英文論文寫作、投稿詳解目前科技論文作者向國(guó)際英文科技期刊投稿的方式有三種。一是傳統(tǒng)的郵寄形式，即通過國(guó)際快件將論文的原稿郵寄給刊物的主編或編輯部。這種形式曾經(jīng)是投稿的近乎唯一的方式，持續(xù)了漫長(zhǎng)的歲月，可現(xiàn)在采用這種方式接受來稿的刊物越來越少了。二是用電子郵件的方式投稿，即作者將原稿的電子文件發(fā)至主編或編輯部的電子信箱。這種投稿方式顯然比郵寄快得多，但與郵寄一樣，稿件也有丟失的時(shí)候。目前采用這種納稿方式的期刊還很多，但有很大一部分期刊己經(jīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上，又進(jìn)了一步，發(fā)展到第三種也是目前最新的一種投稿方式，即網(wǎng)上投稿

(ON-LINE

SUBMISSION)。這種方式速度快，而且稿件不會(huì)丟失。一旦作者在網(wǎng)上登記注冊(cè)投稿，每個(gè)主要步驟都有記錄，很受科技期刊作者的歡迎。本文將就網(wǎng)上投稿過程及作者應(yīng)該注意的地方予以詳細(xì)的介紹，供對(duì)此感興趣的中國(guó)作者參考。

網(wǎng)上投稿的關(guān)鍵是要做好充分的準(zhǔn)備工作。首先，作者對(duì)所要投稿的國(guó)際英文刊物的投稿需知(GUIDE

FOR

AUTHORS)要了解清楚，并且按照要求準(zhǔn)備好原稿的所有文件。一般科技論文分為回顧性文章(REVIEW

ARTICLE)，普通論文(REGULAR/RESEARCH

ARTICLE)，快訊(SHORT

COMMUNICATIONS)等。不同的文章類型，對(duì)原稿的格式要求也有所變化。單就普通論文而言，文章從頭到尾的基本格式是：論文的開篇部分，包括文章標(biāo)題(TITLE)，作者姓名(AUTHOR’S

NAME)(注明通訊作者/CORRESPONDING

AUTHOR)，作者單位地址(AFFILIATION)，論文摘要(ABSTRACT)，關(guān)鍵詞(KEYWORDS)等；論文的正文部分，包括介紹/引言(INTRODUCTION)，實(shí)驗(yàn)方法(METHOD)，實(shí)驗(yàn)材料(MATERIAL)，結(jié)果與分析(RESULTS

AND

ANALYSIS)，討論（DISCUSSION）,

結(jié)論（CONCLUSION）等；需說明的是不同的學(xué)科，正文的內(nèi)容和形式會(huì)有所增減，圖表、公式的數(shù)量也會(huì)有所不同。正文后的結(jié)尾部分有的文章附加致謝辭(ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)，有的則沒有，但參考文獻(xiàn)(REFERENCE)則是必須的。有的文章還帶有附錄(APPENDIX)，如全部的實(shí)驗(yàn)原始數(shù)據(jù)、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件程序等?，F(xiàn)在有的刊物可以在網(wǎng)上發(fā)表的文章中附帶電子視聽文件(E-COMPONENTS)。如短錄像片(VIDEO

CLIP)，動(dòng)畫片(SHORT

CARTOON)等。作者要根據(jù)自身的情況，選擇文章應(yīng)該包含的內(nèi)容，一旦確定，所有的內(nèi)容都要在網(wǎng)上投稿前準(zhǔn)備好。此外，不但原稿的內(nèi)容和格式要符合刊物的要術(shù)，而且在字?jǐn)?shù)、頁數(shù)、格式、文件儲(chǔ)存形式等方面，均要與投稿刊物的要求一致。否則，文章在初選階段會(huì)很快落選。其次，是作者對(duì)投稿刊物網(wǎng)上投稿系統(tǒng)的熟悉和學(xué)習(xí)。如果可能，最好請(qǐng)有這方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作者上一課，可以節(jié)省時(shí)間和事半功倍。如果找不到合適的老師，作者自己要耐心地自學(xué)。從刊物的網(wǎng)頁入手，仔細(xì)閱讀網(wǎng)上的投稿需知、跟蹤鏈接或屏幕啟示，把每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)搞明白弄清楚。

在網(wǎng)上投稿，頭一步是在網(wǎng)頁上注冊(cè)，也叫作者登記。實(shí)際上與網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物注冊(cè)沒太大區(qū)別，關(guān)鍵是要把自己的姓名、單位、聯(lián)系地址，包括電話、傳真和電子郵箱等登記準(zhǔn)確無誤。二是按部就班地輸入文章的各個(gè)主要部分。如題目、作者、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞、正文、圖表等。在輸入每個(gè)部分的時(shí)候，一是要通讀該部分的有關(guān)要求，再次確認(rèn)自已輸入的文件是否符合要求。這聽起來并不難，但實(shí)際上作者在這方面的疏忽卻很多。比如按要求，原稿不能超過20頁，可有的原稿長(zhǎng)達(dá)40多頁，甚至更長(zhǎng)。有的文章作者完全忽略了刊物對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞的要求，隨心所欲。二是確認(rèn)每個(gè)部分輸入的完整性。有些作者在輸入文件時(shí)過于匆忙，十個(gè)圖只輸入一半，這樣的稿件即使到了編輯部也不能送審，只能返回作者補(bǔ)漏。如果審校員一時(shí)疏忽或主編沒有查覺，將有缺欠的文章發(fā)出送審，則審稿人因?yàn)槿眻D，不能正常審閱文章。這樣造成的麻煩所耽誤的時(shí)間會(huì)更多。三是輸入文件完畢后，也就是所有的部分成功地輸入后，不要忘了點(diǎn)擊投稿發(fā)送鍵。否則，稿件只會(huì)存儲(chǔ)在作者自已的文件夾中，而不是發(fā)到編輯部。目前，許多科技期刊網(wǎng)上投稿，需把文件由一種存儲(chǔ)形式轉(zhuǎn)換到另一種存儲(chǔ)形式，比如DOC文件變成PDF文件。在這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕會(huì)呈停滯狀態(tài)，看上去好像死機(jī)了。其實(shí)不然，只需耐心等待罷了。原稿在網(wǎng)上成功投出后，作者馬上就能收到編輯部的回執(zhí)。如果有問題，屏幕上則會(huì)出現(xiàn)問題預(yù)警或解決問題的提示。如果作者不能自行解決故障或問題反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，作者可與出版社的網(wǎng)上投稿支持部門聯(lián)系，求得幫助。此外值得一提的是，部分著名出版社的網(wǎng)頁上除附有投稿需知外，還專門設(shè)計(jì)了針對(duì)網(wǎng)上投稿的指導(dǎo)示范文件。作者初學(xué)乍練時(shí)可以抽時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)一下。總之，網(wǎng)上投稿并不難，關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)備充分，而且在實(shí)際上機(jī)操作時(shí)按部就班，不能單純求快，否則欲速而不達(dá)。

編輯部收到稿件后，有的是直接送審，有的是先進(jìn)行一步初選(主要是檢查論文的英文是否過關(guān))，然后再送審。不論是哪種情況，論文在送審前均需通過最基本的技術(shù)檢查。目的是看原稿是否包含了應(yīng)該有的基本內(nèi)容。有些刊物的編輯部就設(shè)在出版社內(nèi)，這類期刊的檢查會(huì)更全面，包括文件形式、內(nèi)容、作者聯(lián)系方式、文章是否屬于重復(fù)性投稿等等。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)問題(比如原稿過長(zhǎng)，關(guān)鍵詞不符合要求等)，原稿會(huì)馬上返回作者，進(jìn)行必要的補(bǔ)充和修改。原稿一旦退回作者，文件便會(huì)重新回到作者自己在網(wǎng)上的投稿文件夾里，等候修改。與此同時(shí)，作者的電子信箱內(nèi)同樣會(huì)收到一封編輯部的來信，明確告之稿件應(yīng)該進(jìn)行修改或補(bǔ)充的地方。作者只需上網(wǎng)從自己的文件夾中調(diào)出文件修改即可。一旦文件修改完畢，作者又要根據(jù)出版社信函中的提示，上網(wǎng)按步驟再將原稿發(fā)回刊物的編輯部。這個(gè)操作過程和最開始的投稿大同小異，往往也要將DOC文件轉(zhuǎn)換成PDF文件。原稿返回編輯部送審后，有的會(huì)很干脆地被拒絕，有的會(huì)順利地圓滿接受，但大部分原稿需按審稿人的意見進(jìn)行規(guī)模不同的修改。經(jīng)過作者修改過的稿件又需要在網(wǎng)上重新發(fā)回編輯部。但有的作者在接到主編或編輯部轉(zhuǎn)來的審稿人意見后，對(duì)其評(píng)價(jià)有很大的異議或不愿改動(dòng)自己的論文，便可以主動(dòng)要求退稿。手續(xù)很簡(jiǎn)單，只需向編輯部發(fā)個(gè)電子郵件即可或自己上網(wǎng)撤稿。如果作者愿意根據(jù)審稿人的意見改動(dòng)論文，則需改得全面徹底，并且對(duì)審稿人提出的疑問要一一做答。這份單獨(dú)的問答要整理成一份單獨(dú)的文件，在網(wǎng)上再次發(fā)稿時(shí)使用。如果缺少這份問答文件，在許多期刊網(wǎng)上投發(fā)修改稿時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)障礙，應(yīng)引起作者的注意。修改后的論文要從作者網(wǎng)上的論文文件夾里發(fā)給編輯部，最初的原稿可以存儲(chǔ)在文件夾中，可作者一定要確定第二次投出的稿件是修改后的文件，而不是初稿。這種張冠李戴的事在網(wǎng)上投稿過程中時(shí)有發(fā)生。文件名稱明明顯示是修改稿，可審稿人打開文件后才發(fā)現(xiàn)是初稿又原封不動(dòng)地回來了，讓人有點(diǎn)哭笑不得。修改過的稿件回到編輯部后，原稿的編碼序號(hào)不變，只是多了一或二個(gè)尾數(shù)，表明是修改稿。有的稿件改動(dòng)一次即可被刊物采納，但也有的要反復(fù)修改多次才能被通過。對(duì)被否定的文章，如果作者對(duì)否定的原因有異議，可以向編輯部或主編提出自己的意見，據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)。如果主編同意作者的意見，文章可以重新進(jìn)入新的一輪審稿程序。這種情況不多，但在網(wǎng)上這樣的文章也同樣記錄在案。在網(wǎng)上投出的稿件不論改動(dòng)多少回，其序號(hào)都不會(huì)改變，只有尾數(shù)的變動(dòng)，以表明是修改后的第幾稿。比如R1是第一次修改稿，R2是第二份修改稿，依此類推。但每份修改過的文件在網(wǎng)上都有記錄，而且每份審稿人的意見也都記錄在案。不單如此，整個(gè)審稿過程中經(jīng)過刊物網(wǎng)頁發(fā)給作者的電子郵件也都有記錄?？傊?，每一個(gè)步驟都有據(jù)可查，只要整個(gè)系統(tǒng)不出問題，就不會(huì)有稿件丟失的情況發(fā)生。

由此可見，網(wǎng)上投稿的好處的確很多，難怪深受廣大作者的歡迎?，F(xiàn)在有許多科技期刊已經(jīng)告別了郵寄和電子郵件的時(shí)代，開始只受理網(wǎng)上投稿。今后，這樣的期刊可能會(huì)越來越多。所以，能自如地駕馭好網(wǎng)上投稿這個(gè)新的投稿手段，對(duì)學(xué)者們而言無疑是件好事。

附錄1.SCI投稿信件的一些套話

一、投稿信

1.

Dear

Dr.

Defendi

ML:

I

am

sending

a

manuscript

entitled

“”

by

–

which

I

should

like

to

submit

for

possible

publication

in

the

journal

of

-

.

Yours

sincerely

2.

Dear

Dr.

A:

Enclosed

is

a

manuscript

entitled

“”

by

sb,

which

we

are

submitting

for

publication

in

the

journal

of

-

.

We

have

chosen

this

journal

because

it

deals

with

-

.

We

believe

that

sth

would

be

of

interest

to

the

journal’s

readers.

3.

Dear

Dr.

A:

Please

find

enclosed

for

your

review

an

original

research

article,

“”

by

sb.

All

authors

have

read

and

approve

this

version

of

the

article,

and

due

care

has

been

taken

to

ensure

the

integrity

of

the

work.

No

part

of

this

paper

has

published

or

submitted

elsewhere.

No

conflict

of

interest

exits

in

the

submission

of

this

manuscript,

and

we

have

attached

to

this

letter

the

signed

letter

granting

us

permission

to

use

Figure

1

from

another

source.

We

appreciate

your

consideration

of

our

manuscript,

and

we

look

forward

to

receiving

comments

from

the

reviewers.

二、詢問有無收到稿件

Dear

Editors,

We

dispatched

our

manuscript

to

your

journal

on

3

August

2006

but

have

not,

as

yet,

receive

acknowledgement

of

their

safe

arrival.

We

fear

that

may

have

been

lost

and

should

be

grateful

if

you

would

let

us

know

whether

or

not

you

have

received

them.

If

not,

we

will

send

our

manuscript

again.

Thank

you

in

advance

for

your

help.

三、詢問論文審查回音

Dear

Editors，

It

is

more

than

12

weeks

since

I

submitted

our

manuscript

(No:

)

for

possible

publication

in

your

journal.

I

have

not

yet

received

a

reply

and

am

wondering

whether

you

have

reached

a

decision.

I

should

appreciated

your

letting

me

know

what

you

have

decided

as

soon

as

possible.

四、關(guān)于論文的總體審查意見

1.

This

is

a

carefully

done

study

and

the

findings

are

of

considerable

interest.

A

few

minor

revision

are

list

below.

2.

This

is

a

well-written

paper

containing

interesting

results

which

merit

publication.

For

the

benefit

of

the

reader,

however,

a

number

of

points

need

clarifying

and

certain

statements

require

further

justification.

There

are

given

below.

3.

Although

these

observation

are

interesting,

they

are

rather

limited

and

do

not

advance

our

knowledge

of

the

subject

sufficiently

to

warrant

publication

in

PNAS.

We

suggest

that

the

authors

try

submitting

their

findings

to

specialist

journal

such

as

–

4.

Although

this

paper

is

good,

it

would

be

ever

better

if

some

extra

data

were

added.

5.

This

manuscript

is

not

suitable

for

publication

in

the

journal

of

–

because

the

main

observation

it

describe

was

reported

3

years

ago

in

a

reputable

journal

of

-

.

6.

Please

ask

someone

familiar

with

English

language

to

help

you

rewrite

this

paper.

As

you

will

see,

I

have

made

some

correction

at

the

beginning

of

the

paper

where

some

syntax

is

not

satisfactory.

7.

We

feel

that

this

potentially

interesting

study

has

been

marred

by

an

inability

to

communicate

the

finding

correctly

in

English

and

should

like

to

suggest

that

the

authors

seek

the

advice

of

someone

with

a

good

knowledge

of

English,

preferable

native

speaker.

8.

The

wording

and

style

of

some

section,

particularly

those

concerning

HPLC,

need

careful

editing.

Attention

should

be

paid

to

the

wording

of

those

parts

of

the

Discussion

of

and

Summary

which

have

been

underlined.

9.

Preliminary

experiments

only

have

been

done

and

with

exception

of

that

summarized

in

Table

2,

none

has

been

repeated.

This

is

clearly

unsatisfactory,

particularly

when

there

is

so

much

variation

between

assays.

10.

The

condition

of

incubation

are

poorly

defined.

What

is

the

temperature?

Were

antibody

used?

五、給編輯的回信

1.

In

reply

to

the

referee’s

main

criticism

of

paper,

it

is

possible

to

say

that

–

One

minor

point

raised

by

the

referee

concerns

of

the

extra

composition

of

the

reaction

mixture

in

Figure

1.

This

has

now

been

corrected.

Further

minor

changes

had

been

made

on

page

3,

paragraph

1

(line

3-8)

and

2

(line

6-11).

These

do

not

affect

our

interpretation

of

the

result.

2.

I

have

read

the

referee’s

comments

very

carefully

and

conclude

that

the

paper

has

been

rejected

on

the

sole

grounds

that

it

lake

toxicity

data.

I

admit

that

I

did

not

include

a

toxicity

table

in

my

article

although

perhaps

I

should

have

done.

This

was

for

the

sake

of

brevity

rather

than

an

error

or

omission.

3.

Thank

you

for

your

letter

of

–

and

for

the

referee’s

comments

concerning

our

manuscript

entitled

“”.

We

have

studied

their

comments

carefully

and

have

made

correction

which

we

hope

meet

with

their

approval.

4.

I

enclosed

a

revised

manuscript

which

includes

a

report

of

additional

experiments

done

at

the

referee’s

suggestion.

You

will

see

that

our

original

findings

are

confirmed.

5.

We

are

sending

the

revised

manuscript

according

to

the

comments

of

the

reviewers.

Revised

portion

are

underlined

in

red.

6.

We

found

the

referee’s

comments

most

helpful

and

have

revised

the

manuscript

7.

We

are

pleased

to

note

the

favorable

comments

of

reviewers

in

their

opening

sentence.

8.

Thank

you

for

your

letter.

I

am

very

pleased

to

learn

that

our

manuscript

is

acceptable

for

publication

in

Cancer

Research

with

minor

revision.

9.

We

have

therefore

completed

a

further

series

of

experiments,

the

result

of

which

are

summarized

in

Table

5.

From

this

we

conclude

that

intrinsic

factor

is

not

account.

10.

We

deleted

the

relevant

passage

since

they

are

not

essential

to

the

contents

of

the

paper.

11.

I

feel

that

the

reviewer’s

comments

concerning

Figures

1

and

2

result

from

a

misinterpretation

of

the

data.

12.

We

would

have

include

a

non-protein

inhibitor

in

our

system,

as

a

control,

if

one

had

been

available.

13.

We

prefer

to

retain

the

use

of

Table

4

for

reasons

that

it

should

be

clear

from

the

new

paragraph

inserted

at

the

end

of

the

Results

section.

14.

Although

reviewer

does

not

consider

it

is

important

to

measure

the

temperature

of

the

cells,

we

consider

it

essential.

15.

The

running

title

has

been

changed

to

“”.

16.

The

Materials

and

Methods

section

now

includes

details

for

measuring

uptake

of

isotope

and

assaying

hexokinase.

17.

The

concentration

of

HAT

media

(page12

paragraph

2)

was

incorrectly

stated

in

the

original

manuscript.

This

has

been

rectified.

The

authors

are

grateful

to

the

referees

for

pointing

out

their

error.

18.

As

suggested

by

both

referees,

a

discussion

of

the

possibility

of

laser

action

on

chromosome

has

been

included

(page16,

paragraph

2).

19.

We

included

a

new

set

of

photographs

with

better

definition

than

those

originally

submitted

and

to

which

a

scale

has

been

added.

20.

Following

the

suggestion

of

the

referees,

we

have

redraw

Figure

3

and

4.

21.

Two

further

papers,

published

since

our

original

submission,

have

been

added

to

the

text

and

Reference

section.

These

are:

22.

We

should

like

to

thank

the

referees

for

their

helpful

comments

and

hope

that

we

have

now

produced

a

more

balance

and

better

account

of

our

work.

We

trust

that

the

revised

manuscript

is

acceptable

for

publication.

23.

I

greatly

appreciate

both

your

help

and

that

of

the

referees

concerning

improvement

to

this

paper.

I

hope

that

the

revised

manuscript

is

now

suitable

for

publication.

24.

I

should

like

to

express

my

appreciation

to

you

and

the

referees

for

suggesting

how

to

improve

our

paper.

25.

I

apologize

for

the

delay

in

revising

the

manuscript.

This

was

due

to

our

doing

an

additional

experiment,

as

suggested

by

referees.

附錄2.Elsevier

投稿各種狀態(tài)總結(jié)

1.

Submitted

to

Journal當(dāng)上傳結(jié)束后，顯示的狀態(tài)是Submitted

to

Journal，這個(gè)狀態(tài)

是自然形成的無需處理。

2.

With

editor如果在投稿的時(shí)候沒有要求選擇編輯，就先到主編那，主編會(huì)分派給別的編

輯。這當(dāng)中就會(huì)有另兩個(gè)狀態(tài)：

3.

Editor

assigned

4.

Editor

Declined

Invitation

如果編輯接手處理了就會(huì)邀請(qǐng)審稿人了。

5.

Reviewer(s)

invited

如果審稿人接受那就會(huì)是以下狀態(tài)：

6.

Under

review

這應(yīng)該是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的等待。當(dāng)然前面各步驟也可能很慢的，要看編輯的處理情況。

如果被邀請(qǐng)審稿人不想審，就會(huì)decline，編輯會(huì)重新邀請(qǐng)別的審稿人。

7.

required

review

completed

審稿結(jié)束，等編輯處理。

8.

Decision

in

Process到了這一步就快要有結(jié)果了，編輯開始考慮是給修改還是直接拒，

當(dāng)然也有可能直接接受的，但可能性很小，呵呵。

9.

Minor

revision/Major

revision這個(gè)時(shí)候可以稍微慶祝一下了，問題不大了，因?yàn)橛行?/p>

改就有可能。具體怎么改就不多說了，謙虛謹(jǐn)慎是不可少的。

10.

Revision

Submitted

to

Journal

又開始了一個(gè)循環(huán)。

11.

Accepted如果不要再審，只是小修改，編輯看后會(huì)馬上顯示這個(gè)狀態(tài)，但如果要再審也會(huì)有上面的部分狀態(tài)。一步會(huì)比較快，但也有慢的?？措s志的。

還有個(gè)狀態(tài)是Rejected。希望不要出現(xiàn)。其他庫(kù)的狀態(tài)，基本是大同小異，供參考：

附錄3.一些常見的英文文章語言技巧

a)如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己的研究的重要性。通常在敘述了前人成果之后，用However來引導(dǎo)不足，比如

However,

little

information..

little

attention...

little

work...

little

data

little

research

or

few

studies

few

investigations...

few

researchers...

few

attempts...

or

no

none

of

these

studies

has

(have)

been

less

done

on

...

focused

on

attempted

to

conducted

investigated

studied

(with

respect

to)

Previous

research

(studies,

records)

has

(have)

failed

to

consider

ignored

misinterpreted

neglected

to

overestimated,

underestimated

misleaded

thus,

these

previus

results

are

inconclisive,

misleading,

unsatisfactory,

questionable,

controversial..

Uncertainties

(discrepancies)

still

exist

...

這種引導(dǎo)一般提出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作的作用：

However,

data

is

still

scarce

rare

less

accurate

there

is

still

dearth

of

We

need

to

aim

to

have

to

provide

more

documents

data

records

studies

increase

the

dataset

Further

studies

are

still

necessary...

essential...

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等

比如：

1)時(shí)間問題

如果你研究的問題時(shí)間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對(duì)時(shí)間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說(However)，對(duì)時(shí)間尺度比較新的問題研究不足

2)物性及研究手段問題

如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì)，然后說對(duì)你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

3)研究區(qū)域問題

首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究，然后強(qiáng)調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足

4)不確定性

雖然前人對(duì)這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點(diǎn)，

這種uncertanties,

ambiguities，值得進(jìn)一步澄清

5)提出自己的假設(shè)來驗(yàn)證

如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作進(jìn)行對(duì)比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據(jù)提出的過程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果，本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果。

We

aim

to

test

the

feasibility

(reliability)

of

the

...

It

is

hoped

that

the

qutestion

will

be

resolved

(fall

away)

with

our

proposed

method

(approach).

提出自己的觀點(diǎn)

We

aim

to

This

paper

reports

on

provides

results

extends

the

method..

focus

on

The

purpose

of

this

paper

is

to

Furthermore,

Moreover,

In

addition,,

we

will

also

discuss...

c)

圈定自己的研究范圍

前言的另外一個(gè)作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。如果處理不好，reviewer會(huì)提出嚴(yán)厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭(zhēng)論，在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：

1)時(shí)間尺度問題

如果你的問題涉及比較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)序，你可以明確地提出本文只關(guān)心這

一時(shí)間范圍的問題。

We

preliminarily

focus

on

the

older

(younger)...

或者有兩種時(shí)間尺度的問題

(long-term

and

short

term)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種

2)

研究區(qū)域的問題

和時(shí)間問題一樣，明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)

d)

最后的原場(chǎng)

在前言的最后，還可以總結(jié)性地提出，這一研究對(duì)其它研究的幫助?；蛘哒f，further

studies

on

...

will

be

summarized

in

our

next

study

(or

elsewhere)

總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少爭(zhēng)論(arguments).

關(guān)于詞匯以及常用結(jié)構(gòu)，要經(jīng)?？偨Y(jié)，多讀多模仿才能融會(huì)貫通。

以上是常見的語言結(jié)構(gòu)，不算抄襲。

怎樣提出觀點(diǎn)

在提出自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，采取什么樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會(huì)遭到reviewer的置疑。

1)如果觀點(diǎn)不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用

We

confirm

that...

2)對(duì)于自己很自信的觀點(diǎn),可用

We

believe

that...

3)在更通常的情況下，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論，

用，

Results

indicate,

infer,

suggest,

imply

that...

4)

在及其特別的情況才可以用We

put

forward

(discover,

observe..)

..

"for

the

first

time".

來強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。

5)

如果自己對(duì)所提出的觀點(diǎn)不完全肯定，可用

We

tentatively

put

forward

(interrprete

this

to..)

Or

The

results

may

be

due

to

(caused

by)

attributed

to

rsulted

from..

Or

This

is

probably

a

consequence

of

It

seems

that

..

can

account

for

(interpret)

this..

Or

It

is

pisible

that

it

stem

from...

連接詞與邏輯

寫英文論文最常見的一個(gè)毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決的方法有：

1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨(dú)立

常見的連接詞語有,

However,

also,

in

addition,

consequently,

afterwards,

moreover,

Furthermore,

further,

although,

unlike,

in

contrast,

Similarly,

Unfortunately,

alternatively,

parallel

results,

In

order

to,

despite,

For

example,

Compared

with

other

results,

thus,

therefore...

用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得有層次，更加明確。

比如，如果敘述有時(shí)間順序的事件或者文獻(xiàn)，

最早的文獻(xiàn)可用AA

advocated

it

for

the

first

time.

接下來，可用Then

BB

further

demonstrated

that..

再接下來，可用Afterwards,

CC..

如果還有，可用More

recent

studies

by

DD..

如果敘述兩種觀點(diǎn)，要把它們截然分開

AA

pput

forward

that...

In

contrast,

BB

believe

or

Unlike

AA,

BB

suggest

or

On

the

contrary

(表明前面的觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤，如果只是表明

兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)，用in

contrast)，

BB..

如果兩種觀點(diǎn)相近,可用

AA

suggest

Similarily,

alternatively,

BB..

Or

Also,

BB

or

BB

allso

does

..

表示因果或者前后關(guān)系，可用

Consequently,

therefore,

as

a

result,

表明遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，可用furthermore,

further,

moreover,

in

addition,

當(dāng)寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。

2)

段落的整體邏輯

經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個(gè)問題的幾個(gè)方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。

首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個(gè)部份

...Therefore,

there

are

three

aspects

of

this

problen

have

to

be

addressed.

The

first

questuon

involves...

The

second

problem

relates

to

The

thrid

aspect

deals

with...

上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述。

Or,

可以直接用First,

Second,

Third...Fin