詞匯課堂Awordisamicrocosmofhumanconsciousness.—Vygotsky教材版本：新外研冊(cè)別單元：選擇性必修三Unit3objective重難點(diǎn)詞一詞多義emergeacademic辨析義一詞多義精準(zhǔn)的漢語釋義一詞多義roughmemorialsumrelevant一詞多義話題詞匯寫作高級(jí)詞recall熟詞生義objective溫故知新根據(jù)所給漢語，完成句子。Ifwe’dallworktogether,Ithinkwecould________________（實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)）.achieveourgoalobjective比goal更正式achieveourobjective■

adj

客觀的反subjective：anobjectiveassessment/analysis?objectivelyadv

客觀地■

n[C]目的；目標(biāo)(goal)：set/achieveanobjectiveTheobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudience.2020山東Awayofsettingrealisticgoalsistoanalyzeyourshortandlongtermobjectives.2019全國objective詞源解讀：object（物體）+-ive（……的）→物體的，即不帶個(gè)人情感的、就事論事的→客觀的【詞匯拓展】object■

n[C]

物體：Signsinthezoowarnpeoplenottofeedtheanimalsorthrowobjects.

對(duì)象：anobjectofstudy

目標(biāo)；目的：Theobjectofthegameistoimprovechildren’slanguageskills.

［語法］賓語■

v

vi反對(duì)；不贊成：Ifnobodyobjects,we’llputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.objectto(doing)sth:Whydosomepeoplestronglyobjecttohumancloning?Weobjecttoleavinghimalone.

vt

提出……作為反對(duì)的理由：object+that從句：Theyobjectedthattheschedulewastootight.objectionn[C]&[U]反對(duì)；反對(duì)的理由：Greydecidedtomovetothecountrysideandhiswifemadenoobjectionstoit.這四個(gè)詞都含有“目標(biāo)”之意。objective最正式；表示想要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)時(shí)可用objective,goal,target，不用object。Iwilltrytoreachmyobjective/goal/targetbecauseIwanttoliveanexcitinglife.

target后可接area,audience,group等詞，表示“目標(biāo)范圍/觀眾/群體”。It’saclearadvantageifyoucanidentifywithyourtargetaudience.goal及target的目標(biāo)可以是數(shù)字，如銷量、考試分?jǐn)?shù)、日期等。Theyachievedtheirgoal/targetofincreasingsalesbyfivepercent.objective,target,goal,object析辨recall詞源解讀：re-（back,again）+call(v)，通過號(hào)召帶回→召回recallvt

［正式用語］［不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)］回憶；回想：It’stimetorecallthosebeautifuldayswespenttogether.

召回；收回：Morethan3,000carswererecalledyesterdaybecauseofabrakeproblem.memorial詞源解讀：memorial

來自memory（記憶）memoryn

[C]&[U]記憶力；記性：lossofmemory

Shehasanexcellentmemoryfor

names,whichhelpsherquitealotinherwork.

[C]［常用復(fù)數(shù)］記憶；回憶：childhoodmemories

Thosesongsbringbacklotsofgoodmemories.

［計(jì)算機(jī)］[C]存儲(chǔ)器；[U]存儲(chǔ)量：MemoryStick/memorycardflashmemory

Personalcomputersnowhavemuchincreasedmemorycapacity.

inmemoryof作為對(duì)……的紀(jì)念；紀(jì)念：AfterDrBethune’sdeath,ChairmanMaoZedongwroteanarticleinmemoryofhim.?memorableadj值得紀(jì)念的；難忘的

(unforgettable)memorial

■adj紀(jì)念的；悼念的：amemorialfestival/prize■n[C]紀(jì)念物；紀(jì)念日；紀(jì)念碑；紀(jì)念館：Thestatueisamemorialtoallthesoldierswhodiedinthewars.【詞匯拓展】memorize/memorisevt

記??；熟記?memorization/memorisationn[U]記憶academic你知道AW嗎？AW=AcademicWords學(xué)術(shù)詞匯學(xué)術(shù)詞匯指常出現(xiàn)在各學(xué)科、學(xué)術(shù)文章中的詞匯，而不是日常談話所使用詞匯。學(xué)術(shù)詞匯相對(duì)更正式。

日常學(xué)習(xí)中，我們可以借助學(xué)術(shù)英語詞典，更好地了解、學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。academic學(xué)術(shù)的academic在希臘神話中有一位絕世美女海倫。當(dāng)她還是一名少女的時(shí)候，來自雅典的英雄忒修斯將她劫走。海倫的兩個(gè)哥哥來到雅典，要求雅典人歸還自己的妹妹，并威脅要?jiǎng)佑梦淞?。正在這危急時(shí)刻，一個(gè)名叫阿卡德摩斯（Akademos）的農(nóng)夫告訴了他們海倫的位置。兩兄弟很快就奪回了自己的妹妹。而Akademos也因?yàn)槭寡诺浔苊饬艘粓鰬?zhàn)爭而成為英雄，得到神靈的庇佑，他的橄欖樹林年年豐收。這片橄欖樹林也因此得名Akademeia。

后來，哲學(xué)家柏拉圖在這片橄欖樹林里創(chuàng)建了學(xué)園。人們將他的學(xué)園也稱為Akademeia。英語單詞academy就來源于柏拉圖創(chuàng)建的Akademeia學(xué)園。原本專指柏拉圖所創(chuàng)建的學(xué)園，但后來詞義進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)充，泛指各種學(xué)術(shù)研究性機(jī)構(gòu)。詞源解讀：academic

來自academy（學(xué)院），詞源義為“學(xué)院的”。academyn[C]

（某一領(lǐng)域的）研究院；學(xué)會(huì)：ChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS)

?？茖W(xué)校；（尤指音樂、軍事）學(xué)院：apolice/militaryacademyanacademyofmusic

（美國的）私立學(xué)校academic■

adj［常用于名詞前］

學(xué)校的；學(xué)院的connectedwiththeeducationalactivitiesofschools,collegesanduniversities：theofficeofacademicaffairs

anacademicdegree/qualificationthestartofthenewacademicyear

學(xué)術(shù)的connectedwithstudyingfrombooks,oppositetopracticalskills：academicsubjects

Beingunabletouseacomputermakesitmoredifficultforhimtodohisacademicresearch.2010湖北■

n[C]大學(xué)教師?academicallyadv

學(xué)術(shù)上；學(xué)業(yè)上：Infact,readingearlyhasverylittletodowithwhetherachildissuccessfulacademically.2012上海rough

一般而言，詞匯釋義的演化是有一定的時(shí)間順序的，首先產(chǎn)生的是表示物理/生理特征的詞義，之后才產(chǎn)生表示“情感/性格”特征的詞義，因而，rough的基本義是“粗糙的”，隨后才出現(xiàn)“粗略的”，“難受的”，“多暴力的；犯罪率高的”等詞義，這樣才符合人類思維發(fā)展的順序。roughground/roadroughkidsaroughsketch粗野的小孩高低不平的地面草圖roughadj

（表面）粗糙的；（道路）崎嶇的反smooth；簡陋的：aroughroad

Yourhandwasroughbutstrongandwarm.

（天氣）惡劣的；有暴風(fēng)雨的；風(fēng)浪大的：roughweathersailinroughsea

［無比較級(jí)變化］粗略的：arough

estimate

艱難的

(tough)；難受的：havearoughtime

多暴力的；犯罪率高的：Itwasaroughneighbourhoodanditwasalreadydark.

rough語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖“粗糙的”思考即不確切“粗糙的”感受即不舒服“粗糙的”環(huán)境即不安全粗糙的rough（基本義）“粗糙的”天氣、水面等“粗糙的”道路（表面）粗糙的；（道路）崎嶇的（天氣）惡劣的；有暴風(fēng)雨的；風(fēng)浪大的粗略的艱難的；難受的多暴力的；犯罪率高的【詞匯拓展】roughly

adv粗略地；大約：

Confuciuslivedfromroughly551to479BC.2016全國改同義異構(gòu)：翻譯:人非圣賢，孰能無過；過能改之，善莫大焉；about/around/approximately

朦朧的青春是草稿，打造人生的基礎(chǔ)。正值青春的同學(xué)如同未經(jīng)打磨的璞玉。成語roughdiamond的意思就是“未經(jīng)打磨的璞玉”。如：Peterlooksawkward,butheisaroughdiamond.I’llhavetosaythatMaryisadiamondintherough.成語rough

diamond

emerge詞源：ex-(out向外/出)+

merger(todip,sink沉沒)→向外沉沒→浮現(xiàn)emergevi

浮現(xiàn)；出現(xiàn)：Themoonemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Weemergedintobrightsunlight.

（事實(shí)等）顯露；暴露：Eventuallythetruthemerged.

興起；露頭：theemergingmarketsofSouthAsiathreeemergingChinesephotographers2015廣東emerge語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖事實(shí)、意見等“浮現(xiàn)”人物、市場等“浮現(xiàn)”，開始被人所知浮現(xiàn)emerge（基本義）人、事物等從隱蔽處或暗處“浮現(xiàn)”浮現(xiàn)；出現(xiàn)（事實(shí)等）顯露；暴露興起；露頭sumdoasum做算術(shù)sum總和sumn[C]sum詞源解讀sum來源于拉丁語super（上、超過）最高級(jí)派生的summus（最高的）。在一組數(shù)字里面,古羅馬人喜歡從底向上計(jì)數(shù),然后把總數(shù)放在頂部,所以summus不僅有“最高的”意思,還有“總的”意思。sum的詞源義為“總數(shù)（total）”。

算術(shù)：doasuminone’shead

[常用單數(shù)]總數(shù)；總和；全部：Thesumoftwoandtwoisfour.Thatisthesumofourexperience.

金額：alarge/smallsumofmoneyvi&vtsumup總結(jié)；概括：Hisspeechsummedupthepresentsituationofeconomy.Tosumup,forahealthyheartyoumusttakeregularexerciseandstopsmoking.summary■

adj

概括的；扼要的：asummaryaccount/explanation■

n[C]總結(jié)；摘要；概要：insummaryCanyougivemeaquicksummaryofyourresearch??summarise/summarizevi&vt總結(jié)；概括；概述(sumup)：Tosummarise,thisisacleverapproachtoacommonproblem.relevant在英語寫作中，學(xué)生普遍的做法是用自己熟悉或者自己最常用的詞來表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)或陳述事實(shí)，這樣做常出現(xiàn)的問題是用詞不夠高級(jí)，過于樸實(shí)無華，甚至常常將正式用語與非正式用語、書面語與口語混用，從而影響了整體的寫作水平，影響了書面表達(dá)的得分。因此，我們要想使自己的寫作水平更上一層樓，使自己在高考寫作中得到更理想的分?jǐn)?shù)，就需要在平時(shí)的英語學(xué)習(xí)中增強(qiáng)正式用語與非正式用語、書面語與口語的意識(shí)，并在寫作中根據(jù)文體合理用詞，以使表達(dá)更精準(zhǔn)、更地道。本單元中的relevant屬于高級(jí)詞匯，更多地用于正式場合或正式文體中。relevantR1

adj

有關(guān)的；貼切的：relevantexperience/information(be)relevantto:Thesharingeconomyisincreasinglyrelevanttoourdailylivesaswellastotheglobaleconomy.【拓展詞匯】irrelevant無關(guān)緊要的；不相關(guān)的：Hisageistotally/

completelyirrelevantifhecandothejob.Manypeopleconsiderpoliticsirrelevanttotheirlives.同義異構(gòu)：berelatedto與to搭配allied,army,bandage,civilian,commander,combatant,confidential,drill,enemy,invader,navy,service,slave,slavery,soldier,spy,terrorist,troop;airforce,etc.aggression,chaos,combat,conflict,crisis,explosion,friction,gunfire,incident,landing,occupation,operation,outbreak,security,terrorism,unrest;airstrike,atwar(with),etc.話題詞匯：WarandPeacepeacewarWarandPeaceaim,attack,betray,burn,capture,bomb,charge,command,collapse,defeat,defend,destroy,die,disarm,escape,explode,fight,fire,flee,kill,march,occupy,sacrifice,serve,shoot,win,withdraw（撤退）,wound;breakout,declarewar,gotowar,onstandby,etc.battleaircraft,airplane,ammunition,atom,bomb,bullet,gun,missile,parachute,powder,submarine,sword,tank;chemicalweapon,machinegun,nuclearbomb,etc.weaponmilitaryagreement,anniversary,commemorate,dove,liberate,memorial,peacekeeper,peacekeeping,victory;inpeace,keeppeace,etc.隨堂檢測objective一、寫出下列句子中畫線部分精準(zhǔn)的漢語釋義。1.Shegivesanobjectivereportofwhathashappened. _________2.Hermainobjectivewasinternationalfameasascientist. __________3.Theguidewantedustotravelonfoot,butIobjected. __________4.Ifyouusetheword“enjoy”,youhavetoaddanobject. __________5.Abrightmovingobjectappearedintheskyatsunset. __________6.Hisoneobjectinlifeistoearnasmuchmoneyaspossible. __________7.Motherobjectedthattheweatherwastoowettoplayoutside. __________客觀的目標(biāo)反對(duì)賓語物體目的提出……作為反對(duì)的理由二、在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。1.Theobject__________hisnovelwritingistoamusethegeneralreaders.2.Doyouobjectto__________(work)onSundays?3.Hehasastrong__________(object)togettingupearly.4.Hetriedtotakean__________(object)viewofthesituation.5.Wehopedyouwouldwrite__________(objective)abouttheevent.ofworkingobjectionobjectiveobjectivelyrecall寫出下列句子中畫線部分精準(zhǔn)的漢語釋義。__________1.Icanrecallstoriesthatmymothertoldmeyearsago.__________2.Themakershaverecalledalotofcarsthatwereunsafe.__________3.Sincewehaveplacedanorderwiththatfirm,wewon’trecallit.__________4.Theambassador（大使）wasrecalledhomebyhisgovernment.

回憶/想起召回收回/取消召回memorial在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。1.Thechurchserviceisamemorial__________thosekilledinthewar.2.Hemadeanentryofthe__________(memory)eventsinhisdiary.3.Thepatientlostallmemory__________recentevents.4.Theboycan__________(memory)thedataeasily.to

memorialfor/of

memoriseacademic寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。____________1.Theuniversityiscomposedoffiveacademicschools.____________2.ThemeetingwaschairedbyaleadingJapaneseacademic.____________3.Weneedtodevelopbridgesbetweenacademicresearchandpractice.____________4.Hegraduatedfromanacademyofmusic

inhisearlydays.____________5.Thelecturewasgivenundertheauspices（主辦）oftheAcademyofSciences.學(xué)院的學(xué)者學(xué)術(shù)的音樂學(xué)院科學(xué)院rough一、寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。_____________1.Becausetheareasusedforplayingfieldsareoftenroughandrocky,millionsofrealballsgoflatwithin24hours.（2013湖南）_____________2.TheAtlanticOceanhaspersonalities:sometimespeacefulandpleasant,onrareoccasionsroughandwild;alwaysitisstrongandstriking.（2013重慶改）_____________3.Thefirstyearwasrough,butthingshavegottenbetter.________________4.Wewereonlyabletomakearoughestimateofhowmuchfuelwouldberequired.高低不平的風(fēng)浪大的艱難的大致的/粗略的二、根據(jù)所給漢語完成下列句子。1.Cathyfinallyjoinedourlocalswimteam.Theteampractice,however,was________________（艱難的開始）.（2016天津）2.Thoughthespanofwaterislessthan100mileswide,itis_____________________（風(fēng)浪大且危險(xiǎn)）.（2012天津）3.Shefoundwritinghelpedher___________________________（度過艱難的日子）.（2011全國）4.Idon’tunderstandwhattheengineermeans,butI’vegota(n)____________（大致知道）oftheprojectplan.（2009浙江）5.Ata(n)

_________________（粗略估計(jì)）,NigeriaisthreetimesthesizeofGreatBritain.

aroughstartroughanddangerousgetthroughtheroughdaysroughidearoughestimateemerge寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。_____________1.Awonderfulideaemergedinmymind.

_____________2.Manyfactsemergedasaresultoftheinvestigation._____________3.Theculturallifeofthecountrywillsinkintoatrophy（衰退）unlessmorewritersand