-1-第3講構(gòu)詞法[全國(guó)卷考情分析]題型典題試做命題解讀語法填空1．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninterestingcompetition(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.2．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisestostrengthen(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.Runningischeap,easyandit'salwaysenergetic(energy)．3．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatisactually(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.1．給出形容詞提示詞，填寫副詞或名詞；2．給出動(dòng)詞提示詞，填寫名詞或形容詞；3．給出名詞提示詞，填寫形容詞或動(dòng)詞。短文改錯(cuò)1．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.happily→happy2．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Immediate,Iraisedmyhand.Immediate→Immediately3．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.suddenly→sudden1．形容詞和副詞的相互錯(cuò)用；2．形容詞和名詞的相互錯(cuò)用；3．-ed與-ing形容詞的相互錯(cuò)用。合成法和轉(zhuǎn)化法eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·湖北七市聯(lián)考)FloweringinMay,peonies'largepetalsandstrongcolorsarelinkedtoprosperityand(rich)intraditionalChineseculture.richness[考查名詞?？涨癮nd一詞確定其前后單詞詞性相同，and前prosperity(旺盛)是名詞，所以空處應(yīng)當(dāng)也是名詞，形容詞rich的名詞是richness。]2．(2024·武漢武昌區(qū)調(diào)研)Infact,itmusthaveahardstruggletogetits(free)fromthecocoon.freedom[考查名詞?？仗幥懊媸切稳菰~性物主代詞its，形容詞性物主代詞后面要接名詞，所以填名詞freedom。]3．(2024·合肥第一次教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))SeniorexpertsfromUNESCOwereamazedatitsuniquenaturalscenery,nearperfectbiologicalsystem,andcreative(combine)ofnatureandbination[考查名詞。由前面的形容詞creative和后面的of可知，此處應(yīng)用combine的名詞形式。]4．(2024·江西五校第一次聯(lián)考)TheUnitedNationsagencyreportedthisweekthe12superbugsareathreattohuman(healthy)．health[考查名詞。介詞后跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語。humanhealth意為“人類健康”，作介詞to的賓語。]5．(2024·河南豫北名校質(zhì)量評(píng)估)Lanzhoubeefnoodlehasahistoryof102yearsandisknownforits(taste)beef,soupandnoodles.tasty[考查形容詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在句中作定語，修飾名詞beef，故應(yīng)填形容詞tasty“美味的，可口的”。]Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)6．(2024·昆明檢測(cè))Wesharedamomentofcosplayandhappy.Ievendancedwiththecrowd.happy→happiness[考查名詞。由“happy”前的“and”可知，此處與cosplay(動(dòng)漫角色扮演，名詞)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，詞性應(yīng)相同，所以把happy改為happiness。]7．(2024·湖北八校第一次聯(lián)考)First,wecanvisitourrelativesandfriendsorspendahappilytimewithourfamily.happily→happy[考查形容詞。依據(jù)該句中的名詞time可知，修飾該名詞，應(yīng)用形容詞。句意：首先，我們能探望我們的親朋好友，或者和家人一起度過歡樂的時(shí)間。]8．(2024·山東濰坊一模)Afterall,doingexerciseisagoodwaytokeephealth.health→healthy[句意：終歸，熬煉是保持健康的好方法。錯(cuò)誤處應(yīng)當(dāng)用形容詞而非名詞作keep的表語，故將health改為healthy。]eq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])(一)合成法合成詞是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的構(gòu)詞方式(有的合成詞中間需加連字符)。合成詞的詞義可以依據(jù)各個(gè)組成部分的意思加以推斷。構(gòu)成合成詞的幾個(gè)詞可以是詞性相同的詞也可以是詞性不同的詞。中學(xué)階段常見的合成形式有：合成名詞notebook筆記本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork協(xié)作；spaceship宇宙飛船；woodcut木刻合成形容詞lifelong畢生的；second-hand二手的；man-made人工的；widespread廣泛的合成動(dòng)詞underline畫底線標(biāo)出；whitewash粉飾；broadcast廣播；download下載(二)轉(zhuǎn)化法不增加任何成分，不變更詞形，把一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另外一種詞性的構(gòu)詞法叫轉(zhuǎn)化法。中學(xué)階段常見的轉(zhuǎn)化形式有：名詞→動(dòng)詞button紐扣→button扣上紐扣形容詞→動(dòng)詞correct正確的→correct改正動(dòng)詞→名詞feed喂養(yǎng)→feed一餐，一頓形容詞→名詞native本地的→native本地人副詞→動(dòng)詞up在上面→up提高(三)派生法考點(diǎn)一形容詞加ly變?yōu)楦痹~的規(guī)律eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Theboyranquickly(quick)toschool.2．“What'sthat？”Fathershoutedangrily(angry)．3．Thelittlegirlisextremely(extreme)eagertoknowtheresultoftheexam.4．Yourcompositionisbadly(bad)organized.Pleasedoyourwritingexercisemoreattentively(attend)nexttime.eq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])1．一般狀況加ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly2．“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的，將y改為ily。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily3．以ble結(jié)尾的，將ble改為bly。如：probable→probably；possible→possibly4．個(gè)別單詞，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly5．以ic結(jié)尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically[留意]有的名詞＋ly→形容詞，如：friend→friendly；day→daily考點(diǎn)二動(dòng)詞/名詞變形容詞的常見后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Heisratherselfish(self)sothatnobodypreferstohaveatalkwithhim.2．Thegoodworkingconditioninthefactoryisattractive(attract)．3．Heisreliable(rely)soyoucandependonhim.4．Theyarenervous(nerve)abouttheirfirsttripabroad.5．Theflowerisharmful(harm)toourhealth.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)6．Mostpeoplenowadaysaresobusywiththeirlivesthattheydonothavetimetoenjoyahealthyandbalancediet.balance→balanced7．Idon'tthinkitareasonpracticeforthemtobehavethatwayinoursociety.reason→reasonableeq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時(shí)髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的-almusic→musical音樂的origin→original最初的person→personal個(gè)人的；私人的center→central中心的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的-fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的-ibleaccess→accessible簡(jiǎn)單取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的-iveact→active主動(dòng)的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻印象的-ouscontinue→continuous不斷的；持續(xù)的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious特別當(dāng)心的；謹(jǐn)慎的curiosity→curious新奇的humor→humorous幽默的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome麻煩的-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富有的；豐富的-erneast→eastern東部的；向東的-ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-icscience→scientific科學(xué)的economy→economic經(jīng)濟(jì)的history→historic歷史上聞名的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的考點(diǎn)三動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Annanwillberememberedforhisabilityandhiswarmth(warm)．2．Withouthesitation(hesitate)，Idecidedtofollowthemandwedidhavelotsoffunthatday.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)3．Itisaveryeffectivewaytolearnthelanguageandimproveyournounce→pronunciationeq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])后綴例詞-alapprove→approval贊成；批準(zhǔn)arrive→arrival到來；到達(dá)survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提議；建議-ance-enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)perform→performance表演；節(jié)目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛refer→reference參考；查閱-ion-tion-ationattract→attraction吸引compete→competition競(jìng)賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)invite→invitation邀請(qǐng)；請(qǐng)柬graduate→graduation畢業(yè)expect→expectation期盼；期望explain→explanation說明-(s)siondiscuss→discussion探討；辯論decide→decision確定admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)-inghear→hearing聽力；聽覺begin→beginning起先-mentachieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對(duì)待；治療-ure-turefail→failure失?。还收蟙epart→departure離開；動(dòng)身press→pressure壓力mix→mixture混合；混合物-yrecover→recovery復(fù)原；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)覺其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)考點(diǎn)四形容詞變名詞的后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．I'mdoingTom'sjobinhisabsence(absent)．2．Hehastheability(able)todothejob.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)3．Wefearthatwedonothavethestrongandcouragetofacethetruthofoursituation.strong→strengtheq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy精確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→freedom自由；自由wise→wisdom明智；才智-cedifferent→difference差異silent→silence緘默-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness慈愛；好意careless→carelessness馬虎大意-thgrow→growth成長(zhǎng)；發(fā)展strong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)warm→warmth暖和；熱忱-y-ty-itydifficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety平安disable→disability無能；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任考點(diǎn)五表示人的后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Thefamousactress(act)isdancingwithherfans.2．Weshouldrespecteveryone，evenabeggar(beg)．3．Mybossisnothere.Doyouliketospeaktooneofhisassistants(assist)?eq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])后綴例詞-erteach→teacher老師village→villager村民strange→stranger生疏人(注：cook→cooker爐灶，爐具)-arlie→liar說謊者-eeemploy→employee受雇者；雇員interview→interviewee被面試者train→trainee受訓(xùn)練的人；學(xué)員-orinvent→inventor獨(dú)創(chuàng)家act→actor男演員educate→educator教化家；老師-essact→actress女演員god→goddess女神host→hostess女主子；女主持人-eseChina→Chinese中國(guó)人Japan→Japanese日本人-nAmerica→American美國(guó)人Australia→Australian澳洲人-ianmusic→musician音樂家history→historian歷史學(xué)家politics→politician政治家；政客-istnovel→novelist小說家special→specialist專家tour→tourist旅行者；觀光者-antserve→servant仆人participate→participant參與者assist→assistant助手；圖書管理員考點(diǎn)六表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Astheycouldn'tplayoutdoors，theywereunhappy(happy)，andsomeevengotintofightsfromtimetotime.2．Peopleonwelfarearewronglyseenaslazyordishonest(honest)．3．Informal(formal)clothesaresuitableforwearingathomeorinordinarysituations.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)4．IknowasanexcellentguideIshouldmakeyourjourneyinterestingandmeaningless.meaningless→meaningfuleq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])前/后綴例詞前綴dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺點(diǎn)il-legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合邏輯的im-polite→impolite無禮的patient→impatient不耐煩的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不便利的ir-regular→irregular不規(guī)則的responsible→irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的mis-lead→mislead誤導(dǎo)understand→misunderstand誤會(huì)non-non-smoker不吸煙者non-stop直達(dá)的un-usual→unusual不尋常的willing→unwilling不情愿的后綴-lesshope→hopeless無望的end→endless沒完沒了的考點(diǎn)七變動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Travellingabroadcanbroaden(broad)ourhorizons.2．Thecleverboyhastheabilitytosimplify(simple)thatdullstory.3．Heeventuallyrealized(real)hisambitiontobecomeascientist.eq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])前/后綴例詞前綴en-able→enable使能夠large→enlarge擴(kuò)大rich→enrich使充溢后綴-enbroad→broaden(使)變寬ripe→ripen(使)成熟sharp→sharpen使尖銳wide→widen加寬-ifyclass→classify把……分類just→justify證明……正確simple→simplify簡(jiǎn)化-izeapology→apologize致歉emphasis→emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)考點(diǎn)八-ed形容詞和-ing形容詞eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Thefrighteningshoutfrightenedtheboys.＝Theshoutwasfrighteningandtheboysfeltfrightened．(frighten)2．Hissurprised(surprise)looksuggestedthatheknewnothingaboutit.3．Thestorysoundsinterestingandweareinterestedinthestory.(interest)eq\a\vs4\al([要點(diǎn)解讀])一些動(dòng)詞，如excite，disappoint，encourage，puzzle，surprise，confuse，interest，satisfy，please，shock，astonish，disturb，bore等，其現(xiàn)在分詞(ing)和過去分詞(ed)都能轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。Thestorywasverymovingandweweredeeplymoved.這個(gè)故事特別感人，我們都被深深地感動(dòng)了。[易錯(cuò)提示]此類形容詞作定語修飾表情和聲音時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和動(dòng)詞的-ed的區(qū)分：動(dòng)詞的-ing形式用來說明主語的特性，表示該表情或聲音令人怎么樣，因此譯作“令人……的”；動(dòng)詞的-ed形式用來說明發(fā)出該表情或聲音的人所處的一種狀態(tài)。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·武漢武昌區(qū)調(diào)研)Drivenbythe(curious)inmyheart,IdecidedtogotothecinematoseethecartoonfilmNeZha.curiosity[考查名詞。curious為形容詞，由前面的冠詞the可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞；drivenbythecuriosity意為“受新奇心驅(qū)使”。]2．(2024·重慶西北狼教化聯(lián)盟第一次聯(lián)考)NothingIdidseemedtomakeany(different).“Itcan'tbethefuel，”Ithought.difference[考查名詞。makeanydifference為固定搭配，意為“有任何影響”。]3．(2024·昆明質(zhì)量檢測(cè))EricaKenney，a(science)atHarvardT．H.ChanSchoolofPublicHealth，originallyplannedtolookintotheamountofsugarydrinksthatkidswereconsuminginschools.scientist[考查名詞。依據(jù)該句中的不定冠詞a可知，該處用名詞，表示“一位科學(xué)家”。]4．(2024·贛州聯(lián)考)Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld：aworldofsmiles，loveand(warm)．warmth[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。依據(jù)空前的內(nèi)容可知，空處與smiles和love構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，故此處用名詞形式，故填warmth。]5．(2024·成都其次次診斷)Whenyoudogoforhotpot,youwilloftenbeaskedtomakea(choose)ofbrothinwhichyoucookyourrawingredients(食材)．choice[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。依據(jù)空前的a和空后的of可知空處應(yīng)填名詞的單數(shù)形式。]6．(2024·福建六校聯(lián)考)Staying(health)whiletravelingcanhelptoensureyourtripisahappyandenjoyableone.healthy[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：在旅行的過程中保持健康有助于確保你的旅途快樂、開心。stay為系動(dòng)詞，意為“保持”，其后常接形容詞作表語。故填healthy。]7．(2024·河南信陽中學(xué)其次次大考)Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecamevery(anger)aboutit.angry[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：起初，很多人不喜愛這種繪畫風(fēng)格，并對(duì)此感到很生氣。系動(dòng)詞became后面應(yīng)用形容詞作表語，故填angry。beangryaboutsth.意為“對(duì)某事感到生氣”，為固定短語。]8．(2024·鄭州其次次質(zhì)量檢測(cè))OnNewYear'sDay,wevisitedeveryneighborinthevillageandweregreeted(warm)ateachhouse.warmly[考查副詞。依據(jù)空前的weregreeted可知，空處修飾動(dòng)詞，故用副詞形式。]Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1．(2024·成都模擬)Asweknow,challengeasitwas,itwasverybenefittous.benefit→beneficial[考查形容詞。bebeneficialto對(duì)……有益。]2．(2024·?？谡{(diào)研測(cè)試)Iamsolucktohavesomefriendswhosharethesameinterestwithme.luck→lucky[系動(dòng)詞be后應(yīng)用形容詞，故將luck改為lucky。]3．(2024·淮北模擬)We'relivinginaworldwherewecanneverstresstheimportantofsharingtoomuch.important→importance[stresstheimportanceofsharing意為“強(qiáng)調(diào)共享的重要性”。]4．(2024·成都模擬)Iamconfidencetotakecareofmyself,washtheclothes,andcleantherooms,whichIneverdidwhenathome.confidence→confident[系動(dòng)詞be后用形容詞作表語。]5．(2024·西安模擬)ItwasthefirsttimeIhadlivedawayfrommyhome,soIfounditdifficultytofitin.difficulty→difficult[此題考查findit＋adj.＋todo結(jié)構(gòu)。]Ⅰ.語法填空(2024·安徽省示范中學(xué)試題)Properexerciseisbeneficialtoourhealth.Astheexpertssay，swimmingisanexcellentwaytoworkyourentirebody.Anhourofswimming1．(burn)almostasmanycaloriesasrunning.Thereareahostofbenefitsyoumaygainfromswimming2.(regular)．Oneof3.biggestbenefitsofswimmingisthatittrulyworkswellfromheadtotoe.Itcannotonlyincreaseyourheartratewithout4.(stress)yourbody，butalsobuildupyourmusclesand5.(strong)．Besides，swimmingmakesyourheartandlungstrong.Itissogoodforyouthatresearcherssayitmayevenreduceyourriskofdeath.6．(compare)withinactivepeople，7．(swim)haveabouthalftheriskofdeath.Someotherstudieshaveshownthatswimmingmayhelplowerbloodpressureandcontrolbloodsugar.Thenumberofpersons8.experiencesomelevelofinsomnia(失眠癥)isincreasing，sothisisexcellentnews—theresearchersconcludethatswimmingisapotentiallypowerfulwaytorelievestressquicklyandpromotedeepersleep.Swimmingissafeformostpeople.Aswithanyworkouttherearecertainrisksassociatedwithswimming.Ifyou9.(injure)orhavecertainmedicalconditions，besuretocheckwithyourdoctorbeforeswimming.10.general，it'sagoodideatocheckwithyourdoctorwheneveryoustartanewexerciseprogram.1．burns[考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一樣。句意：游泳一小時(shí)幾乎和跑步一小時(shí)燃燒的卡路里一樣多。依據(jù)句意可知，該句陳述的是一般事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；且該句主語為“Anhourofswimming”，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，故謂語動(dòng)詞用burns。]2．regularly[考查副詞。句意：常常游泳你將獲益良多。空處修飾動(dòng)名詞“swimming”，故用其副詞形式。]3．the[考查冠詞。依據(jù)空后的“biggest”可知，空處應(yīng)用定冠詞the。]4．stressing[考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。依據(jù)空前的介詞“without”可知，空處應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞形式。該處是說，游泳可以讓身體在不驚慌的狀況下提高心率。]5．strength[考查名詞。該處是說，游泳還可以增加肌肉和力氣。依據(jù)空前的“yourmuscles”可知，空處用名詞形式。]6．Compared[考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。該句的主語和動(dòng)詞compare之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示“與不活躍的人相比”，故用其過去分詞形式。]7．swimmers[考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。句意：與不活躍的人相比，游泳者只有大約一半的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為該句的主語，表示“游泳者”，故用其名詞形式；且swimmer為可數(shù)名詞，而該處表示群體，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。]8．who/that[考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句為定語從句，空處應(yīng)為引導(dǎo)詞，在從句中作主語，先行詞為persons，故用who/that引導(dǎo)該定語從句。]9．a(chǎn)reinjured[考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。句意：假如你受傷或患某種疾病，在游泳前肯定要詢問醫(yī)生。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句主語和動(dòng)詞injure之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。]10．In[考查固定搭配。ingeneral為固定搭配，意為“總的來說，通?！?。句意：通常，無論何時(shí)在起先新的熬煉項(xiàng)目之前，向醫(yī)生核實(shí)一下是一個(gè)好方法。]Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)BorninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandaninventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboywhomwasnotwortheducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofimaginations.IadmireEdisonalotbecause