2023年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（一）試題UseofEnglishCaravanserais

were

roadside

inns

that

were

built

along

the

Silk

Road

in

areas

includingChina,

North

Africa

and

the

Middle

East.

They

were

typically

__1__

outside

the

walls

of

a

city

or

village

and

were

usually

funded

by

governments

of

__2__.This

word

“Caravanserais”

is

a

__3__

of

the

Persian

word

“karvan”,

which

means

a

group

of

travellers

or

a

caravan,

and

seray,

a

palace

or

enclosed

building.

The

Perm

caravan

was

used

to

__4__

groups

of

people

who

travelled

together

across

the

ancient

network

for

safety

reasons,

__5__

merchants,

travellers

or

pilgrims.From

the

10th

century

onwards,

as

merchant

and

travel

routes

become

more

developed,

the

__6__

of

the

Caravanserais

increased

and

they

served

as

a

safe

place

for

people

to

rest

at

night.

Travellers

on

the

Silk

Road

__7__

possibility

of

being

attacked

by

thieves

or

being

__8__

to

extreme

conditions.

For

this

reason,

Caravanserais

were

strategically

placed

__9__

they

could

be

reached

in

a

day’s

travel

time.

Caravanserais

served

as

an

informal

__10__

point

for

the

various

people

who

travelled

the

Silk

Road.__11__,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture

__12__

andinteraction,withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,

__13__

talkingknowledgewiththem,greatly

__14__

thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand__15__inthetradeofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad.__16__,itwasfrequentlythefirststopmerchantslookingtoselltheirwaresand__17__suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis__18__thataround120000to15000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,__19__onlyabout3000areknowntoremaintoday,manyofwhicharein__20__.

1.

A.displayedB.occupiedC.

locatedD.equipped2.

A.

privatelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.permanently3.

A.definitionB.transition

C.substitutionD.

combination4.

A.classifyB.recordC.

describeD.connect5.

A.apartfromB.insteadofC.

suchasD.alongwith6.

A.

constructionB.restorationC.impressionD.evaluation7.

A.doubtedB.

FacedC.acceptedD.reduced8.

A.assignedB.

subjectedC.accustomedD.opposed9.

A.

sothatB.evenifC.nowthatD.incase10.

A.talkingB.startingC.BreakingD.

meeting11.

A.Bytheway

B.Onoccasion

C.IncomparisonD.

Asaresult12.

A.heritage

B.revival

C.

exchange

D.status13.

A.withregardto

B.inspiteof

C.

aswellas

D.inlinewith14.

A.completing

B.

influencing

C.resuming

D.pioneering15.

A.

aided

B.invested

C.failed

D.competed16.

A.rather

B.

indeed

C.otherwise

D.however17.

A.goinfor

B.standupfor

C.closeinon

D.

stockupon18.

A.

believed

B.

predicted

C.recalled

D.implied19.

A.until

B.because

C.unless

D.

although

20.

A.

ruinsB.debt

C.fashion

D.series

Text1TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperaturewillbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonthasofficialsdebatehowclimatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.PatHardy,whosympathizedwithviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingtheproposedchangetosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasisetheprimacyofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionofmitigationmeasures.MostscientistsandexpertssharplydisputeHardy’sviews.“Theycasuallydismissthecareerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion.”saysDanQuinn,seniorcommunicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspubliceducation，“WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboardmembers,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship.”SuchdebatereflectsfiercediscussiondiscussionsacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschools.Astudylastyearby

theNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupofscientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.GlennBranch,thecentre’sdeputy

director,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandardsisonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitssciencestandards,“thatdoesnotmeanitwillbetaught”,hesays.Anotherissueisthat

whileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsandatsomeages—suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools—itisnotaswellrepresentedincurriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidelytaught,suchasbiologyandchemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudiescourses.Branchpointsoutthat,

evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflectscientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslantedperspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyincludematerialssponsoredbylibertarianthink-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.

21.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto__A.forecastapolicyshiftinTexasschools.B.stresstheconsequencesofclimatechangeC.indicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeetingD.drawthepublic’sattentiontoenergyshortagesWhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?sheexaggeratestheexistingpanic.shedeniesthevalueofscientificworksheshowsnoconcernforpre-teens.sheexpressesself-contradictoryviews.ThestudymentionedinParagraphshowsthat___climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschools.policymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducation.Texasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooks.environmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervision.AccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS___callforregularrevision

requireurgentapplication

havelimitedinfluence

catertolocalneedsItisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschool___sagreetomajorpublicdemandsreflectsteachers’personalbiasmaymisrepresenttheenergysectorcanbeswayedbyexternalforcesText2Communitiesthroughouttheregionhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Now,withrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylowinventory,there’sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.ThestateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould’vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,soanytimeyou’retakingthetooloutofthetoolkitforcommunitiestoaddressthis,you’repotentiallytakingsupplyoffthemarketthat’salreadyincrediblystressed,’’saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,“employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,’’Taylorsaid.However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,acrucialpartoftheeconomiesinplaceslikeNantucket,CapeCod,orthetownsthatmakeupNewHampshire’sSeacoastandLakesRegion,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOoftheCapeCod&IslandsAssociationofRealtors.“Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,’’Castlesaid,“andsoit’sacyclicaleffect.’’Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anaffordablehousingpolicyexpertattheUniversityofMassachusettsBoston.“Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit’stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit’sjustempty,whycan’tyoumakemoneyoffit?’’Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations.“Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn’tadeveloperwho’sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?’’Hornsaid.Attheendof2018,GovernorCharlieBakersignedabilltoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.“Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestate,mandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy,’’theGlobereported.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,limitingwhoisauthorizedtorentouttheirhome,andrequiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity’sInspectionalServicesDepartment.Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitotherstrugglingcitiesandtowns.Theonlywaytosolvetheissue,however,isbycreatingmorehousing.“Ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.’’

26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.C.ItsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowlyD.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedtoA.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousingC.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.28.ComparedwithCastle,TaylorismorelikelytosupportA.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.C.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.D.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.29.WhatdoesHorncmphasizeinParagraph5?A.Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.B.Thecflicicntoperationofthelocalhousingmarkct.C.Thenecessitytostopdeveloperslromcvadingtaxes.D.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.30.HornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsisA.anirrationaldecision.B.anunfeasibleproposal.C.anunnecessarymeasure.D.aninadequatesolution.Text3Ifyou’reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstonesinsearchoftheDuchessofSussex’snewchildren’sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit;thesamemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBillClintonandJamesPatterson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguinRandomHouse,acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPenguinRandomHouseconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections”.PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wedothisgenerallybygivingtheirtitleslessprominentpositioningwithinourbookshops.“Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusyandbooksalesareverystrong.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers-ashavecustomers,whomightexpectthenewtitlesfromthecountry’sbiggestpublishertobeprominentlydisplayedbyitsbiggestbookretailer.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit’sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaff’spassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.ItcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster-thereductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.AndonewondersifPRHwouldhavebeenconfidentenoughtodealwithWaterstonesinthewayithasifitweren’tquitesuchabigcompany(itwasformedwiththemergerofPenguinandRandomHousein2013)andlikelytogetbigger.“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpowerandcartels.Literaryagenciesaregettingbiggertohavetheclouttonegotiatebettertermswithpublishers,publishersconsolidatingtodealwithAmazon,”saysLownie.“Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmallpublishers.”Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.

31.theauthormentionstwobooksintheparagraph1topresent____A.anongoingconflictB.anintellectualconceptC.aprevailingsentimentD.aliteraryphenomenon

32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?A.tomakethemeasilynoticeableB.tocomplywithPRH'srequirementC.torespondtoPRH'sbusinessmoveD.toarrangetheminasystematicway

WhatmessagedidthespokesmanofWaterstonesseemtoconvey?A.theircustomersremainroyalB.thecreditlimitwillberemovedC.theirstockisunderestimatedD.thebookmarketisratherslack

34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?A

Sales

of

books

by

mid-list

PRH

writers

fall

off

considerablyB

Lesser-known

PRH

writers

become

the

target

of

criticismC

Waterstones

staff

hesitate

to

promote

big-name

author's

booksD

Waterstones

branches

suffer

a

severe

reduction

in

revenue

WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie`sview?A

Small

publishers

ought

to

stick

togetherB

Big

publishers

will

lose

their

dominanceC

The

publishing

industry

is

having

a

hard

timeD

The

merger

of

publishers

is

a

worrying

trend

Text4Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle’simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenseveralepisodesofscientificfraud,includingcompletelymade-updata,massagedordoctoredfigures,multiplepublicationsofthesamedata,theftofcompletearticles,plagiarismoftext,andself-plagiarism.Andsomescientistshavecomeupwithanotherwaytoartificiallyboostthenumberofcitationstotheirwork.Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,Icameacrossyetanotherexpressionofthispredatorybehavior:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticlesandthearticlesofcolleagues.Someoftheseconsultanciesarealsoactiveinorganizingconferencesandcanadvisethatcitationsbeaddedtoconferenceproceedings.Inthismanner,asingleeditorcandrivehundredsofcitationsinthedirectionofhisownarticlesorthoseofcolleaguesthatmaybeinhiscircle.Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual—actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant—wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international”journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.

36

According

paragraph1,

the

careers

of

scientists

can

be

determined

by________A

how

many

citations

their

works

containB

how

many

times

their

papers

are

citedC

the

prestige

of

the

people

they

work

withD

the

status

they

have

in

scientific

circles37

The

support

service

consultancies

tend

to

_________.A

recommended

journals

to

their

clientsB

list

citation

patterns

for

their

clientsC

ask

authors

to

include

extra

citationD

advise

contributors

to

cite

each

other38

the

function

of

the

milk

cow

to

journals

is

to

________.A

boost

citation

counts

for

certain

authors

B

help

scholars

publish

articles

at

low

costC

instruct

first

time

contributors

in

citationD

increase

the

readership

of

new

journals答案A39.

What

can

be

learned

about

Scopus

from

the

last

two

paragraph?A

It

fosters

competition

among

citation

providersB

It

has

the

capability

to

identify

suspicious

citationCIt

hinders

the

growth

of

international

journalsDIt

is

established

to

prevent

citation

manipulation40.

What

should

an

author

do

to

deal

with

citation

manipulation?ATake

legal

actionBDemand

an

apologyCSeek

professional

adviceDReveal

their

misconductReadingPartBA.

Last

year

marks

the

150th

anniversary

of

a

series

of

Yellowstone

photographs

by

the

renowned

landscape

photographer

William

Henry

Jackson.

He

captured

the

first-ever

shots

of

iconic

landmarks

such

as

the

Tetons,

Old

Faithful

and

the

Colorado

Rockies.B.

Two

centuries

ago,

the

idea

of

preserving

nature,

rather

than

exploiting

it,

was

a

novel

one

to

many

U.S.

settlers.

One

of

the

turning

points

in

public

support

for

land

conservation

efforts

—

and

recognizing

the

magnificence

of

the

Yellowstone

region

in

particular

—

came

in

the

form

of

vivid

photographs.

C

As

an

effective

Washington

operator,

Hayden

sensed

that

he

could

capitalize

on

the

expedition’s

stunning

visuals.

He

asked

Jackson

to

print

out

large

copies

and

distributed

them,

along

with

reproductions

of

Moran’s

paintings,

to

each

member

of

Congress.

“The

visualization,

particularly

those

photographs,

really

hit

home

that

this

is

something

that

has

to

be

protected,”

says

Murphy.

D

Though

Native

Americans

(and

later

miners

and

fur

trappers)

had

long

recognized

the

area’s

riches,

most

Americans

did

not.

That’s

why

Hayden’s

expedition

aimed

to

produce

a

fuller

understanding

of

the

Yellowstone

River

region,

from

its

hot

springs

and

waterfalls

to

its

variety

of

flora

and

fauna.

In

addition

to

the

entourage

of

scientists,

the

team

also

included

artists:

Painter

Thomas

Moran

and

photographer

William

Henry

Jackson

were

charged

with

capturing

this

astounding

natural

beauty

and

sharing

it

with

the

world.

E

The

journey

officially

began

in

Ogden,

Utah,

on

June

8,1871.

Over

nearly

four

months,

dozen

of

man

made

their

way

on

horseback

into

Montana

and

traversed

along

the

Yellowstone

River

and

around

Yellowstone

lake.

That

fall,

they

concluded

the

survey

in

fort

Bridger,

WyomingF

Though

Native

Americans

(and

later

miners

and

fur

trappers)

had

long

recognized

the

area's

riches,

most

Americans

did

not.

That's

why

Hayden's

expedition

aimed

to

produce

a

fuller

understanding

of

the

yellowstone

river

region,

from

it's

hot

springs

and

waterfalls

to

its

variety

of

flora

and

fauna.

In

addition

to

the

entourge

of

scientists,

the

team

also

included

artists

:

Painter

Thomas

Moran

and

photographer

Jackson

were

charged

with

capturing

this

astounding

natural

beauty

and

sharing

it

with

the

world.G

The

bill

proved

largely

popular

and

sailed

through

Congress

with

large

majorities

in

favor.

In

quick

succession,

the

Senate

and

House

passed

legislation

protecting

yellowstone

in

early

1872

.

That

March,

President

Ulysses

S.Grant

signed

an

act

into

law

that

established

Yellowstone

as

the

world's

first

national

park.

while

some

locals

opposed

to

the

designation,

the

decision

was

largely

accepted-and

Jackson's

photos

played

a

key

role

in

the

fight

to

protect

the

area.

I

don't

believe

that

the

legal

protection

would

have

happened

in

the

timeframe

that

it

did

without

those

images

,

says

Heather

Hansen,

journalist

and

author

of

Prophets

and

Moguls,

Rangers

and

Rogues,

Bisonord

Bears

:

100

years

of

the

national

Park

Service.H

Perhaps

most

importantly,

the

images

provided

documentary

evidence

that

later

made

its

way

to

government

officials.

Weeks

after

completing

the

expedition,

Hayden

collected

his

team’s

observation

into

an

extensive

rep

aimed

at

convincing

Senators

and

Representatives,

along

with

colleagues

at

government

agency

like

the

department

of

Interior

that

Yellowstone

ought

to

be

preserved.

排序

TranslationTherehasbeensomeexplorationaroundtheuseofAIindigitalmarketing.Forexample,AIcanbeusedtoanalysewhattypeofadvertisingcontentorcopywouldbeappropriateto'speak'toaspecifictargetcustomergroupbyrevealinginformationabouttrendsandpreferencesthroughtheanalysisofbigdata.(46)

AIcanalsobeusedtoidentifythelifestylechoicesofcustomersregardingtheirhobbies,favouritecelebritiesandfashionstoprovideuniquecontentinmarketingmessagesputoutthroughsocialmedia.

AtthesametimeAIcanalsobeusedtogeneratecontentforsocialmediapostsandchatsites.AIcanalsoprovideabridgebetweentheneed