英語修辭(EnglishRhetoricDevices)Figuresofspeech(修辭)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Rhetoricdevicesmakeyourspeeches,essaysetc.moreinterestingandlivelyandhelpyoutogetandkeepyourreader’s/listener’sattention.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Simile：(明喻）

Itisanexpressedlikeness,whichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.e.gAscoldwateristoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.Reasonistofaithastheeyetothetelescope.Hebellowedlikeabullseekingcombat.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.e.gTheworldisastage.

Thefountainofknowledgewilldryupunlessitiscontinuouslyreplenishedbystreamsofnewlearning.Youreyeisthelampofyourbody;whenyoureyeissound,yourwholebodyisfulloflight;butwhenitisnotsound,yourbodyisfullofdarkness.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法

Analogy:(類比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Thepatternis:aistobascistod借助一些共同的相似之點來做平行的比較，比明喻和暗喻著眼點更廣闊。e.gShoeistofootastireistowheel

Followersaretoaleaderasplanetsaretoasun

ShellsweretoancientculturesasdollarbillsaretomoderncultureEnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Personification:(擬人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(賦予)toinanimate(無生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).把事、物、觀念等擬作人，賦予它們以人的思想。感情與行為方式。e.gThewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Moneytalks;moneyprints;moneybroadcasts;moneyreigns.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Hyperbole:(夸張）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.在真實的基礎上有意言過其實以更好地反映事物的本質。

e.gHealmostdiedlaughing.Hamlet:IloveOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.Hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks. Mylegsweighthreetons.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Understatement:低調陳述/含蓄陳述Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingitorminimizingtheimportance,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.輕描淡寫地陳述一種想法。YouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.Thefacewasn’tabadone:ithadwhattheycalledcharm. (正話反說，反映說話者的矜持)Themanisnofool.

這個人決不是個傻瓜Yes,Iknowalittleaboutrocks.

(Arockexpertsays)EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(無冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.用比較溫和的詞代替粗魯的詞或使人不愉快的詞，用通行的詞代替禁忌的詞。e.gCharlesShively,94,passedawayathomeandwenttobewiththeLordonApril22,2004,fromnaturalcauses.Hewenttosleeppeacefully—butforever.(becalledtoGod;benomore;gotohislonghome;begonetoabetterland)Funeral→memorialservicegraveyard→memorygarden.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Metonymy(轉喻/借代）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemeaningofonethingforthatofanother.用一個單詞代替另外一個在概念上有關聯的單詞e.gThepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces/war).Bewareofbottle.(謹防喝醉酒)

Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.Hehasagoodearformusic.他善于欣賞音樂。Hehasasharptongue.他言語尖刻。EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Synecdoche(提喻）Synechdocheissomekindofgeneralizationorspecificationthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.用局部代替整體，單個代替類別，具體代替抽象；或反過來。

Theysaythere’sbreadandworkforall.Turningourlongboatround[…]onthelastmorningrequiredallhandsondeck

…(hands=people)Troopshaltthedrivers(troops=soldiers)Sheworegoldaroundherneck.(gold=chain)EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Pun:(雙關語）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.一個詞在上下文中有雙重或更多的含義。英語中常用同形異義詞（拼寫相同但意義不同）或同音異義詞（發(fā)音相同或相似，拼寫與意義不同）來造成雙關的效果。e.gAcannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here“arms”hastwomeanings:aperson’sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)e.gAskformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(graveman，即是嚴肅的人，又是墳墓中的死人。)EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Zeugma:(軛式搭配/拈連）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.用一個形容詞修飾兩個名詞，其中一個修飾是通順的、規(guī)范的，另外一個修飾則是勉強的、不規(guī)范的。Withweepingeyesandgrievinghearts--Withweepingeyesandhearts

e.gThesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Heremoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)Shewasdressedinamaid’scapandabrightsmile.Itisbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter.

Prideoppresseshumility;hatredlove;crueltycompassionEnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法

Irony:(反語/諷刺）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所謂的說反話，反意正說，正意反說。常用于諷刺或嘲弄的場合.

e.gWearelucky.(whensomethingbadhappens)Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.(whensomeonesayssthunplesant)Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Sarcasm:(諷刺）Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinabittermanner,anditsaimistoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.e.gLawsarelikecobwebs（蜘蛛網）,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps（黃蜂）breakthrough.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Paradox:(似非而是的雋語)

Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.e.gMorehaste,lessspeed.

Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Oxymoron:(矛盾修飾）Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(結合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不協(xié)調)terms一種把互相矛盾或不調和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，e.gadeafeningsilence震耳欲聾的沉默;amournfuloptimist悲傷的樂觀.bitter-sweetmemories;orderlychaos(混亂);proudhumility(侮辱).EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Climax:(漸進/層進）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor“l(fā)adder”andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.一層層地推進與加強最終達到高潮或頂點。e.gIcame,Isaw,Iconquered.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Theaudiencesmiled,chuckled（竊笑）,andfinallyhowled（捧腹大笑）.Wearelow,wearevery,verylow,aslowaslowcanbe.

EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降）ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone’sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.采用突然下降的手法使句意從嚴肅、深刻、重要等等的概念中急轉到滑稽、平庸、瑣細等的概念上，從而造成一種語義上的大的反差而獲得一種鮮明、幽默的交際效果。WhatshallIdo?Ihavelostmyloverandlipsticktoo.AnearlymorningwalkinthefoothilloftheHimalayasliftshisspiritabovematerialconcernsandinspiresinhimnoblethoughts.Italsomakeshimhungry.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法TransferredEpithet:(移就/轉類形容詞）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修飾)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.e.gIspentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.ForgetfulsnowHeclosedhisbusylifeattheageof80.DoyouthinkIwillhavebloodmoney? TheAmericansocietysawagnawing蟲咬般痛苦的povertyduringtheGreatDepression.TheytalkedtotheforeignersinhesitantEnglish（結結巴巴的英語）.Hecrasheddownaprotestingchair.Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoings.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Parody（仿擬）模仿別的固定表達方式而新創(chuàng)的語言表達方式

Youaregin-drunk;Iamcreed-drunk.你是酒醉，我是信條迷醉。

Ihadnooutlook,butanuplookrather.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.我沒有人生觀，但我有“上爬觀”，我的地位在社會的最低層。Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.走別人的路，讓別人無路可走。EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法

chiasmus（回文/交錯法）Agrammaticalfigurebywhichtheorderofwordsinoneoftwoofparallelclausesisinvertedintheother.Oneofthemostfascinatingfeaturesofchiasmusisthis“markingwithanX”e.g.Pleasure’sasin,andsometimessin’sapleasure1)It’snotthemeninmylifeit’sthelifeinmymen.2)Homeiswherethegreataresmallandthesmallaregreat3)OneshouldeattolivenotlivetoeatEnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Alliteration:(頭韻）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesameinitialconsonantsoundatfrequentintervals(間隔).在詞的開頭重復相同的元音或輔音e.g.PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers.thewildwindsofwinter;thewhitefoamflew;thefurrowfollowedfree.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Onomatopoeia:(擬聲）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.

以相似的語音描摹非語言的聲音。Iheartheclockticktacking,andtimegoesby.Noonetalksinthesefactories.Everyoneistoobusy.Theonlysoundsarethesnip,snipofscissorsandthehumofsewingmachines.Click滴答聲clink丁當聲coo咕咕聲mew貓叫聲moo牛叫聲EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Antithesis:(對偶/對照）Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.兩個或多個句子，結構相同，但含義相反，或者含義形成對比.Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Extremisminthedefenseoflibertyisnovice,moderationinthepursuitofjusticeisnovirtue.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.That’sonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind.--NeilArmstrongEnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Parallelism（平行結構/排比）Similarityofstructureinapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orclauses.e.g.Marylikestohike,swim,andrideabicycle.Themediocreteachertells.Thegoodteacherexplains.Thesuperiorteacherdemonstrates.Thegreatteacherinspires.(WilliamA.Ward)Themistakesofthefoolareknowntotheworld,butnottohimself.Themistakesofthewisemanareknowntohimself,butnottotheworld.(CharlesCalebColton)TellmeandIforget.TeachmeandImayremember.InvolvemeandIwilllearn.(BenjaminFranklin)EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Repetition（反復）：repeatingwordsorphrases:Wordsorphrasesarerepeatedthroughoutthetexttoemphasizecertainfactsorideas.一次地使用同一詞語或句子。Down,down,down.Wouldthefallnevercometoanend!?IwonderhowmanymilesI'vefallenbythistime??shesaidaloud.[…]

Down,down,down.Therewasnothingelsetodo,soAlicesoonbegantalkingagain.

EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法Anaphora:（首語重復法）successiveclausesorsentencesstartwiththesameword(s)

Every

childmustbetaughttheseprinciples.Every

citizenmustupholdthem.Andevery

immigrant,byembracingtheseideals,makesourcountrymore,notless,American.InbooksIfindthedeadasiftheywerealive;inbooksIforeseethingstocome;inbookswarlikeaffairsaresetforth;frombookscomeforththelawsofpeace.Slowlyandgrimlytheyadvanced,notknowingwhatlayahead,notknowingwhattheywouldfindatthetopofthehill,notknowingthattheyweresoneartoDisneyland.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法AnaphoraAman

withoutambitionisdead.Aman

withambitionbutnoloveisdead.Aman

withambitionandloveforhisblessingshereonearthiseversoalive.(PearlBailey)Weshallfightontheseasandoceans,weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.EnglishRhetoricDevices英語常用修辭手法

rhetoricalquestion(反問句)questionwithoutadirectanswer

Buthowcanweexpecttoenjoythescenerywhenthesceneryconsistsentirelyofgarish(brightlycolored)billboards?..Forifwelosetheabilitytoperceiveourfaults,whatisthegoodoflivingon?Isjusticethentobeconsideredmerelyaword?Orisitwhateve