1LinguisticsChapter2Speechsounds—PhoneticsandPhonology語言學教程（第三版）

2Chapter2SpeechsoundsTeachingobjectives:

letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutphoneticsandphonologyTeachingFocus:

descriptionofconsonantsandvowels;basicknowledgeaboutphonologyTeachingdifficulties:

phoneme;allophone;minimalpair;complementarydistributionTimeAllocation:

Phonetics30minutesPhonology30minutesTeachingMethods&Strategies:

teacherpresentationandclassdiscussion李金妹制作2025/3/203TeachingProcedures

1.Phonetics

1.1Speechproductionandperception1.2Speechorgans(articulators)1.3phonetictranscription1.4Englishspeechsounds

2.Phonology

2.1phonologyandphonetics2.2phonemes,phonesandallophones

2.3Minimalpairsandcomplementarydistribution2.4Distinctivefeatures2.5Suprasegmentalfeatures3.Task李金妹制作2025/3/20■Ashumanbeingswearecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem.■Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfromvariousperspectivesandthetwomajorareasofstudyarephoneticsandphonology.■Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.

2.0BriefIntroduction4李金妹制作2025/3/20■Naturally,thestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas,eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess:■ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

■AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.

■PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.■Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.

■Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

■Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.

■Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.5李金妹制作2025/3/20

1.Whatisacousticphonetics?[人大2003研]

【答案】Acousticphoneticsisatechnicalareaoflinguistics.Itisthestudyofsoundwavesmadebythehumanvocalorgansforcommunication.

2.Auditoryphoneticsstudieshowsoundsareperceivedbythespeaker.[清華2001研]

【答案】F英語專業(yè)考研真題精選6李金妹制作2025/3/207IntroductionTherearetwobranchesinlinguistics,whichdealwithspeechsounds.

Theyarephonetics(thestudyofsounds)andphonology(thestudyofsoundpatterns).李金妹制作2025/3/208Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.

1.Phonetics

語音學Speechproduction(A)Speechperception(B)SpeechTransmission(soundwaves)Figure2.1Theprocessofspeechproductionandperception1.1Speechproductionandperception李金妹制作2025/3/209ThreebranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.發(fā)音語音學聽覺語音學聲學語音學李金妹制作2025/3/20101.2Speechorgans(vocalorgans)—referstothepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Thethreecavitiesofthevocaltract（聲道）:

thepharynx(pharyngealcavity),themouth(oralcavity),andthenose(nasalcavity).Theair-streamcomingfromthelungsismodifiedinvariouswaysinthesecavities,resultingintheproductionofvarioussounds.李金妹制作2025/3/2011ThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)齒齦Hardpalate硬腭Softpalate(velum)軟腭Uvula小舌TipoftongueBladeoftongue舌面BackoftongueVocalcords聲帶Pharyngealcavity咽腔Nasalcavity鼻腔李金妹制作2025/3/2012Theprincipalcavities（腔）orresonators（共鳴器）:pharyngealcavity（咽腔）

oralcavity（口腔）

nasalcavity（鼻腔）

labialcavity（唇腔）Thevocaltract:thelongtubularstructureformedbythepharyngealcavity,oralcavityandnasalcavityThevocaltract李金妹制作2025/3/2013Thepharyngealcavity

咽腔Larynx(喉):atthetopofthetrachea

(氣管),thefrontofwhichistheAdam’sapple.Thisisthefirstplacewheresoundmodificationmightoccur.vocalfolds(vocalcords):Vocalcordsaretwomembranes,thepositionsofwhichgivesdifferentsounds.●Whenthevocalcordsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.e.g.[p,s,t]●Whentheyareclosetogether,theairstreamscausethemtovibrateandproducesvoicedsounds.e.g.[b,z,d]●Whentheyaretotallyclosed,noaircanpassbetweenthem,thenproducetheglottalstop[?]李金妹制作2025/3/2014Theoralcavity

口腔Theoralcavityprovidesthegreatestsourceofmodification.Tongue:themostflexibleUvula,theteethandthelipsHardpalate,softpalate(velum)Alveolarridge:therough,bonyridgeimmediatelybehindtheupperteeth

Variousobstructionscreatedwithintheoralcavityleadtotheproductionofvarioussounds[p][b];[s][z];[k][g]李金妹制作2025/3/2015Thenasalcavity鼻腔Thenasalcavityisconnectedtotheoralcavityatthebackofthemouth.Thesoftpartoftherootofthemouth,thevelum(softpalate)canbedrawbacktoclosethepassage(鼻腔)sothattheaircanonlygothroughthemouthandproducevowelsandmostconsonants.Thepassagecanalsobeleftopentoallowairtoexitthroughthenoseandproducenasalconsonants[m][n][g]李金妹制作2025/3/20161.3phonetictranscription語音標示/音標

—

amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabetItisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.IPA:OttoJesperson(1860-1943)李金妹制作2025/3/20171.3IPA(InternationalphoneticAlphabet)

ThedevelopmentoftheIPA:TheDanishgrammarianOttoJesperson(1860-1943)(葉斯柏生)firstproposedtheideain1886.ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.Thelatestversionwasdevisedin1993andcorrectedin1996and2005.Thebasicprinciple:usingaseparateletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagesforeachdistinctivesoundandthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.李金妹制作2025/3/20181.4Englishspeechsounds1.4.1Classification

EnglishspeechsoundsConsonants

Vowels

Semi-vowels(semi-consonants)

soundsproducedbyconstrictingandobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplace.

soundsproducedwithnoobstruction.

thesoundsproducedwithlittleobstruction.Eg.[w],[y](alsocalledglidesortransitionsounds)李金妹制作2025/3/20191.4.2DescriptionThreeparameterstoidentifyaconsonant:①placeofarticulation:placeinthemouthwhereobstructionoccurs②mannersofarticulation:waysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished③stateofvocalcords:voicedVS.voicelessConsonants李金妹制作2025/3/2020Mannerofarticulationofconsonants李金妹制作2025/3/2021Placeofarticulationofconsonants李金妹制作2025/3/2022

Voicing

帶聲性/聲帶振動性

voicelessvoicedvoicelessvoiced

李金妹制作2025/3/2023AchartofEnglishconsonants李金妹制作2025/3/2024MaryMac'smother'smakingMaryMacmarryme.

Mymother'smakingmemarryMaryMac.

WillIalwaysbesomerrywhenMary'stakingcareofme?

WillIalwaysbesomerrywhenImarryMaryMac?Nasal鼻音[m]李金妹制作2025/3/2025Ifashipshapeshipshopstockssixshipshapeshop-soiledships,howmanyshipshapeshop-soiledshipswouldsixshipshapeshipshopsstock?

Fricative擦音

[f],[s],[F]李金妹制作2025/3/2026李金妹制作2025/3/2027—Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels單元音Diphthongsorglidingvowels雙元音—thequalityofvowelsdependonpositionoftongueandtheshapeoflips.Vowels1.4.2Description李金妹制作2025/3/2028Fourcriteria(parameters)ofvoweldescription:1.theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);3.thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short),and4.lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded).Vowels李金妹制作2025/3/2029李金妹制作2025/3/2030李金妹制作2025/3/2031Diphthongs/glidingvowels

李金妹制作2025/3/2032Classificationofpurevowels李金妹制作2025/3/2033Throughthreecheesetreesthreefreefleasflew.

Whilethesefleasflew,freezybreezeblew.

Freezybreezemadethesethreetreesfreeze.

Freezytreesmadethesetrees'cheesefreeze.

That'swhatmadethesethreefreefleassneeze.highfronttenseunroundedvowel[i:]

李金妹制作2025/3/20342.Phonology音系學Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.ItisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguagePhonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.李金妹制作2025/3/20352.1phoneticsandphonologySomeremainingphoneticstudies:1)Co-articulation協(xié)同發(fā)音Simultaneous/overlappingarticulationbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheneighborsound(s)eg.:“map”where[?]isinfluencedby[m],makingitabitnasalized.“l(fā)amb”where[?]becomesmorelikethefollowingsound[m].李金妹制作2025/3/2036Anticipatory/perseverativecoarticulationIfthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownas

anticipatorycoarticulation先期協(xié)同發(fā)音.Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itis

perseverativecoarticulation后滯協(xié)同發(fā)音,asisthecaseofmap.李金妹制作2025/3/2037Diacritic

變音符Thefactthatthevowel[a]inlambhassomequalityofthefollowingnasalisaphenomenonwecallnasalization.Toindicatethatavowelhasbeennasalized,weaddadiacritictothetopofthesymbol[?],as[?~

].eg:fa?ade上所加的變音符號

résumé上表示發(fā)高音的記號李金妹制作2025/3/20382)

broad/narrowtranscription

寬式和嚴式標音Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.Botharephonetictranscriptionssoweputbothformsinsquarebrackets[].李金妹制作2025/3/2039Broad/narrowtranscription李金妹制作2025/3/2040Phone（音素):thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.(inthemouth)Phoneme（音位）：Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.(inthemind)2.2phonemes,phonesandallophonesi)phoneticunitii)notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaningiii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith[]i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaningiii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith//.李金妹制作2025/3/2041allophone(音位變體):phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.

Physicallydifferentbutpsychologicallythesametospeakers.So/p/isaphoneme/p/=[p],[ph],[p?]

or/p/={p,ph,

p?}Notation://=phoneme[]=phone{}=setofallophones2.2phonemes,phonesandallophonese.g.:

pot,spot,cup:[ph]vs.[p]vs.[p?](unreleased)李金妹制作2025/3/20421)Phoneticenvironment/context:thesound(s)precedingandthat/thosefollowingit.e.g:Thephoneticenvironmentof[i]in[pit]is[p_t]andthatof[p]is[#_it](#representssilenceorwordboundary).Question:Whatisthephoneticenvironmentof[t]in[pit]?

2.3Minimalpairs&

complementarydistributionKey:[pi_]李金妹制作2025/3/20432)Minimalpairs最小對立體Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.e.g.aminimalpair:pat-fat;lit-lip;phone-toneminimalset:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc李金妹制作2025/3/20443)complementarydistribution

互補分布

Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephoneme,theymightformacontrast;e.g./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit];Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydon’tdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontext.Purposeforthenotionofminimalpair:tofindoutthedistinctivesounds.Contrastivedistribution:[bit]vs.[but];[pit]vs.[bit]

Complementarydistribution:peak-speak:[phi:k]vs.[spi:k]李金妹制作2025/3/2045李金妹制作2025/3/20462.4Distinctivefeatures

區(qū)別特征

—thefeaturethatcandistinguishonephonemefromanotherwhenotherfeaturesarealike.

eg:/p/,itsdistinctivefeaturesare[-voiced],[+bilabial],[-nasal].However,[aspirated]isnotadistinctivefeaturefor/p/.Distinctivefeaturesarelanguage-specific.e.g.“ba”(爸)“pa”(怕)InChinese,thesetwosoundsaredistinguishedbyaspiration,whileinEnglishtheyaredistinguishedby“voicing”李金妹制作2025/3/20472.5Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征—featuresthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegment,suchasstress（重音），length（音程）,rhythm（節(jié)奏），tone（音調），intonation（語調）及juncture（音渡）．

StressTherearetwokindsofstressthatareimportanttoachievinggoodpronunciation.eg:1.李金妹制作2025/3/2048.1)word-levelstress2)phrase-levelorsentence-levelstress1.advert/advertisement5.photograph/photographer2.popular/popularity6.organise/orgnisation3.celebrate/celebrity7.publish/publicity4.music/musician8.evacuate/evacuation1.IwantTWOticketstoLondon.2.IwanttwoTICKETStoLondon.3.IwanttwoticketstoLONDON.Stress李金妹制作2025/3/2049intonationWhenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.TypesofintonationpatternsEnglishcanbespokencorrectlyandnaturallywiththefollowingthreeintonationpatterns:falling,risingandfalling-rising.2.李金妹制作2025/3/2050Forexample:1)IMEThiminthe↘LAB.I’llFINISHitTO↘DAY.2)Didyou↗SEEhim?CanIREADitTO↗WORROW?3)↘↗Manyofthem.Hewas↘very↗friendly.FallingintonationRisingintonationFalling/risingintonation李金妹制作2025/3/2051toneTonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaning.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatwecalltonelanguages.

（聲調語言）

eg:Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.Englishisnotatonelanguage.Chinesehasfourtones:level,rise,fall-rise,andfall.Changeofto