀動(dòng)物園的經(jīng)歷如何影響人們對(duì)于自我與自然的思考，而馬里斯從我們的研究中選取的這些數(shù)據(jù)，絕對(duì)不是在貶低參觀動(dòng)物園所帶來的知識(shí)收獲。(45)JohnFraser:[G]Marrisdistortsourfindings,whichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.①EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.②Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkabou