第1頁/共1頁2024學(xué)年第二學(xué)期浙南名校聯(lián)盟寒假返校聯(lián)考高二年級英語學(xué)科試題考生須知：1.本卷共10頁，滿分150分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘;2.答題前，在答題卷指定區(qū)域填寫班級、姓名、考場號、座位號及準(zhǔn)考證號并填涂相應(yīng)數(shù)字;3.所有答案必須寫在答題紙上，寫在試卷上無效;4.考試結(jié)束后，只需上交答題紙。選擇題部分第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分)聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。例:Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.答案是C。1.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inacakeshop.B.Inarestaurant.C.Inahotel.2.Whatwillthemando?AUploadhisproposal.B.Workonhistask.C.Checkthewebconnection.3.Howdoesthemansound?A.Annoyed.B.Considerate.C.Confused.4.Howmuchwillthemanpay?A.$300.B.$290.C.$270.5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Viewinganapartment.B.Arrangingamove.C.Sellingahouse.第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分)聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘;聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whendidthewomangettoknowabouttheshow?A.Whenshewasreadingatthelibrary.B.Whenshewasvisitingthemuseum.C.Whenshewasgoingdowntown.7.Whichworkofartcaughttheman’sattention?A.Astatue.B.Apainting.C.Abowl.聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.WhatwillPaulobeinchargeof?A.Callingtheprinters.B.Preparingfood&drinks.C.Contactingtheconferencehall.9.Whowillberesponsiblefortheinformationdesk?A.Leon.B.Amy.C.Jonah.10.WhywillAmycontactPaulolater?A.Todiscusstheconferenceschedule.B.Toupdatehimonherworkprogress.C.Toconfirmthenumberofattendees.聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.WhathousesdidthewomanseeinVietnam?A.Rockhouses.B.Cavehouses.C.Bamboohouses.12.WhydidthehousesinTunisiaappearintheStarWarsfilms?A.Theylookunreal.B.TheyareRomanstyle.C.Theyaremadeofrock.13.WhywasthewomanamazedatthehousesinCappadocia?A.Theywerebuilthigh.B.Theyformed700yearsago.C.Theyarestillusedaspeople’shouses.聽第9段材料，回答第14至17題。14.WhyareMax’snaturedocumentariessuccessful?A.Theyareadvertisedaroundtheworld.B.Theyaretailoredtoviewers’tastes.C.Theyaretechnicallyperfect.15.WhatisthemostimportantthingforMaxbeforeafilmtrip?A.Formingaproductionteam.B.Preparinghimselfphysically.C.Studyingthetargetcreatures.16.WhatisthemostdifficultthingoffilmingunderwaterforMax?A.Wildlifeattacks.B.Equipmentdamage.C.Limitedunderwatertime.17.WhatdoesMaxkeepfilming?A.Sharks.B.Whales.C.Dolphins.聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.Whatistheadvantageofworkinginabookstore?A.Earningagoodincome.B.Learningtorunstores.C.Gainingcommunicationskills.19.Whatarestudentsadvisedtodowhenprovidingpet-careservices?A.Startabusinessofficefirst.B.Setalowerpriceatthebeginning.C.Researcheachcustomer’spreference.20.Whatisthespeaker’slastsuggestion?A.Knowingaboutmorefields.B.Workingasanofficeworker.C.Choosingmarketingasamajor.第二部分閱讀(共兩節(jié)，滿分50分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。ATheGlobalImpactInternship(實(shí)習(xí))Programisdesignedtoenhanceskillsandprovidevaluableworkexperience.AninternshipinGlobalImpactalsobuildscharacter,providesasenseoffulfillment,andmakesameaningfuldifferenceinourworld.It’ssomethingyoujustwon’tfindelsewhere.Onceaccepted,youwillreceive24/7supportthroughoutyourstay,ensuringyouareneveralone.Eachinternshipistailoredtomeetyourindividualgoals,allowingyoutolearn,work,andgrow.GlobalImpactalsooffersvirtualinternshipsinover20countries,providingflexibilityandaccessibility.ProjectOptions:●ChildrenandEducation:Workinclassrooms,after-schoolprograms,andcommunitycenterswhileimmersingyourselfinlocalculture.●GlobalHealth:Collaboratewithhealthprofessionalsinareaslikenursinganddentistry,gaininginsightsintoglobalhealthcarechallenges.●EnvironmentalConservation:Engageinconservationefforts,wildlifecare,andenvironmentaleducationprojects.●CulturalExchange:Contributetothepreservationandpromotionoflocalheritagewhilefosteringcross-culturalunderstanding.InternshipRequirements:●Minimuminternshipof4weeks.●Submissionoflearningobjectivesbeforetheprogramstarts.●Completionofafinalevaluationandreflectionassignment.●AttendanceatGlobalImpact’strainingseminars.●Atotalfeeof$895,includinga$300deposit.1.WhatisthemainpurposeoftheGlobalImpactInternshipProgram?A.Toboostlanguageskills. B.Toprovidefinancialassistance.C.Topromoteself-development. D.Tohelpachieveacademicsuccess.2.Whichprojectwillappealtotheinternsinterestedintheconservationofancientrelics?A.ChildrenandEducation. B.GlobalHealth.C.CulturalExchange. D.EnvironmentalConservation.3.Whataretheinternsrequiredtodo?A.Completea4-weektrainingperiod. B.Presentlearninggoalsinadvance.C.Giveevaluationonthefinalassignment. D.Payatotalregistrationfeeof$1,195.【答案】1.C2.C3.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要介紹了全球影響力項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃的目的，項(xiàng)目選擇和實(shí)習(xí)要求?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“TheGlobalImpactInternship(實(shí)習(xí))Programisdesignedtoenhanceskillsandprovidevaluableworkexperience.AninternshipinGlobalImpactalsobuildscharacter,providesasenseoffulfillment,andmakesameaningfuldifferenceinourworld.(全球影響力實(shí)習(xí)計(jì)劃旨在提高技能并提供寶貴的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在GlobalImpact的實(shí)習(xí)也會塑造性格，提供一種成就感，并為我們的世界帶來有意義的改變)”可知，該實(shí)習(xí)項(xiàng)目旨在提高技能、提供有價(jià)值的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，還能塑造品格、提供成就感，這些都有助于自我發(fā)展，所以其主要目的是促進(jìn)自我發(fā)展。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)ProjectOptions部分的“CulturalExchange:Contributetothepreservationandpromotionoflocalheritagewhilefosteringcross-culturalunderstanding.(文化交流：在促進(jìn)跨文化理解的同時(shí)，促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)剡z產(chǎn)的保護(hù)和推廣)”可推知，文化交流項(xiàng)目有助于保護(hù)和促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)剡z產(chǎn)，所以對古代遺跡保護(hù)感興趣的實(shí)習(xí)生會對文化交流項(xiàng)目感興趣。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)InternshipRequirements部分的“Submissionoflearningobjectivesbeforetheprogramstarts.(課程開始前提交學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo))”可知，實(shí)習(xí)生需要在項(xiàng)目開始前提交學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，即提前展示學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。故選B項(xiàng)。BFeifeiLi’sjourneyfromateenagerinChinatoaleadingfigureinartificialintelligenceisnothingshortofremarkable.BorninBeijingin1976,LigrewupinChengdu.HerlifetookadramaticturnwhenherfamilymovedtoAmerica.Initially,thefamilydidn’tspeakEnglish,sotheburdenoftranslationfellonLi.Shecreditedkindteachersathernewhighschoolforhelpingherovercomechallenges,asshedevelopedlanguageskillsandregainedheracademicexcellence.Outsideschool,sheworkedtirelesslyinlow-payingjobstosupportherfamily.Duringthisperiod,shefeltlikeanoutsiderwithfewfriends,sufferingfromisolation(孤獨(dú)).Despitethesehardships,shewasacceptedintoPrincetontostudyphysics.In1999,Ligraduatedwithhonors,beforegoingontocompleteherPh.D.andeventuallyjoiningPrinceton’scomputersciencedepartmentasanassistantprofessor.AtPrinceton,LibegantopioneerImageNet,alarge-scaleimagedatabaseinvisualobjectrecognitionsoftware.Frustratedbyherpeers’inefficientapproachoftrainingcomputerstorecognizeoneimageatatime,sheintroducedcomputerstoavastnumberofobjectsbasedonchildren’svisuallearningmethods.ThisledtothecreationofImageNet,whichinvolvedamassivelabelingeffortforoverthreemillionimages.InsteadofgettingsupportwithinthePrincetondepartment,sheoutsourced(外包)thetasktotheInternet,usinganAmazon’sprogramtoparcelthejobouttoremoteworkersaroundtheglobe.BeforelongImageNetwascompleted,andithassubsequentlyhadanenormousimpactonthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence.Thedatabasehasnowgrowntooverfourteenmillionimages,andisafundamentalpartofcountlessAIapplications,likeself-drivingcartechnology.Beyondhertechnicalcontributions,LiisafaithfuladvocateformoralAIdevelopment.ShefoundedtheHuman-CenteredAIInstitutetoadvanceAIresearchthatimprovesthehumancondition.Moreover,Li’sinfluenceextendstopromotingdiversityinAI,throughinitiativeslikeAI4ALL,whicheducateshistoricallyexcludedtalentsinthefield.HerdevotiontoAIdevelopmentearnsherthenameof“theGodmotherofAI”.4.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A.Li’spursuitoffurtherexcellence. B.Li’sstrugglesinthenewlife.C.Li’seffortsinbalancingstudiesandwork. D.Li’sgratitudetoherteachers.5.WhatisspecialaboutImageNet?A.Itrecognizesasingleobjectatatime. B.Itproducesahugenumberofimages.C.Itautomatesimage-recognitionprocess. D.Itfeaturesextensiveimagerecognition.6.WhydoestheauthormentiontheHuman-CenteredAIInstitute?A.TopraiseLi’soutstandingtechnicalcompetence.B.TohighlightLi’sstatusintheAIresearchfield.C.TodemonstrateLi’sdevotiontomoralAIdevelopment.D.ToemphasizeLi’sinfluenceonadvancingdiversityinAI.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesLi’scharacter?A.Creativeandcaring. B.Ambitiousandoptimistic.C.Cautiousandpatriotic. D.Conventionalanddetermined.【答案】4.B5.D6.C7.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了李飛飛從中國青少年成長為人工智能領(lǐng)軍人物的非凡歷程，包括她在美生活的艱辛、科研成就以及對道德AI發(fā)展和行業(yè)多樣性的貢獻(xiàn)。【4題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中“HerlifetookadramaticturnwhenherfamilymovedtoAmerica.Initially,thefamilydidn’tspeakEnglish,sotheburdenoftranslationfellonLi.Shecreditedkindteachersathernewhighschoolforhelpingherovercomechallenges,asshedevelopedlanguageskillsandregainedheracademicexcellence.Outsideschool,sheworkedtirelesslyinlowpayingjobstosupportherfamily.Duringthisperiod,shefeltlikeanoutsiderwithfewfriends,sufferingfromisolation(孤獨(dú)).(當(dāng)她家人搬到美國時(shí)，她的生活發(fā)生了巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變。起初，她的家人不會說英語，所以翻譯的重?fù)?dān)落在了李的身上。她感謝新高中善良的老師幫助她克服挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗l(fā)展了語言技能，重新恢復(fù)了學(xué)業(yè)上的優(yōu)異表現(xiàn)。校外，她不知疲倦地從事低薪工作來養(yǎng)家。在此期間，她覺得自己像個(gè)局外人，朋友很少，飽受孤獨(dú)之苦)”可知，該段主要講述了李飛飛在新生活中面臨語言、學(xué)業(yè)、工作和社交等方面的種種困難和掙扎。故選B項(xiàng)。【5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“AtPrinceton,LibegantopioneerImageNet,alargescaleimagedatabaseinvisualobjectrecognitionsoftware.Frustratedbyherpeers’inefficientapproachoftrainingcomputerstorecognizeoneimageatatime,sheintroducedcomputerstoavastnumberofobjectsbasedonchildren’svisuallearningmethods.ThisledtothecreationofImageNet,whichinvolvedamassivelabelingeffortforoverthreemillionimages.(在普林斯頓大學(xué)，李飛飛開始開創(chuàng)ImageNet，這是一個(gè)用于視覺目標(biāo)識別軟件的大規(guī)模圖像數(shù)據(jù)庫。她對同行們一次訓(xùn)練計(jì)算機(jī)識別一張圖像的低效方法感到沮喪，于是她根據(jù)兒童的視覺學(xué)習(xí)方法讓計(jì)算機(jī)接觸大量的物體。這促成了ImageNet的創(chuàng)建，該數(shù)據(jù)庫涉及對超過三百萬張圖像進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的標(biāo)注工作)”可知，ImageNet的特別之處在于它具有廣泛的圖像識別功能。故選D項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“Beyondhertechnicalcontributions,LiisafaithfuladvocateformoralAIdevelopment.ShefoundedtheHumanCenteredAIInstitutetoadvanceAIresearchthatimprovesthehumancondition.(除了技術(shù)貢獻(xiàn)之外，李飛飛是道德人工智能發(fā)展的堅(jiān)定倡導(dǎo)者。她創(chuàng)立了以人為本的人工智能研究所，以推進(jìn)改善人類狀況的人工智能研究)”可知，作者提到以人為本的人工智能研究所是為了證明李飛飛對道德人工智能發(fā)展的奉獻(xiàn)。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Frustratedbyherpeers’inefficientapproachoftrainingcomputerstorecognizeoneimageatatime,sheintroducedcomputerstoavastnumberofobjectsbasedonchildren’svisuallearningmethods.ThisledtothecreationofImageNet(她對同行們一次訓(xùn)練計(jì)算機(jī)識別一張圖像的低效方法感到沮喪，于是她根據(jù)兒童的視覺學(xué)習(xí)方法讓計(jì)算機(jī)接觸大量的物體。這促成了ImageNet的創(chuàng)建)”可知，她不局限于傳統(tǒng)方法，而是創(chuàng)造性地開創(chuàng)了ImageNet，體現(xiàn)了她的創(chuàng)造性；根據(jù)第五段中“ShefoundedtheHumanCenteredAIInstitutetoadvanceAIresearchthatimprovesthehumancondition.Moreover,Li’sinfluenceextendstopromotingdiversityinAI,throughinitiativeslikeAI4ALL,whicheducateshistoricallyexcludedtalentsinthefield.(她創(chuàng)立了以人為本的人工智能研究所，以推進(jìn)改善人類狀況的人工智能研究。此外，李飛飛的影響力還延伸到促進(jìn)人工智能領(lǐng)域的多樣性，通過像AI4ALL這樣的倡議，該倡議為該領(lǐng)域歷史上被排除在外的人才提供教育)”可知，她關(guān)心人類狀況和行業(yè)人才的多樣性，體現(xiàn)了她的愛心。所以她是有創(chuàng)造力且有愛心的。故選A項(xiàng)。COurearliestancestorstrappedorhuntedwhatmeattheyate.Whenwelearnedtodomesticate(馴化)animals,weraisedthemonourland,orwewanderedthelandwithourherds.Nomatterwhichtribewebelongedto,ouranimalswereourproperty.Weatetheirfleshinsmallportions,andweatealmosteverybitofthem,especiallythepoorestamongus.TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedmeat.Inthe19thcentury,refrigerationenabledmeattobetruckedinfromfaraway,orshippedfromevenfurtheraway,whicheventuallyledtothedestroyingofforestsinplaceslikeBrazil.Productionthenbecamemoreefficient.Bythelate1940s,antibiotics(抗生素)becameroutineinchickenfeed.Bythelate1990s,geneticallymodified(轉(zhuǎn)基因的)cornandsoybroughtabundantcropsofanimalfeed.Animalswerebredtobebiggerandfaster-growing.IntheU.S.,governmentsubsidies(補(bǔ)貼)helped:freegroundwater,federallybackedloans,priceguaranteesforfeedcrops.Andmeatwentbig.Todaythe$1trillionglobalmeatindustryisdominatedbyahandfulofcompanies,includingJBS,Cargill,andTyson.Since1961,meatproductionhasincreasedfourtimes,dwarfingthegrowthinthehumanpopulation,whichmerelydoubled.Meatwentfrombeingspecialtobeinganeverydayright.Themorewedeveloped,themorefleshweate.China’smeatconsumptionjumpedsharply,fromabout6.6poundsperpersonin1961tomorethan140poundsin2024.ButtheUnitedStatesbecamethelionsofPlanetCarnivore(食肉動物).Onaverage,Americanswentfromeatingaround207poundsofmeatin1961to280poundsin2024,andchickencametodominate.Itwasn’tjustchickenconsumptionthatchanged.Followachickentrucktothebutchery—continuedforestdestruction,analarmingriseinantibiotic-resistantbacteria,ever-increasinggreenhousegasemissions—andyourealizewhatadarkshadowwehavecastoverwherewelive.8.HowdidtheIndustrialRevolutionaffectmeat?A.Itcausedasharpfallinthepriceofmeat. B.Itdecreasedthenutritionalvalueofmeat.C.Itrestrictedtheuseofantibioticsinmeat. D.Itrevolutionizedmeatproductionanddistribution.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dwarfing”meaninparagraph3?A.Makingsomethingseemsmall. B.Greatlyexpandingsomething.C.Matchingsomethinginnumber. D.Negativelyimpactingsomething.10.Howdoestheauthorshowtherapidincreaseinmeatconsumption?A.Bymakingacomparison. B.Bygivingexplanations.C.Byintroducingaconcept. D.Bymakingaprediction.11.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.AntibioticsHasTransformedChickenFeed B.GlobalCompaniesDominateMeatIndustryC.OurTasteforFleshHasExhaustedtheEarth D.MeatProductionResultsinForestDestruction【答案】8.D9.A10.A11.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了肉類生產(chǎn)從早期到現(xiàn)在的變化，闡述了工業(yè)化對肉類生產(chǎn)的影響、肉類消費(fèi)的增長情況以及由此帶來的環(huán)境問題。【8題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedmeat.Inthe19thcentury,refrigerationenabledmeattobetruckedinfromfaraway,orshippedfromevenfurtheraway,whicheventuallyledtothedestroyingofforestsinplaceslikeBrazil.Productionthenbecamemoreefficient.Bythelate1940s,antibiotics(抗生素)becameroutineinchickenfeed.Bythelate1990s,geneticallymodified(轉(zhuǎn)基因的)cornandsoybroughtabundantcropsofanimalfeed.Animalswerebredtobebiggerandfaster-growing.(工業(yè)革命改變了肉類。19世紀(jì)，制冷技術(shù)使肉類可以從遙遠(yuǎn)的地方用卡車運(yùn)來，甚至從更遠(yuǎn)的地方運(yùn)來，這最終導(dǎo)致了巴西等地森林的破壞。隨后生產(chǎn)變得更有效率。到20世紀(jì)40年代末，抗生素在雞飼料中成為常規(guī)添加物。到20世紀(jì)90年代末，轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米和大豆帶來了豐富的動物飼料作物。動物被培育得更大、生長更快)”可知，工業(yè)革命在肉類的生產(chǎn)(如培育動物、飼料變化等)和運(yùn)輸(制冷技術(shù)使遠(yuǎn)距離運(yùn)輸成為可能)方面帶來了巨大變革。故選D項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句“Since1961,meatproductionhasincreasedfourtimes,dwarfingthegrowthinthehumanpopulation,whichmerelydoubled.(自1961年以來，肉類產(chǎn)量增長了四倍，dwarfing人口的增長，而人口僅增長了一倍)”可知，肉類產(chǎn)量增長四倍，而人口只增長一倍，對比之下，人口增長就顯得很少了。所以“dwarfing”意思是“使某物顯得小”。故選A項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“China’smeatconsumptionjumpedsharply,fromabout6.6poundsperpersonin1961tomorethan140poundsin2024.ButtheUnitedStatesbecamethelionsofPlanetCarnivore(食肉動物).Onaverage,Americanswentfromeatingaround207poundsofmeatin1961to280poundsin2024,andchickencametodominate.(中國的肉類消費(fèi)量急劇上升，從1961年人均約6.6磅增加到2024年的超過140磅。但美國成了地球上的食肉“霸主”。平均而言，美國人從1961年每人約吃207磅肉增加到2024年的280磅，雞肉占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位)”可知，作者通過對比不同年份中國和美國的人均肉類消費(fèi)量，來體現(xiàn)肉類消費(fèi)的快速增長。故選A項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合最后一段中“Followachickentrucktothebutchery—continuedforestdestruction,analarmingriseinantibioticresistantbacteria,everincreasinggreenhousegasemissions—andyourealizewhatadarkshadowwehavecastoverwherewelive.(跟著一輛運(yùn)雞的卡車到屠宰場——持續(xù)的森林破壞、抗抗生素細(xì)菌的驚人增加、不斷增加的溫室氣體排放——你就會意識到我們給我們生活的地方投下了多么黑暗的陰影)”可知，文章主要講述了人類對肉類的大量需求和消費(fèi)導(dǎo)致了一系列環(huán)境問題，地球不堪重負(fù)。C選項(xiàng)“OurTasteforFleshHasExhaustedtheEarth(我們對肉類的喜好讓地球不堪重負(fù))”能概括文章主旨，適合做標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。DTwinshavebeenrareinhumanhistoryandforthatreasoncanseemspecial.Manyculturesassociatetwinswithhealthandenergy,whileothersseethemasareminderoftheduality(雙重性)oflifeanddeath,goodandevil,andsomefamoustwinsareevencreditedwiththebirthofnations.Despitethefactthatalmostallprimates(靈長目動物)today,includinghumans,usuallygivebirthtojustonebaby,ourmostrecentcommonancientancestors,wholivedabout60millionyearsagolikelygavebirthtotwinsasthestandard,accordingtotherecentresearch.Researchershavebeenstudyingtheevolutionoflittersize—thenumberofbabiesbornperpregnancy—foryearstofindoutwhenandwhytwinpregnanciesbecameuncommon.Andthebestwaytoreconstructthehistoryoflittersizeistomaptheknownlittersizeofasmanyspeciesaspossibleacrossthemammalianfamilytreeandthenusedmathematicalmodels.Butoutsideofrareeventswhereentireanimalfamiliesarefossilizedtogether,itisextraordinarilydifficulttoassesslittersizeforextinctspeciesfromthefossilizedskeleton(骨骼)alone.Sotheyinsteadcollecteddataonasmanylivingmammalsaspossible,fromnearly1,000livingmammalspeciesforinformationabouthowmanybabiesarecommonlyborntoeachspecies.Basedonthestudy,theswitchtosinglebirthsinmanyprimates,includinghumans,occurredatleast50millionyearsago,leadingtotheevolutionofincreasinglylargerbodiesandbrains.Thisadaptationallowedforthedevelopmentoflargehumanbabieswithsizablebrainscapableofcomplexlearningasbabiesandyoungchildren,andincreasedtheirchancesofsurvival.Furthermore,becausemultiplepregnancyrequiresmoreenergyfromthemother,earlyprimateancestorswhogavebirthtojustonelargebabymayhavebeenatasurvivaladvantage.Thefindingsdon’tmeanthathavingtwinstodayisadisadvantage.Thatisquiteadifferentexperiencefromourtinyprimateancestorsbirthinginthetrees60millionyearsago.12.Whatdoweknowabouttwinsinhumanhistory?A.Twinbirthhasbeenrelativelyinfrequent.B.Twinsareviewedasasymbolofharmony.C.Twinsaremorelikelytobecomenationfounders.D.Twinbirthhasseenanoticeableincreaseinrecenttimes.13.Whichapproachwasadoptedinthestudyoflittersizeevolution?A.Drawingmammalianfamilytrees. B.Employinglivingmammaldata.C.Constructmodelsofextinctspecies. D.Assessingfossilizedskeletons.14.Whatledtotheshiftfromtwinstosinglebirthaccordingtothestudy?A.Thegrowingpreferenceforsinglebirthsamonghumans.B.Theincreasingcomplexityofsocialstructureinprimatesocieties.C.Thenecessityformotherstoconserveenergyduringtheparentingprocess.D.Thenaturalprocessofgeneticdevelopmentofbodysizeandbraincapacity.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstwins’evolution?A.Doubtful. B.Objective. C.Approving. D.Ambiguous.【答案】12.A13.B14.D15.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于雙胞胎在人類歷史和靈長目動物進(jìn)化中的相關(guān)研究和發(fā)現(xiàn)，探討了雙胞胎出生頻率的變化及其背后的進(jìn)化原因?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Twinshavebeenrareinhumanhistoryandforthatreasoncanseemspecial.(在人類歷史上，雙胞胎一直較為罕見，正因如此，他們似乎顯得很特別。)”可知，在人類歷史上，雙胞胎一直很罕見，即雙胞胎的出生相對不常見。故選A。【13題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Sotheyinsteadcollecteddataonasmanylivingmammalsaspossible,fromnearly1,000livingmammalspeciesforinformationabouthowmanybabiesarecommonlyborntoeachspecies.(因此，他們轉(zhuǎn)而盡可能多地收集現(xiàn)存哺乳動物的數(shù)據(jù)，從近1000種現(xiàn)存的哺乳動物物種中獲取有關(guān)每個(gè)物種通常生育多少幼崽的信息。)”可知，研究人員在研究產(chǎn)仔數(shù)量的進(jìn)化過程中，采用的方法是收集盡可能多的現(xiàn)存哺乳動物的數(shù)據(jù)。故選B?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Basedonthestudy,theswitchtosinglebirthsinmanyprimates,includinghumans,occurredatleast50millionyearsago,leadingtotheevolutionofincreasinglylargerbodiesandbrains.Thisadaptationallowedforthedevelopmentoflargehumanbabieswithsizablebrainscapableofcomplexlearningasbabiesandyoungchildren,andincreasedtheirchancesofsurvival.Furthermore,becausemultiplepregnancyrequiresmoreenergyfromthemother,earlyprimateancestorswhogavebirthtojustonelargebabymayhavebeenatasurvivaladvantage.(根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，包括人類在內(nèi)的許多靈長目動物向單胎生育的轉(zhuǎn)變至少發(fā)生在5000萬年前，這導(dǎo)致了身體和大腦逐漸進(jìn)化得越來越大。這種適應(yīng)性變化使得人類能夠生育出大腦發(fā)育良好的大型嬰兒，這些嬰兒和幼兒具備復(fù)雜的學(xué)習(xí)能力，并且增加了他們的生存幾率。此外，由于多胎妊娠需要母親消耗更多的能量，因此早期只生育一個(gè)大型嬰兒的靈長目動物祖先可能在生存方面具有優(yōu)勢。)”可知，向單胎出生的轉(zhuǎn)變導(dǎo)致了身體和大腦的進(jìn)化，而生育一個(gè)大寶寶的早期靈長類祖先可能具有生存優(yōu)勢，也就是說身體大小和腦容量的遺傳發(fā)展的自然過程導(dǎo)致了從雙胞胎到單胎出生的轉(zhuǎn)變。故選D?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，文章中作者先介紹了在人類歷史上雙胞胎的一些情況，如在不同文化中的象征意義，以及雙胞胎在歷史上較為罕見這一事實(shí)。接著詳細(xì)闡述了關(guān)于靈長目動物每胎產(chǎn)仔數(shù)量演變的研究過程，包括研究的方法、研究結(jié)果。再根據(jù)最后一段“Thefindingsdon’tmeanthathavingtwinstodayisadisadvantage.Thatisquiteadifferentexperiencefromourtinyprimateancestorsbirthinginthetrees60millionyearsago.(這些發(fā)現(xiàn)并不意味著如今生育雙胞胎是不利的。這與我們6000萬年前在樹上生育后代的小型靈長目動物祖先的經(jīng)歷截然不同。)”可知，作者只是客觀地陳述研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選B。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分)閱讀下面短文，從短文中的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Atsomepoint,everyonehasfacedunkindremarksoractions.Whetherit’steasingfromclassmatesorharshwordsfrompeers,dealingwithsuchsituationscanbechallenging.____16____Herearesometipstohelpyourespondeffectivelyandbuildyourconfidence.Practicecomebacks.Quick,confidentreplies-knownascomebacks-canstopbulliesintheirtracks.Insteadofwaitingfortheperfectmoment,trypracticing.Askafriendorasympatheticadulttorole-playwithyou.Ifyoudon’tfeelcomfortablewiththis,youcantryitonyourowninthemirror.Noticewhichstyleofcomebackfeelsmostnaturaltoyou.Forexample,ifhumordoesn’tfeelnatural,acalmresponselike“Areyoufinished?”maybemoreeffective.____17____Learnalittleaboutyourbully.Bulliesareusuallyverysociallyintelligentandgreatpeople-readers.Theycaneasilyseewhichcommentsgetunderpeople’sskin.Youcanbenefitfrombuildingupthissameskill,butusingitfordefenseinsteadofforaggression(likethebully).Watchthebully’sreactionwhenyoudeliveryourcomebackandthereactionofothersaroundhim.Didherespondwithsurpriseorwalkaway?____18____Watchforpatternsandmakenoteofwhatworkedandwhatdidn’t.____19____Sometimescomebackscanleadtomoreinsultsandevenviolence.Keepaneyeoutforsignsthatthepersonisbecomingaggressive.Thepersonmaytouchhisheadorfaceandclench(握緊)hisfists.Thepersonmayremoveanarticleofclothing,andmaycrouchdownslightly.Inaddition,thepersonmayturnhisnon-dominantsidetowardyou;so,aleft-handedpersonmayturnhisrightsidetowardyou.Ifyounoticeanyofthesebehaviors,donottrytomakeacomebackandbackawayfromtheperson.Gethelp.Ifsomeoneisbullyingyouregularly,gethelpfromateacheroraparent.____20____Ifyoucan’tsolvetheprobleminformally,getsomeoneinapositionofauthorityinvolved.Youshouldn’thavetodealwithconstantinsultsfromabullyinanysituation.A.Comeupwithsafetyideas.B.Watchforphysicalsignalsofviolence.C.Thenthecomebackstyleusedwassuccessful.D.Bulliesarelesslikelytopickonyouifyouaren’talone.E.Youcanalsogetinalotoftroubleforusingthesekindsofinsults.F.Whileignoringthemsometimesworks,amoreactiveapproachisoftenneeded.G.Usewhatworksbestforyouuntilyoucanpracticeandusetheothermethodseffectively.【答案】16.F17.G18.C19.B20.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了面對他人不友善言行時(shí)，如何有效回應(yīng)和增強(qiáng)自信的一些建議?！?6題詳解】上文“Atsomepoint,everyonehasfacedunkindremarksoractions.Whetherit’steasingfromclassmatesorharshwordsfrompeers,dealingwithsuchsituationscanbechallenging.(在某個(gè)時(shí)刻，每個(gè)人都曾面對過不友善的言論或行為。無論是來自同學(xué)的嘲笑還是同齡人的嚴(yán)厲言辭，應(yīng)對這類情況都可能頗具挑戰(zhàn)性。)”指出人們會遇到不友善情況且應(yīng)對有挑戰(zhàn)，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“Whileignoringthemsometimesworks,amoreactiveapproachisoftenneeded.(雖然有時(shí)忽視它們會起作用，但通常需要更積極的方法。)”既提到了常見的忽視方法，又引出后文要介紹積極應(yīng)對的建議，與上下文邏輯連貫。故選F項(xiàng)?！?7題詳解】上文“Noticewhichstyleofcomebackfeelsmostnaturaltoyou.Forexample,ifhumordoesn’tfeelnatural,acalmresponselike‘Areyoufinished?’maybemoreeffective.(注意哪種回應(yīng)方式對你來說最自然。例如，如果幽默對你來說不自然，像‘你說完了嗎?’這樣冷靜的回應(yīng)可能更有效。)”強(qiáng)調(diào)要找到適合自己的回應(yīng)方式，G選項(xiàng)“Usewhatworksbestforyouuntilyoucanpracticeandusetheothermethodseffectively.(使用最適合你的方法，直到你能有效練習(xí)并使用其他方法。)”承接上文，進(jìn)一步說明先使用適合自己的方式，符合邏輯。故選G項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】上文“Watchthebully’sreactionwhenyoudeliveryourcomebackandthereactionofothersaroundhim.Didherespondwithsurpriseorwalkaway?(當(dāng)你做出回應(yīng)時(shí)，觀察欺負(fù)者的反應(yīng)以及他周圍其他人的反應(yīng)。他是驚訝地回應(yīng)還是走開了?)”提出要觀察欺負(fù)者的反應(yīng)，C選項(xiàng)“Thenthecomebackstyleusedwassuccessful.(那么所使用的回應(yīng)方式就是成功的。)”根據(jù)上文提到的欺負(fù)者的反應(yīng)，得出回應(yīng)方式成功的結(jié)論，邏輯合理。故選C項(xiàng)。【19題詳解】下文“Sometimescomebackscanleadtomoreinsultsandevenviolence.Keepaneyeoutforsignsthatthepersonisbecomingaggressive.(有時(shí)回應(yīng)可能會導(dǎo)致更多的侮辱甚至暴力。留意那個(gè)人變得有攻擊性的跡象。)”主要圍繞留意暴力的身體信號展開，B選項(xiàng)“Watchforphysicalsignalsofviolence.(留意暴力的身體信號。)”與下文內(nèi)容一致，起到了總領(lǐng)段落的作用。故選B項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】上文“Ifsomeoneisbullyingyouregularly,gethelpfromateacheroraparent.(如果有人經(jīng)常欺負(fù)你，向老師或家長尋求幫助。)”建議向他人尋求幫助，D選項(xiàng)“Bulliesarelesslikelytopickonyouifyouaren’talone.(如果你不是獨(dú)自一人，欺負(fù)者就不太可能找你麻煩。)”說明尋求幫助后有人陪伴，欺負(fù)者就不敢輕易欺負(fù)你，與上文尋求幫助的內(nèi)容相呼應(yīng)。故選D項(xiàng)。第三部分語言運(yùn)用(共兩小節(jié)，滿分30分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。Acouple’sloveforanimalsandeachotherinspiredaheartwarming40thbirthdaygesture.AndrewDuhe,aCEOofMooshotInnovations,Inc.,andhiswifeJenniferhavebeen____21____atChesapeakeAnimalServicesforoverayear.Their____22____totheadoptioncenterhasprovidednotonlycareforanimalsinneedbutalsoaunique____23____forthecouplethemselves.Recently,theyexperiencedtheheartbreakof____24____theirbeloveddogunexpectedly,alossthathasbeendifficulttotackle.Despitetheir____25____,AndrewcameupwithameaningfulwaytocelebrateJennifer’s40thbirthdayandshowhis____26____forherdedicationtohelpinganimals.“IinitiallyaskedMissCasey,thevolunteercoordinator(協(xié)調(diào)者),howmanydog____27____wehad.Bycoincidence,thereareactually40,soIthoughtitwasfitting,”Andrewsaid.“40doghousesanda40thbirthday,theywent____28____.”Hedecidedto____29____theadoptionfeesforall40shelterpetsatthecentertotalinga(n)_____30_____sumofover$4,000.Jenniferwas_____31_____byAndrew’sthoughtfulact,describingitastheperfectbirthdaypresent.Sheemphasizedthatwhatshe_____32_____mostwasAndrew’sunderstandingandsupport,whichmadethe_____33_____evenmorespecial.Thecouplebelievesthattheiractofkindnesscan_____34