Unit1

Honestyandresponsibility

GrammarandUsageStep1Lead-inStep2Exploringtherules1.Herunsfast. 2.Sheis

quitepretty. 3.IcanspeakEnglishverywell.4.Luckily,Ifounditintheend.5.IwillcallyouassoonasIarrive.6.Aslongasyouareherewithme,Idon’tcarewhoyouare.

Adverbial：修飾_____、_______或______，或是______________Adverbialclauses:當充當________的部分是一個句子時，該句子就是狀語從句。動詞形容詞副詞整個句子狀語狀語從句概述定義

狀語從句用作狀語，是起副詞作用的句子。位置

引導詞分類作用可位于句首，句末或句中放在句首時需要用逗號和主句隔開。由從屬連詞引導,也可由連詞詞組引導。根據(jù)其作用可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、方式和比較等九大類狀語從句。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。時間狀語從句從句類型常見連詞補充時間狀語從句when,while,as,whenever,after,before,till

/until,assoonas,since,once,bythetime,nosooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when,...everytime,themoment,theminute,immediately也可引導時間狀語從句(1)when,while,as

引導時間狀語從句when從句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性動詞，主從句動作可以同時發(fā)生，也可以先后發(fā)生。while從句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞，強調(diào)主從句動作同時發(fā)生。as從句謂語動詞一般為延續(xù)性動詞。主從句動作同時發(fā)生或交替進行，意為“一邊……，一邊……；隨著”。Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.WhileIwaswatchingTV,thebellrang.Asshegrewolder,shegainedinconfidence.(2)before,since和bythetime引導的時間狀語從句連詞常用句式beforeBefore+一般過去時，主句用過去完成時sinceSince+一般過去時，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時bythetimeBythetime+一般過去時，主句用過去完成時Passengers

hadarrivedattheairportbeforetheairplanetookoff.飛機起飛之前，乘客已經(jīng)到達機場。Wehaven’tseeneachothersincewebrokeup.我們自從分手以后一直沒見過面。Bythetimeshecame,Ihadcleanedtheroom.她回來時，我已打掃完房間。until/till用于肯定句時，主謂動為延續(xù)性動詞，“直到…為止”not...until/till...所在的主謂動為非延續(xù)性動詞，

“直到…才…”till不可以置于句首，而

until可以置于句首。notuntil放在句首，主句要部分倒裝itis/wasnotuntil...that...強調(diào)句型(不倒裝)(3)until/till引導時間狀語從句Hismotherwon’t

gotobeduntil

hereturnshomeeveryevening.Until

hereturnshomeeveryevening

hismotherwillgotobed.Notuntil

hereturnshomeeveryeveningwillhismothergotobed.Itisnotuntilhereturnshomeeveryeveningthathismotherwillgotobed.hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than...引導時間狀語從句時,

主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。

hardly/scarcely放在句首，要部分倒裝。

②themoment,theminute,immediately,assoonas...(4)表示“一…就…”的連詞引導的時間狀語從句e.g.他一看見我就跑開了。Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranway.Nosoonerhadheseenmethanheranway.e.g.

那個小男孩一見到他媽媽便哭了起來。Themomenthesawhismother,thelittleboyburstintotears.Themomenthesawhismother,thelittleboyburstintotears.Immediatelyhesawhismother,thelittleboyburstintotears.Assoonashesawhismother,thelittleboyburstintotears.地點狀語從句I'munsatisfiedwithwhereIlive.

我對自己住的地方特不滿意。Youcansitwhereveryoulike.你喜歡坐哪都可以。由where引導的地點狀語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：where引導定語從句時，從句前應有先行詞，而狀語從句前沒有先行詞。①Bamboogrowsbestinplaces

whereitiswarmanditrainsoften.②Bamboogrowsbestwhereitiswarmanditrainsoften.原因狀語從句從句類型常見連詞原因狀語從句because,as,since,now(that)(由于),for,...Shegotthejob,becauseshewasthebestcandidate.她得到了那份工作，因為她是最佳人選。Since/Aswehavenomoney,wecan’tbuyit.因為我們沒錢，所以我們不能買它。Heseldomgoesoutnow,forheisveryold.

他現(xiàn)在很少出門，因為他年紀很大了。目的狀語從句Hegotupearlysothat/inorderthathecouldcatchtheearlytrain.他起得很早，以便趕上早班火車。MymotherturnedofftheTV

sothatIcouldbetterconcentrateonmystudies.我媽媽關掉了電視，以便我更好地集中精力學習。從句類型常見連詞目的狀語從句sothat,inorderthat...結果狀語從句從句類型常見連詞結果狀語從句so,sothat,so...that,such...that...Heissohandsomethatwealllikehim.Heissuchahandsomepersonthatwealllikehim.他很帥，我們都很喜歡他。

區(qū)分：目的狀語從句中常有can,could,may,might,will,would,should等情態(tài)動詞。結果狀語從句表示客觀事實,謂語動詞用陳述語氣,從句中通常無情態(tài)動詞。條件狀語從句從句類型常見連詞條件狀語從句if,unless,so/aslongas,supposing(that),providing/provided(that),...Ifyoufailintheexam,youwilllethimdown.Unlessyouchangeyourmind,Iwon'thelpyou.

Youcanusemybikeaslongasyoureturnitontime.Supposingthatyouarewrong,whatwillyoudothen?Youcangooutproviding/providedthatyouhavetofinishyourhomework.讓步狀語從句從句類型常見連詞補充讓步狀語從句although,though,while,evenif

/though,

as，...由whether...or…,“特殊疑問詞+ever”，“nomatter+疑問詞”以及也可引導讓步狀語從句(1)although/though引導讓步狀語從句,不與but連用，但可與yet/still連用。Heisunhappy,though/althoughhehasalotofmoney.雖然他很有錢，但他并不快樂。Clever

though

youmaybe,youcannotdothat.盡管你很聰明，但你做不到那件事。(3)nomatter后接who，what，where，how等疑問詞引導讓步狀語從句，也可以在這類疑問詞后面加上ever構成whoever，whatever，wherever，however等。但在引導名詞性從句時只能用“疑問詞＋ever”類詞。Don’ttrusthim,nomatterwhat/whateverhesays.不管他說什么，都不要相信他。Iwilleatwhateveryougiveme.你給我什么我就吃什么。(2)while引導讓步狀語從句，意為“盡管”,常位于句首。While

wedon’tagreeonthematter,wecontinuetobefriends.雖然我們在這件事上意見不一，但我們?nèi)匀皇桥笥选?4)as引導讓步狀語從句，需將從句中的表語、狀語以及謂語中的實義動詞提前至從句句首，引起倒裝；作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前如有冠詞，冠詞需省去。Childas/thoughheis，heknowsalot.Successfulasheis,heisnotproud.MuchasIlikeit，Iwon’tbuy.Tryashewould/might，hecouldn’tlifttheheavybox.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。Helooksasifheisangry.他看起來好像生氣了。

方式狀語從句從句類型常見連詞方式狀語從句

as,asif/though...asif/asthough引導的的從句可用陳述語氣，表示(可能)符合事實的情況；也可以用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反的假設。Sheisnotso/asoutgoingashersister.她不如她姐姐外向。SheisastallasTom.她與湯姆一樣高。比較狀語從句從句類型常見連詞比較狀語從句as…as…，thesameas…，notas/so…as…比較級＋than，the＋比較級...，the＋比較級...在表示時間、條件、讓步等的狀語從句中，如果從句的主語和主句的主語相同或從句的主語是it，從句的謂語又含有be的某種形式時，可以省略從句中的主語和be動詞，從而構成“從屬連詞+形容詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/名詞/介詞短語/不定式”結構。If(itis)possible,pleaselookupthewordinthedictionary.如果可能的話，請在詞典里查閱那個單詞。Heisagoodman,thoughsometimes(heis)ratherdull.他是個好人，盡管有時很愚鈍。While(Iwas)passingbythesupermarket,Imetmyfriend.路過超市時，我遇見了我的朋友。Unless(Iam)invited,Iwon'ttakepartintheactivity.除非有人邀請，否則我不會參加那個活動。狀語從句的省略狀語從句和非謂語動詞之間的替換2.Becausehewaspoor,hecouldn’taffordatelevision.1.WhenIwalkedinthestreet,Isawatailor’sshop.=Walkinginthestreet,Isawatailor'sshop.=Beingpoor,hecouldn'taffordatelevision.=Leftaloneathome,thelittleboydidn’tfeelafraidatall.3.Althoughhewasleftaloneathome,thelittleboydidn’tfeelafraidatall.4.Ifweweregivenmoretime,wewouldbeabletodotheworkmuchbetter.=Givenmoretime,wewouldbeabletodotheworkmuchbetter.當主從句的主謂一致，且從句的謂語為主動語態(tài)，可用V-ing短語轉換。

當主從句的主謂一致，且從句的謂語為被動語態(tài)，可用V-ed短語轉換。

V-ed/V-ing形式在句中可充當時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語，相當于一個狀語從句。ExploringtherulesHuangDanian黃大年Readthearticleonpage6andanswerthefollowingquestions.1)WhatwasHuangDanian?

HewasageophysicistwhomadesubstantialcontributionstoChina.2)Whatcontributionsdidhemake?HemappedtheworldundertheEarth’ssurface,whichhelpeddiscovervaluablemineralresourcesandbrought

China’sknowledgeandtechnologyinthisareaalongsidetheworld’sfinest.ExploringtherulesBelowisanewsstoryaboutaChinesescientist.Findthesentenceswithadverbialclausesandfillinthetablebelow.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.ExploringtherulesExploringtherulesAdverbialclauseofcondition

AdverbialclauseoftimeAdverbialclauseofplaceAdverbialclauseofreasonAdverbialclauseofpurposeAdverbialclauseofresultAdverbialclauseofconcessionAlthoughhespentmanyyearsintheUK,...Heknewthatifhecameback,…Whenhehadtogoawayonbusiness,……untilhediedin2017attheageofjust58.Huangexcelledwherehewasworking…Sincehespentsomuchtimeonwork,……sothathedidnotmissanyworkinthedaytime.Infact,heworkedsohardthathedidnotpayenoughattentiontohisownhealth.肩負沉重的責任全身心投入做某事踐行社會主義核心價值觀攻讀博士學位辭職

被任命為首席科學家地球深部勘探項目beartheheavyburdenofresponsibilitydevoteoneselftodoingsth.practisecoresocialistvaluesworkonone’sPhDresignone’spostbemadechiefscientistdeep-EarthexplorationprogrammeUsefulExpressions爭分奪秒夜以繼日選擇午夜航班罹患癌癥做出巨大貢獻和世界最優(yōu)秀的一起wastenotimedayandnightchoosethemidnightflightfallillwithcancermakesubstantialcontributionstoalongsidetheworld’sfinestUsefulExpressionsWorkingouttherulesWorkingouttherulesAdverbialclausescanbeintroducedby:if,unless,aslongas,etc.toexpress(1)____________;until,when,while,etc.toexpresstime;wheretoexpressplace;because,as,since,inthat,etc.toexpress(2)__________;sothat,inorderthat,etc.toexpress(3)___________;thatwithsoorsuchinthemainclausetoexpressresult;andalthough,though,evenif,etc.toexpressconcession.conditionreasonpurposeApplyingtherulesApplyingtherules1.Jakegotupearlysothathewouldhavetimetoexercisebeforeclass.2.Althoughshehadnoteditedthephotos,theystilllookedverygood.3.Hewenttoworkasifnothinghadhappened.4.Herteacherlikedherbecauseshewassohard-working.5.Igetveryupsetwhenpeopledonottellmethetruth.6.Ifyouarenicetootherpeople,theywillbenicetoyou.ApplyingtherulesB2Thenewsstorybelowisaboutasocialmediainfluencer.Completeitwiththecorrectadverbialclausesintheboxbelow.TherearetwoclausesyoudoNOTneedtouse.Writethelettersintheblanks.

ApplyingtherulesLilyusedtobeafitnesscoachandasocialmediainfluencer.Thenumberofherfollowersreachedamillionjustlastmonth.Everyday,shewouldpostphotosofherselfworkingout,orjustposinginworkoutclothes.Shelookedsuperbinthesephotos.(1)______,theywerenotonehundredpercentreal.Actually,theyweretakenbyaprofessionalphotographer.Besides,theywerealsocarefullyedited(2)_______.Weknowthatsocialmediainfluencerssometimesposttheirphotosforfun,butcompaniespaythemtodoso(3)_______.Lilywasnoexception.Theclothesshewaswearinginthosephotosweresponsoredbycompanies.Shewaspaidtowearthem.cebLilywasnothappyaboutthephotos,though.“Iwasfeelingguilty(4)______,”shesaid.“Iwassoashamedofmyself.Icouldn’tbearlivingalieanymore.Ihopemyfanscanforgiveme.”(5)______,sheclosedheronlineaccount.faB3

Describeapersonpracticinghonestyandresponsibilityusingadverbialclauses.Usefulsentencepatterns:XXXisagoodexampleofsomeonewhopractiseshonestyandresponsibility.Hisclassmateselecthimasclassmonitorbecause______.Hiscolleaguesshowrespectforhimbecause________.Althoughhe____________,hemanagesto____________.Hewillnot________unless_________.Ifhisfriends_____________,theyoften________because

theyknowhewill_________.Heoncesaid,“I’mjustdoingwhatIcanso

that________.”……Describeapersonpractisinghonestyandresponsibilityusingadverbialclauses.B3ApplyingtherulesMyfriendPeterisagoodexampleofsomeonewhopractiseshonestyandresponsibility.Sincehewasquiteyoung,Peterhasbeenregardedasa“good"boy.HisclassmateshaveelectedhimasclassmonitorbecausetheyknowPeterisreliable.Hehasdevotedalotoftimetohelpinghisclassmatesandtheclassteacher,earninghimhighpraise.Althoughheisverybusy,hemanagestodootheractivitiessuchasguitarlessons.Hisparentswereconcernedthatguitarlessonswouldtakeuptoomuchofhistime,butPeterassuredthemhemadesuchastrictschedulethathecouldhandleit.ItturnsoutthatPeterhaskeptagoodbalancebetweenhisstudyandhishobby.Peterhasmanyfriends,wholikehimandtrusthimmorethanothers.Ifhisfriendshaveadisagreement,theyoftenapproachhimbecausetheyknowhewillspeakthetruthandgivehishonestopinion.Heoncesaid,“I'mjustdoingwhatIcanandtrytomakesmartchoicesinorderthatIcanhelpmyfriends,teachersandfamily.WhereIamneeded,Iwillbethere.”1._____IhadtomakejustonerecommendationforwheretostayinRome,itwouldbeYellowHostel.2.TheFrenchtaketheir35-hourworkweekseriously-____seriously______somelaborunionsrecentlystruckadealwithagroupofcompanieslimitingthenumberofhoursthatindependentcontractorscanbeoncall.IfsothatPractice3.Themainconcernhereistheamountofenergythatgoesintothemakingofnewproductsandwhetherornotthatextracarbonisworththefootprinttheproductwillmake______itgetstoyou.4.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfire_________mostpe