【Chapter1】1. Whatisaword?Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction. 2. Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Inotherwordsvocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.3. Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheirconnectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/means樹inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/(樹)torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguage,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeaningse.g./rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite.4. EnumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofEnglishwords.Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.Theyare:(1)morephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme;(2)thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling;(3)influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingsofwordsand(4)borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.5. GiveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonEnglishspelling.Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.6. Whatarethecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.7. Choosethestandardmeaningfromthelistontherighttomatcheachoftheslangwordsontheleft.(1) loosewoman (2) fellow(3) pistol (4) great(5) coward (6) fight(7) police (8) drunk(9) woman (10)girl8. Givethemodernequivalentsforthefollowingarchaicwords.haply=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstome eke=also sooth=truth morn=morning troth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holy billow=wave/thesea bade=bid9. Explainneologismswithexample.Neologismsrefertonewlycoinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro(Europeandollar),e-book,COVID-19(新冠肺炎),netizen(網(wǎng)民)arenewlycoinedwords.Wordslikemouse（鼠標(biāo)），web（網(wǎng)絡(luò)），spaceshuttle(航天飛機(jī))etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.10. Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords?Bynotionwordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs,whichhaveclearnotionswhereasfunctionalwordsareavoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshaveamuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.11. HowdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinEnglishinrelationtoloan-words?NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.12. Categorizethefollowingborrowedwordsintodenizens,aliens,translationloansandsemanticloans.Denizens Aliens Translationloans Semanticloanskettle confrere chopstick deamdie typoon blackhumourskirt propatria typhoonwall Wunderkind longtimenoseehusband mikado13.Giveatermforeachofthefollowingdefinitions.(1)slang (2)jargon (3)argot (4)contentwords(5)nativewords (6)translationloans(7)neologisms (8)denizens(9)semanticloans (10)basicvocabulary 【Chapter2】1. WhyshouldstudentsofEnglishlexicologystudytheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily?TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.2. Makeatreediagramtoshowthefamilyrelationsofthemodernlanguagegivenbelow. Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norweigian Slavenian Icelandic Russian Danish Bulgarian Dutch3. Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsofdevelopment?Doyouthinkwecandividethehistoricaldevelopmentinotherways?Defendyourargument.Thevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanother.OldEnglishhas(1)asmallvocabulary(50,000—60,000),(2)asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand(3)thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas(1)acomparativelylargevocabulary,(2)atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand(3)wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas(1)ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,(2)tremendousborrowingsand(3)wordswithlostendings.Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationofthethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.4. WhatcharacteristicsofEnglishmaketheEnglishlanguageheterogeneous? ItisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossiblefor Englishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajorlanguagesoftheworld,sothatthe Englishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.5. AccountforthepopularityofEnglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective.ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.6. HereisatextchosenfromtheDeclarationofIndependence.Wheninthecourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolvethepoliticalbondswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanother,andtoassumeamongthepowersoftheearthseparateandequalstationtowhichthelawsofnatureandofnature'sGodentitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpelthemtotheseparation.PickoutallthewordsofGreekorLatinoriginfromthetextandseeofwhatoriginarethewordsleft.WhatinsightdoesthisexercisegiveyouwithreferencetotheborrowingsfromGreekandLatin?course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume separateequal station nature entitle decentrespect opinions requires declare causesimpel separationFromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatareleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.7. GiveabriefaccountofthefourphasesofLatinborrowingwithtwoorthreeexamples.Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:(1)Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,(2)OldEnglishperiod,(3)MiddleEnglishperiodand(4)modernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordsborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandinthefourperiodwordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.8. Tellthedifferentelementsthatmakeupthefollowinghybrids.eventful[Latin+English] hydroplane[Greek+Latin] falsehood[Latin+English] pacifist[Latin+Greek] saxophone[German+Greek] heirloom[French+English] josshouse[Portuguese+English] television[Greek+Latin]9. PutthefollowingFrenchloanwordsintotwogroups,onebeingearlyborrowingsandtheotherlateones. amateur(late) finacé(late) empire(early) peace(early) courage(early) garage(late) judgement(early) chair(early) chaise(late) grace(early) servant(early) routine(late) jealous(early) savaté(late) genre(late) gender(early) début(late) morale(late) state(early) chez(late) ballet(late)10. CommentonJespersen’sremarkonScandinavianelementinEnglish‘AnEnglishmancannotthriveorbeillordiewithoutScandinavianwords;theyaretothelanguagewhatbreadandeggsaretothedailyfare’.Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.11. MatchtheItalianmusicaltermswiththeproperdefinitionsallegro (6) 輕快andante(10) 行板diminuendo(7) 漸弱largo(4) 緩慢pianoforte(1) 輕轉(zhuǎn)慢alto(9) 女低音crescendo(2) 漸強(qiáng)forte(5) 強(qiáng)Piano(8) 輕Soprano(3) 女高音12. Lookupthesewordsinadictionarytodeterminethelanguagefromwhicheachhasbeenborrowed.cherub(Hebrew) snorkel(G) coolie(Hindi) tulip(Turk)lasso(Sp) wok(Ch)shampoo(Hindi) chocolate(Mex)tepee(AmInd) jubilee(Gr)kibitz(G) Sabbath(Heb)chipmunk(AmInd) tamale(Mex)cotton(Arab) voodoo(Afr)loot(Hindi) sauerbraten(G)13. Hereisamenuofloanwordsfromvarioussources.Chooseawordtofillineachspace.(1)alligator (2)loco(3)rodeo (4)bonanza(5)igloo (6)blitzkrieg(7)wigwam (8)canoe(9)hurricane (10)boomerang(11)panchos14. Describethecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabulary. Thecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabularycanbesummarizedasfollows:(1)thevocabularyishugeinsizeandheterogeneous;(2)ithastremendousborrowingsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld;(3)thewordshavelostmostoftheirendings;(4)itisgrowingswiftlybymeansofword-formationbecauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,social,economicandpoliticalchangesandinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.15. WhatarethemajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentincontemporaryEnglish?Themajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentofcontemporaryarecreation,thatismeansofword-formation;semanticchange,addingnewmeaningstooldwords;borrowingwordsfromotherlanguagesandrevivalorold-fashionedwords,whichhasainsignificantrole.【Chapter3】1. Writethetermsintheblanksaccordingtothedefinitions.(1)morpheme (2)allomorph (3)boundmorpheme (4)freemorpheme (5)affix (6)informationalaffix (7)derivationalaffix (8)root (9)stem (10)baseWhatisthedifferencebetweenmorph,morphemeandallomorph?Morphemeisminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Butmorphemeisabstract andisrealizedbybothorthographicandphoneticvariantsinactualcontextand allthesevariantsarecalledmorphs.Ofthemthephoneticvariantsarecalled allomorph.Whatismorphemization?Morphemizationistheprocessofmakinganewmorphemebyusinganexisting wordorpartofaword.Whatarethewaysofcreatingnewmorphemes?Therearetwoways.Oneisthroughclippingandtheotheristouseanoldformas amorpheme.5. Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalandlexicalmorphemes,andinflectionalandderivationalmorphemes?Giveexamplestoillustratetheirrelationships.Inflectionalmorphemesarethesuffixesaddedtotheendofwordstodenotegrammaticalconceptssuchas-s(-es),-ed,-ingand-est(toshowsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)whereaslexicalmorphemesareprefixesandsuffixesaddedtowordstoformnewwordssuchaspre-,dis-,un-,-tion,-er,-nessandsoon.Grammaticalmorphemesarethoseusedtoshowgrammaticalconcepts,includingreflectionalsuffixesasmentionedaboveandfunctionalwords(prepositions,pronouns,articles,auxiliaryverbs),forexample,but,the,doandwas;lexicalmorphemesarederivationalaffixesincludingbothprefixesandsuffixes.6. Analysethewordsintermsofroot,stemandbase.individualistic individualist+ic [stem,base] individual+ist [stem,base] individu+al [stem,base] in+dividu [root,stem,base] undesirables un+desirable [stem,base] desir+able [root,stem,base]7. Organizethefollowingtermsinatreediagramtoshowtheirlogicalrelationships. freemorpheme=freeroot morpheme boundroot boundmorpheme inflectionalaffix affix prefix derivationalaffix suffix【Chapter4】Affixation1. Whatisaffixation?Whatisitsalternativename?Affixation,alsocalledderivation,istheformationofnewwordsbyadding affixestobases.Affixationincludesprefixationandsuffixationaccordingtothe typeofaffixesusedtoformnewwords.2. Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?Prefixationistocreatenewwordsbyaddingprefixestobasesandsuffixationis tomakenewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.3. Whatarethecharacteristicsofprefixesandsuffixes?Generallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangepartofspeechofbasesbuttheir meaningswhereassuffixesdochangepartofspeechbutmodifythemeaningsof bases.4. Whatisthebestwaytoclassifyprefixes?Why?Thebestwaytoclassifyprefixesisonthebasisofmeaningbecauseprefixes changethemeaningsofbasesingeneral.5. Formnegativeswitheachofthefollowingwordsbyusingoneofthese prefixesdis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-.non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. Turnthefollowingnounsandadjectivesintoverbswith-en,-ify,-izeand thenchoosethemtofillintheblanksinthesentencesthatfollow.harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologize deepen glorify sterilize lengthen intensify beautify fatten sympathize (1) apologized (2) beautify (3) lengthening (4) sympathized (5) fatten (6) falsify (7) memorizing (8) Sterilize7. Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsawordprintedinitalics.Complete thesentencebyusingthiswordtoformanountorefertoaperson.(1) employee (2) politician (3) participant (4) waitress (5) conductor (6) teacher (7) pianist (8) examinee/examiner8. MatchColumnAwithColumnBandgivetwoexamplesforeach.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-worldmono-=one:monorail,monoculturesuper-=over,above:superstructure, supernaturalauto-=self:autobiography,automobilesub-=below:subculture,subconsciousmal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutritionmini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwarpre-=before:prehistorical,preelectionex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmerCompounding1. Whatarethecriteriabywhichtodifferentiatecompoundsfromfreephrases? Whatdoyouthinkofthesecriteria?Thethreecriteriaare(1)stresspattern,thatisstressinacompoundfallsonthe firstelementbutonthesecondinafreephrase,e.g.`--(compound),-`-(free phrase);(2)meaning,thatisthemeaningofacompoundisusuallynotthe combinationofthemeaningsofthecomponentparts,butthefreephraseis,e.g. hotline(compound:busyline),hotpotato(freephrase:potatowhichishot);(3) grammaticalunity,thatisthedifferentelementsformagrammaticalunit,which doesnotallowinternalchange,e.g.easychair(compound:aspecialarmchair), easierchair(freephrase:alesseasychair).However,everyrulehasexception.Thesameistrueofthecriteria.Thereareexamplesagainsteachofthethreerules.2. Analysethefollowingcompoundwordsandexplaintheirinternal grammaticalrelationship. heartbeat[S+V] brainwashing[V+O] movie-goer[place+V] bakingpowder[V+adv] far-reaching[V+adv] dog-tired[adv+a] lion-hearted[adv+a] love-sick[adv+a] boyfriend[S+complement] peace-loving[V+O] snapdecision[V+O] easychair[a+n] on-coming[V+adv] tax-free[adv+a] light-blue[a+a] goings-on[V+adv]3. Whataretheusualmethodstoformcompoundverbs?Giveexamples.Therearetwowaystoformverbcompounds,namelyconversionand backformation.Forexample,firstname(vfromfirstname),honeymoon(vfrom honeymoon)arewordscreatedbymeansofconversion;wordssuchasproofread (vfromproofreading)andchain-smoke(vfromchainsmoker)areformedby meansofbackformation.4. Formcompoundsusingthefollowingeitherasthefirstorthesecondelement ofthecompoundasindicatedandtranslatethewordsintoChinese.well-bred 有教養(yǎng)的 well-behaved 守規(guī)矩的 culture-bound 含文化的 homebound 回家的 needlework 針織品 homework 家庭作業(yè) praiseworthy 值得表?yè)P(yáng)得 respectworthy 值得尊敬的 bar-woman 吧女 sportswoman 運(yùn)動(dòng)員 nation-wide 全國(guó)的 college-wide 全校的 clear-minded 頭腦清晰的 strong-minded 意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 military-style 軍事風(fēng)格的 newstyle 新款 self-control 自制 self-respect 自尊 budget-related 有預(yù)算的 politics-related 與政治相關(guān)的 water-proof 防水 fire-proof 放火 once-fashionable 曾經(jīng)流行的 once-powerful 曾經(jīng)強(qiáng)大的 news-film 新聞片 news-letter 實(shí)事通訊 mock-attack 演習(xí) mock-sadness 假悲傷 sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳婦 father-in-law 岳父/公公 home-baked 自家烤的 home-produced 自制的 half-way 半途/半道 half-done 半生不熟 ever-lasting 永久 ever-green 常青 age-conscious 年齡敏感的 status-conscious 身份敏感 campus-based 以校園為基地的 market-based 基于市場(chǎng)的Conversion1. Whatisconversion?Whatdoyouthinkofthealternativesfunctionalshift andzero-derivation?Conversionistousewordsofonepartofspeechasthoseofanotherpartof speech.Thetermfunctionalshiftrevealstheactualfunctionofconversion,i.e. changeofthefunctionsofwords.Thetermzero-derivationapproaches conversionfromtheperspectiveofderivationbecauseitisawayofderivingnew wordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,hencezeroderivation.2. Inwhatwayisconversiondifferentfromsuffixation?Althoughbotharecalledderivation.Suffixationisthederivationofnewwordsby addingsuffixestobases,suchassimple(adj)→simplify(v)whereasconversion isthederivationofnewwordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,suchassingle(adj)→ single(v).3. Whatclassesofwordsaremostfrequentlyconverted? Theclassesfrequentlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns,verbsandadjectives.4. Inwhatwayareverbsconvertedfromnounssemanticallyrelatedtothe originalnounsandversa?Verbsconvertedtonounsusuallyarerelatedtotheoriginalverbsinsixdifferent ways.Thenewnounsconvertedfromverbsreferto(1)stateofmindorsensation, e.g.desire(stateofdesiring);(2)eventoractivity,e.g.swim(theactivityof swimming);(3)resultoftheaction,e.g.buy(theresultofbuying);(4)doerof theaction,e.g.bore(thepersonwhobores);(5)toolorinstrument,e.g.paper (doingsomethingwithpaper)and(6)place,e.g.turn(theplaceofturning).Nounsconvertedtoverbsaregenerallyrelatedtotheoriginalnounsinsevendifferentways.Thenewverbsusuallymean(1)toputinoronthenoun,e.g.bottle(toputintothebottle);(2)togivethenounorprovidewiththenoun,e.g.finance(toprovidewithfinance);(3)toremovethenounfrom,e.g.peel(toremovethepeelfrom);(4)todowiththenoun,e.g.shoulder(todosomethingwithshoulder);(5)tobeoractasthenoun,e.g.tutor(tobethetutor);(6)tomakeorchangeintothenoun,e.g.cash(tochangeintocash)and(7)tosendorgobythenoun,e.g.ship(tosendbyship).5. Explainpartialconversionandfullconversionwithexamples.Whenadjectivesareconvertedintonouns,somearecompletelychanged,thus knownasfullconversion,andothersarepartiallychanged,thusknownaspartial conversion.Adjectiveswhicharefullyconvertedcanachieveafullnounstatus. Thatistheycantakea/anor-s/-estoindicatesingularorpluralforms:anative,a Republican,apairofshorts,finals.Adjectiveswhicharepartiallyconvertedstill keepadjectivefeatures.Theyshouldalwaysbeusedwiththe,andtheycannot take-s/-estoshowpluralforms.Moreover,thewordscanhavecomparativeor superlativedegrees:thepoor,thepoorer,theyoung,theunfortunate.6. Whatchangesareoccasionallyinvolvedintheprocessofconversion?Thechangesoccasionallyinvolvedare(1)changeofspellingaccompaniedby pronunciation,e.g.life/laif/→live/liv/,breath/breθ/→breathe/bri:e/and blood/bl?d→bleed/bli:d/;(2)changeofpronunciationandstress,e.g.usen /ju:s/→usev/ju:z/andpermitn/`p?:mit/→permitv/p?`mit/andsoon.7. Pickoutthewordswhichyouthinkareconvertedinthefollowingsentences andtellhowtheyareconverted.(1) stomach[n→v] (2) room[n→v] (3) wolf[n→v] (4) come/go[v→n] (5) familiar[a→n] (6) innocent[a→n] (7) flat[a→n] (8) ah/ouch[int→v] (9) warm[a→n] (10) has-been/might-have-been[finitev→n] (11) Hamlet[propern→v] (12) buy[v→n] (13) smooth[a→v]BlendingAnalysetheblendsandtranslatethemintoChinese.motel (motor+hotel) 汽車旅館humint (human+intelligence) 情報(bào)advertisetics(advertisement+statistics) 廣告統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)psywarrior (psychologicalwarrior) 心理戰(zhàn)專家hoverport (hovercraft+port) 氣墊船碼頭chunnel (channel+tunnel) 海峽隧道hi-fi (high+fidelity) 高保真音響cinemactress(cinema+actress) 電影演員ClippingRestorethefullformsofthefollowingwordsandseehowtheseslipped wordsareformed.copter(helicopter) frontclippingdorm(dormitory) backclippinglab(laboratory) backclippingprefab(prefabricatedhouse) phraseclippinggas(gasoline) backclippingprof(professor) backclippingscope(telescope) frontclippingchamp(champion) backclippingsarge(sergeant) backclippingmike(microphone) backclippingad(advertisement) backclippingtec(detective) frontandbackclippingAcronymy1. Bothinitialismsandacronymsareformedtoacertainextentfrominitial letters.Isthereanydifferencebetweenthem?Illustrateyourpointwith examples.Yes,thereisdifferencebetweenthem.Thedifferenceliesintheformationand pronunciation.Initialismsareformationspronouncedletterbyletter,e.g.UFO /ju:efou/(unidentifiedflyingobject),BBC/bi:bi:ci:/(BritishBroadcasting Corporation),VIP/vi:aipi:/(veryimportantperson)andacronymsareformedto conformtotheruleofspellingandpronunciation,thatisthewordslookand soundlikeordinarywords,e.g.AIDS/`eidz/(acquiredimmunedeficiency syndrome),MAD/m?d/(mutuallyassureddestruction),radar/`neid?/(radio detectingandranging).2. Whatdotheshortformsstandfor? kg=kilogram ft=foot cf=confercm=centimeter $=dollar ibid=ibidem etc.=etcetera VIP=veryimportantpersonOPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesTOEFL=teachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage3. Chooseawordfromthelisttofilleachoftheblanks.(1) SALT (2) radar (3) AIDS(4) BASIC (5) Laser (6) WHO(7) sonar (8) G-manBackformation1. Bothback-formationandback-clippingarewaysofmakingwordsby removingtheendingsofwords.Howdoyouaccountforthecoexistenceof thetwo?Canyouillustratethedifference?Itistruethatbotharemeansofmakingnewwordsbyremovingtheendpartof thewords.Buttheyhavedifference.Foraback-formedword,whatisremovedis supposedtobethesuffix,e.g.auth←author,donate←donation,loaf←loafer, theforms-or,-ion,-ercoincidewiththethreesuffixes.Forbackclipping, however,whatisremovedisusuallydifferentfromtheexistingsuffixes,e.g. ad←advertisement,gas←gasoline,exam←examination,etc.2. Givetheoriginalwordsfromwhichthefollowingwordsareback-formed.lase(laser) escalate(escalator)babysit(babysitter) peeve(peevish)orate(orator) commute(commuter)CommonizationofProperNamesWhatmorphologicalprocessisinvolvedincommonizingpropernames? Illustrateyourpoint.Therearetwowaystocommonizingpropernames,onebeingconversionandthe otherbeingsuffixation.Take“boycott”(n&v)and“cherub”(n)forexample. TheyareconvertedfrompropernamesBoycottandCherub.Theotherwayisto addadjectiveandnounsuffixestothenamestomakethemcommonadjectives andnouns,e.g.Quixote(-ic)→quixotic(adj),Proteus(-an)→protean(adj), sabot(-age)→sabotage(n),Narcissus(-ism)→narcissism(n).Whatarethespecialcharacteristicsofcommonizedwords?Wordscommonizedfrompropernameshaverichculturalassociationsand connotationswhicharerelatedtothenature,characterandfeaturesofthepeople, placesandobjects.Suchwordsarestylisticallyvivid,impressiveand thought-provoking.Studythefollowingsentencesandpickoutthewordswhichusedtobe proper namesandexplainthemeaningsinrelationtotheirorigins.(1)tantalize—Tantalus:toteaseortormentbykeepingsth.wantedoutofreach(2)Argus-eyed—Argus:tobeextremelywatchful(3)narcissism—Narcissus:excessiveadmirationofoneselforone’sappearance(4)sabotage—sabots:(1)todestroyordamagedeliberately;(2)deliberatedamageordestruction(5)martinet—Martinet:strict/stern(military)tr