國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)名詞解釋

1海上風(fēng)險：Perilsofthesea

Perilsreferstoriskswhichoccuratsea,orattheplacewheretheoceanandland,ortheoceanandtheinlandriver,or

theoceanandthelighterareconnected.Theordinaryactionsofthewindsandwavesarenotincluded.Perilsofthesea

usuallyincludeNaturalCalamitiesandAccidents.

2外又風(fēng)險：ExtraneousRisks

Itmeanstheperilscausedbyotherreasonsexceptmarineperils.Itfallsintotypes:GeneralextraneousrisksandSpecial

extraneousrisks.

3施救費用：Sue&L<iborExpense

Itreferstotheresponsibilityoftheassuredtoacttokeephisinsuredlossataminimum.Whentheinsuredcargosuffers

naturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentswithinthescopeofinsurancecover,theinsuredorhisagentoranyemployees

paysiheexpensescausedinsavingtheinsuredcargoinordertopreventthelossesfromfurtherexpanding.These

chargesshallbecoveredbytheinsurer.

4救助費用：SalvageCharges

Itreferstocompensationpaidfortherescueofaship,itscargoorpassengersfromalossatsea.Whentheinsured

cargosuffersanaturalcalamityoranaccidentwithinthescopeofinsurancecover,thethirdpartywhohasno

contractedrelationswiththeinsuredandtheinsurersalvagesthecargosuccessfully.Accordingtotherelativelaws,

existingintheworld,theinsurershallpaytothesalver.Theprincipleof“nocure-nopay”isoftenadopted.

5實際全損：ActualTotalLoss

Itmeansthattheinsuredgoodsaretotallysufferedfromlossordeteriorated,orthegoodscannotberestoredafterbeing

damaged.Itmayalsorefertothefactthatthetitleofgoodscannotheownedbytheinsurantorthevesselhasmissed

forquitealongtime(halfyearforexample)andwithnoinformation.

6推定全損：ConstructiveTotalLoss

Itisaninsurancelosswheretheexpenseofrecoveringorrepairingtheinsuredgoodswouldexceedtheirvalueafter

thisexpenditurehadbeenincurred.

7單獨海損：ParticularAverage

Itmeansthataparticularcargoisdamagedbyanycauseandthedegreeofdamagedoesnotreachatotalloss,which

shall次bornebytheownerofthisindividualconsignment.ItalwaysreferstoanyotheraccidentsexceptGeneral

Average,i.e.thepartiallosscauseddirectlybyperils.

8共同海損：GeneralAverage

Ilreferstothelosswhichistheresultofasacrificevoluntarilymadeoranexpenseincurred;forthesolepurposeof

savingashipanditscargoinfaceofacommondanger(e.g.jettisonofcargotolightenashipindistress).Iftheaction

takenissuccessful,eachpartytotheadventure--allcargoownersandthevesselowner--bearthelossandexpenses

incurredbasedonthevalueofeachshipmentinproportiontothetotalvalueofcargoandvessel.Thecargoowners

whosegoodsaresafeandsoundoruninsuredinthemarineperilsmustalsocontributetopayforthelossandexpenses.

9平安險：FreefromParticularAverage

Thisisaverylimitedcoverconfiningtheinsurer'sliability,strictlyspeaking,toonlytotallossoftheinsuredcargo

exceptwherethecarryingvesselorcraftisgrounded,sunkorburnt,andonlyinsuchlattercaseswillpartiallossofor

damagetothecargobeanswerable.

10水漬險：With(Particular)Average

Itcoverspartiallossduetovileweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeand/orfloodaswellastheriskscoveredunder

FreefromParticularAverageconditionasmentionedabove.

11一切險:AllRisks

AllrisksprovideadditionalcoveragebesidesthecoverunderFreefromParticularAverageandWith(Particular)

Averageconditions.Contrarytoitsname,theclausedosenotprotectagainstallrisks.Themorecommonperilsitdoes

coveraretheft,pilferage,non-delivery,freshwaterdamage,contamination,breakage,andleakage.Inherentvice,loss

ofnidikcl,andlossescausedbydelayarcnotcovered.

12背對背信用證:Back-to-backLetterofCredit

Thisisaletterofcreditintheseller's(middleman's)favorwhichisofferedtoabankassecurityfbritissuinga

differentletterofcreditintheseller'sownnametoanotherperson.

13可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證：TransferableLetterofCredit

Atransferableletterofcreditisoneinwhichthebeneficiaryhastherighttorequestthepaying,ornegotiatingbankto

makeeitherpart,orall,ofthecreditvalueavailabletooneormorethirdparties.Thistypeofcreditisusefulforthose

actingasmiddlemenespeciallywherethereisaneedtofinancepurchasesfromthirdpartysuppliers.

14循環(huán)信用證：RevolvingLetterofCredit

TheRevolvingletterofcreditisusedforregularshipmentsofthesamecommoditytothesamebuyer.Itcanrevolvein

relationtotimeorvalue.Ifthecreditistimerevolvingonceutilized,itisreinstatedforfurtherregularshipmentsuntil

thecreditisfullydrawn.Ifthecreditrevolvesinrelationtovalueonceutilizedandpaid,thevaluecanbereinstatedfor

furtherdrawing.Thecreditmuststatethatitisarevolvingletterofcreditanditmayrevolvecitherautomaticallyor

subjecttocertainprovisions.Revolvingletterofcreditareusefultoavoidtheneedforrepetitiousarrangementsfor

openingoramendinglettersofcredit.

15議付信用證:NegotiationCredit

Anegotiatingcreditisopenedby(heissuingbankinthecurrencyofitsowncountryandaddresseddirecttothe

beneficiary.Theletterisusuallydeliveredtotheaddresseethroughtheintermediaryofcorrespondentbank.

16對開信用證：ReciprocalCredit

Thistypeofcreditappliestobartertnuisactionorcompensationtrade.Boththesellerandthebuyeropenlettersof

creditinfavorofeachother.Andthetwocreditsmustbevalidsimultaneously.Theapplicantandbeneficiaryofone

creditareusuallythebeneficiaryandapplicantofanothercredit.Theopeninghankisusuallytheadvisingbankof

anothercredit.

17保兌信用證：ConfirmedDocumentaryCredit

Confirmedlettersofcreditcarrythecommitinenttopayofboththeissuingandtheadvisingbanks.Theadvisingbanks

addsitsundertakingtopaytothatoftheissuingbank,anditscommitmentisindependentofthatoftheissuingbank.

Therefore,whendocumentsconformingtotherequirementsofthecontinneddocumentarycreditarepresentedina

timelymanner,thepaymentfromtheadvisingto(hesellerisfinalinallrespectasfarassellerisconcerned.

18備用信用證:StandbyLettersofCredit

Itisaletterofcreditwhichabankissuesonbehalfofitscustomertoserveasaguaranteetothebeneficiaryoftheletter

ofcreditthatthebank'scustomerwillperformaspecifiedcontractwiththebeneficiary.Ifthecustomerdefaults,the

beneficiarymaydrawfundsagainsttheletterofcreditadpenaltiesoraspayments,whicheverthetermsofthecredit

provide.

19銀行保函：Banker'sLetterofGuarantee

AletterofGuaranteeisanundertakingmadeby(heguarantorbank(opaythebeneficiaryunconditionallyaccordingto

(heLetterofGuaranteeprovidedtheapplicantcannotornotpay.

20D/Patsight：即期付款交單(托收)

Aftershipmentofthegoods,thesellershalldrawasightbillofexchange,andsenditwithshippingdocumentstoa

localbank,throughwhichandwhosecorrespondentbankthedocumentarydraftispresentedtothebuyer.Thebuyer

shallpayagainstthedocumentarydraftdrawnbytheselleratsight.Itrequiresimmediatepaymentbythebuyer(oget

holdofthedocuments.

21D/Paftersight：遠期付款交單(托收)

Aftershipmentofthegoods,thesellershalldrawausancebillofexchangeandsenditwihshippingdocumentstoa

localbank,throughwhichandwhosecorrespondentbankthedocumentarydraftispresentedtotheimporter.Thebuyer

shallaccepttheusancedraft,andmakepaymentontheduedateoftheusancebill.

22D/PT/R：憑借信托收據(jù)付款(托收)

Inthiscase,theprincipleinstructsthecollectingbanktoreleasefullseiofdocumentsagainsttrustreceipttothepayer.

Oncethepayerdoesnotmakepayment,theprincipalbearsalltherisks.ThusitisalmostthesameriskyasD/A.

23D/A：承兌交單(托收)

D/Acallsfordeliveryofdocumentsagainstacceptanceofthedraftdrawnbytheseller.D/Aisalwaysaftersight.In

D/Atermsthecollectingbankispermittedtoreleasethedocumentstothebuyeragainstacceptanceofabillof

exchangepromisingtopayatalaterdate(usually30,60or90days).Thefullsetofdraftisheldbythecollectingbank

andpresented(othebuyerforpaymentatmaturity,afterwhichthecollectingbanksendsthefundstotheremitting

bank,whichinturnsendsthemtotheprincipal.

24T/T：電匯TelegraphicTransfer

Telegraphictransferisalsonamedascabletransferorwiretransfer.

25M.T：信匯MailTransfer

Thebuyergivesmoneytoalocalbankwhichsendsatrustdeedfbrpaymenttoitscorrespondentbankattheseller's

endbymailandentrustsitwiththetasktopaymoneytotheseller.

26D/D：票匯DemandDraft

Thebuyerbuysadraftfromalocalbanksendsitbymailtotheseller,thesellerorhisappointedpersoncancollect

moneyfromtherelativebankathisendagainstthedraftsentbythebuyer.Demanddraftisoftenusedwhenthe

customerwantstotransferthefundstohisbeneficiarybyhimself.

27L/G：銀行保函LetterofGuarantee

AletterofGuaranteeisanundertakingmadeby(heguarantorbank(opaythebeneficiaryunconditionallyaccordinglo

theLetterofGuaranteeprovidedtheapplicantcannotornotpay.

28清潔提單：CleanB/L

ThisisaB/Lwhichbearsnosuperimposedclauseornatationwhichdeclaresadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/or

thepackaging.

29已裝船提單：OnBoardB/LorShippedB/L

ItisaB/Lacknowledgingthattherelativegoodshavebeenreceivedonboardforshipmentonaspecifiedvessel.

30全式提單:：LongFormB/L

ThisreferstoaB/Lformwithalltermsandconditionswrittenonit.MostB/L'sareinshorttermformswhich

incorporatethelongformclausesbyreference.

31簡式提單：ShortFormB/L

ItisaB/Lwithoutthetermsandconditionswrittenonit.ThetermsareincoiporatedbyreferencetothelongformB/L.

32倒簽提單：Ante-datedBillofLading

Whentheactualloadingdaleislaterthan(hedateofshipmentprescribedbytheL/C,inordertoavoidnon-acceptance

oftheB/Lbybanks,thecarrier,attherequestoftheshipper,sometimeswillissueaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethat

suitstherequirementoftheL/C.TheB/Lthussignedisanante-datedB/L.

33預(yù)借提單：AdvancedBillofLading

AnadvancedB/Lisissuedattherequestoftheshipperbefore(hecorrunencementoftheactualloadingoperation.

WhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisdueandthesellerhasfailedtogetthegoodsreadyforshipment,hewillaskthe

carriertoissueanadvancedB/Linorcertonegotiatepaymentatthebankbeforethecreditexpires.

34直達提單：DirectB/L

Itisissuedbythecarrierorhisagentto(heshipperwhen(hegoodsaretobetransportedfromtheportofloadingdirect

totheportofdestination.BuyersusuallyprefertosuchB/Lsbecausetransshipmentincreasesthechanceofcargo

damageandloss.SometimesanL/Cprohibitstransshipmentofgoods.

35轉(zhuǎn)船提單：TransshipmentB/L

Itisissuedwhenthereisnodirectservicebetweentwoports,butwhentheshipownerispreparedtotransshipthe

goodsatanintermediateportattheexpenseofhisown.TheintermediateportmustbeshownintheB/L.

36聯(lián)運提單：ThroughB/L

ThisB/Lcoveringashipmentofgoodsbymorethanonemodeoftransportation.Thefirstcarriercollectsthefreight

forthewholevoyageandisresponsibleforarrangingtransshipmentandforwardingofthegoodsatportsotherthanthe

portofdestination.Thisarrangementisadvantageoustotheshippersinceotherwisehehastodealwiththeother

individualcarriersbyhimself.

37有條件的接受:ModifiedAcceptance

Areply(oanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisa

rejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.However,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptance

butcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalter(hetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,

unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectstothediscrepancy.

38發(fā)盤：Offer

Anofferisapromiseconditionedonacceptancewhich,nomatterwhctlierfromasellerorabuyer,mustbe

communicatedtotheoffereeandmustclearlyundertakeaperformancedefiniteastoallessentialterms.

39還盤：CounterOffer

Counterofferisreplytoanofferinwhichcontainsadditions,limitatior.sorothermodifications.Counterofferisa

rejectionoftheofferandthereforecorstitutesanewoffer.

40接受：Acceptance

Acceptanceisafinalandunqualifiedexpressionofassenttothetermsofanoffer.Acceptanceresultsintheformation

ofacontract:bothpartiesarcboundandneithercanwithdrawfromthebargainwithoutincurringliabilitytotheorder.

41逾期接受：LateAcceptance

Theacceptancenoticethatdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimeofvalidityiscalledalateacceptance.Late

acceptanceisgenerallyconsideredinvalid.Butunder(woconditions,(helateacceptanceremainseffective:one

conditioniswhentheofferorregardsitasvalid,anotheriswhenthelateacceptanceiscausedbytransmittingdelaynot

bysendingdelay.

42投遞原則：DispatchTheory

Intheabsenceofspecificinstructiontothecontrarybytheofferor,apersonmaymailanacceptancetotheofferorand

thecontractissaidtobeperfectedwhentheacceptorplacesthisacceptanceinthemailboxforreturnmailevenif,in

fact,itneverreachestheofferor.Thisis