大學英語四級真題試卷

Writing

(30minutes)

(請于正式開考后半小時內完成該部分，之后將進行聽力考試)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanadvertisementon

yourcampuswebsitetosellsomeofthecoursebooksyouusedatcollege.Your

advertisementmayincludeabriefdescriptionoftheircontent,theircondition,their

priceandyourcontactmformation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomore

than180words.

PartIIListeningComprehension

(25minutes)

PartlTIReadingComprehension(40

minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequired

toselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowing

thepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices,Each

choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor

eachitemonSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuse

anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Asifyouneededanotherreasontohatethegym,itnowturnsoutthatexercise

canexhaustnotonlyyourmuscles,butalsoyoureyes.Fearnot,however,fbrcoffee

canstimulatethemagain.During(26)exercise,ourmusclestireastheyrun

outoffuelandbuildupwasteproducts.Muscleperformancecanalsobeaffectedbya

(27)called"centralfatigue,inwhichanimbalanceinthebody'schemical

messengerspreventsthecentralnervoussystemfromdirectingmusclemovements

(28).Itwasnotknown,however,whethercentralfatiguemightalsoaffect

motorsystemsnotdirectly(29)intheexerciseitself,suchasthosethat

movetheeyes.lbfindout,researchersgave11volunteercyclistsacarbohydrate(碳

水化合物的)(30)eitherwithamoderatedoseofcaffeine(咖啡因)，which

isknowntostimulatethecentralnervoussystem,orasaplacebo(安慰劑)without,

during3hoursof(31).Afterexercising,thescientiststestedthecyclistswith

eye-trackingcamerastoseehowwelltheirbrainscouldstill(32)theirvisual

system.Theteamfoundthatexercisereducedthespeedofrapideyemovementsby

about8%,(33)theirabilitytocapturenewvisualinformation.Thecaffeine,

theequivalentoftwostrongcupsofcoffee,was(34)toreversethiseffect,

withsomecyclistsevendisplaying(35)eyemovementspeeds.Soitmightbe

agoodideatogetsomeoneelsetodriveyouhomeafterthatmarathon.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

A)cautiouslyB)commitC)controlD)cycling

E)effectivelyF)increasedG)involvedH)limited

I)phenomenonJ)preventingK)sensitiveL)slowing

M)solutionN)sufficientO)vigorous

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements

attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinfannationisderived.Youmaychoosea

paragraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphisnuirkedwithaletter.Answerthe

questionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

Teamspirit

[A]Teamshavebecomethebasicbuildingblocksoforganizations.Recruitment

advertisementsroutinelycallfor“teamplayers”.Businessschoolsgradetheirstudents

inpartontheirperformanceingroupprojects.Officemanagersknockdownwallsto

encourageteambuilding.Teamsareasoldascivilization,ofcourse:evenJesushad

12co-workers.ButanewreportbyDeloitte,"GlobalHumanCapitalTrends"，based

onasurveyofmorethan7,000executivesinover130countries,suggeststhatthe

fashionforteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.Almosthalfofthosesurveyedsaid

theircompanieswereeitherinthemiddleofrestructuringorabouttoembarkon（開

始）it;andforthemostpart,restructuringmeantputtingmoreemphasisonteams.

[B]Companiesareabandoningconventionalfunctionaldepartmentsand

organisingemployeesintocross-disciplinaryteamsthatfocusonparticularproducts,

problemsorcustomers.Theseteamsaregainingmorepowertoruntheirownaffairs.

Theyarcalsospendingmoretimeworkingwitheachotherratherthanreporting

upwards.Deloittearguesthataneworganisationalformisontherise:anetworkof

teamsisreplacingtheconventional力汕（等級體制）.

[C]Thefashionforteamsisdrivenbyasensethattheoldwayoforganising

peopleistoorigidforboththemodemmarketplaceandtheexpectationsofemployees.

Technologicalinnovationplacesgreatervalueonagility（靈活性）.JohnChambers,

chairmanofCiscoSystemsInc.,aworldwideleaderinelectronicsproducts,saysthat

“weuuinpeleagainstinarkeLIransilions（過渡），nutuonipelilurs.ProduulIraiisilions

usedtotakefiveorsevenyears;nowtheytakeoneortwo."Digitaltechnologyalso

makesiteasierforpeopletoco-ordinatetheiractivitieswithoutresortingtohierarchy.

The^millennials"（千禧一代）whowillsoonmakeuphalftheworkforceinrich

countrieswereraisedfromnurseryschoolonwardstoworkingroups.

[DJThefashionforteamsisalsospreadingfromtheusualcorporatesuspects

（suchasGEandIBM）tosomemoreunusualones.IhcClevelandClinic,ahospital

operator,hasreorganiseditsmedicalstaffintoteamstofocusonparticulartreatment

areas;consultants,nursesandotherscollaboratecloselyinsteadofbeingseparatedby

speciality(^'lk)andrank.TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,“Team

ofTeams*GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy'shierarchicalstructure

hindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesoftheIraqwar.Hissolutionwasto

learnsomethingfromtheinsurgentsitwasfighting:decentraliseauthorityto

self-organisingteams.

[E]Agoodruleofthumbisthatassoonasgeneralsandhospitaladministrators

jumponamanagementbandwagon,itistimetoaskquestions.LeighThompsonof

KelloggSchoolofManagementinIllinoiswarnsthat,"Teamsarcnotalwaysthe

answer-teamsmayprovideinsight,creativityandknowledgeinawaythataperson

workingindependentlycannot;butteamworkmayalsoleadtoconfusion,delayand

poordecision-making."ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,

“Ihavenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam,thepossibilityexiststhatitwill

generatemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary...Butdon'tcountonit.”

[F]Hackman(whodiedin2013)notedthatteamsarehamperedbyproblemsof

co-ordinationandmotivationthatchipawayatthebenefitsofcollaboration.

Highflyersforcedtoworkinteamsmaybeundervaluedandfreeridersempowered.

Groupthinkmaybeunavoidable.Inastudyof120teamsofseniorexecutives,he

discoveredthatlessthan10%oftheirsupposedmembersagreedonwhoexactlywas

ontheteam.Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam'smembership,agreeingonits

purposeisharderstill.

[G]Profoundchangesintheworkforcearemakingteamstrickiertomanage.

Tuamsworkbuslifihuiinicinburshaveasliongcominouculture.Tliisishardlo

achievewhen,asisnowthecaseinmanybigfirms,alargeproportionofstaffare

temporarycontractors.Teamworkimproveswithtime:America'sNational

TransportationSafetyBoardfoundthat73%oftheincidentsinitscivil-aviation

databaseoccurredonacrew'sfirstdayofflyingtogether.However,asAmy

EdmondsonofHarvardpointsout,organisationsincreasinglyuse"team”asaverb

ratherthananoun:theyformteamsforspecificpurposesandthenquicklydisband

them.

[H]Theleastthatcanbeconcludedfromthisresearchisthatcompaniesneedto

thinkharderaboutmanagingteams.Theyneedtoridtheirmindsofsentimentalism

（感情用事）：themostsuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoverall

directionandtakeimmediateaction.Theyneedtokeepteamssmallandfocused:

givingintopressuretobemore“inclusive“isaguaranteeofdysfunction.JeffBezos,

Amazon'sboss,saysthat“IfIseemorethantwopizzasfbrlunch,theteamistoobig.”

Theyneedtoimmunizeteamsagainstgroup-think:Hackmanarguedthatthebestones

contain"deviants”（離經叛道者）whoarewillingtodosomethingthatmaybe

upsettingtoothers.

[I]Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,a

furniture-makerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensure

employeesare“engaged”istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydo

theirwork-whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingin

collaborationwithothers.

[J]However,organisationsneedtolearnsomethingbiggerthanhowtomanage

teamsbetter:theyneedtobeinthehabitofaskingthemselveswhetherteamsarcthe

besttoolsforthejob.Teambuildingskillsareinshortsupply:Deloittereportsthat

only12%oftheexecutivestheycontactedfeeltheyunderstandthewaypeoplework

togetherinnetworksandonly21%feelconfidentintheirabilitytobuild

cross-functionalteams.Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsof

distraction—employeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan'tgettheirworkdone

becausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsorcompelledtoworkin

noisyoffices.Evenintheageofopen-planofGucsandsocialnetworkssomewurkis

bestlefttotheindividual.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

36.Successfulteamleadersknowexactlywheretheteamshouldgoandareabletotake

promptaction.

37.Decentralisationofauthoritywasalsofoundtobemoreeffectiveinmilitary

operations.

38.Inmanycompanies,theconventionalformoforganisationisgivingwaytoa

networkofteams.

39.Membersofpoorlymanagedteamsareeasilydistractedfromtheirwork.

40.Teamworkismosteffectivewhenteammemberssharethesameculture.

41.AccordingtoareportbyDeloitte,teamworkisbecomingincreasinglypopular

amongcompanies.

42.Someteammembersfindithardtoagreeonquestionslikemembershipandthe

team'spurpose.

43.Somescholarsthinkteamworkmaynotalwaysbereliable,despiteitspotentialto

workwonders.

44.Toensureemployees'commitment,itisadvisabletogivethemmore

flexibilityastowhereandhowtheywork.

45.Producttransitionstakemuchlesstimenowthaninthepast.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedby

somequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoices

markedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthe

correspondingletteronSheet2w汕asinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

TheShoppersintheUKarespendinglessmoneyontoiletpapertosavemoney,

researchhasshown.

Penny-pinchingUKconsumerschoosecheaperproductsfromdiscounterssuch

asAldiandLidlratherthanluxuryalternatives.

Thishaswiped6%offthevalueofthesofttissuepapermarketintheUK.Ithas

shrunkfrom￡1.19billionin2011to￡1.12billionin2015,accordingtoanewreport

frommarketresearchcompanyMintel.Furthermore,thefutureofthemarketlooksfar

fromrosy,withsalesexpectedtofallfurtherto￡1.11billionin2016.

Inthelastyearalone,despiteanincreaseintheUKpopulationandasubsequent

riseinthenumberofhouseholds,salesoftoiletpaperfellby2%,withtheaverage

householdreducingtheirtoiletrollspendingfrom￡43in2014to￡41in2015.

Overall,almostthreeinfivepeoplesaytheytrytolimittheirusageof

paper-includingfacialtissueandkitchenroll——tosavemoney.uStrength,softness

andthicknessremaintheleadingindicatorsoftoiletpaperquality,withjustasmall

proportionofconsumerspreferringmoreluxuriousalternatives,suchasthosewith

flowerpatternsofperfume,saidMintelanalystJackDuckett."Theseextrafeaturesare

deemedunnecessarybythemajorityofshoppers,whichprobablyreflectshowthese

typesofproductsaretypicallymoreexpensivethanregulartoiletpaper,evenwhenon

specialoffer.”

Whileconsumersarespendinglessontoiletpaper,theyremainfiissy—intheory

atleast—whenitcomestopaperquality.TopofBritons,toiletpaperwishlistis

softness(57%)followedbystrength(45%)andthickness(36%).

Onein10buyersrandtoiletrollsmadefromrecycledpaperamongtheirlop

considerations,highlightinghowoveralltheenvironmentismuchlessofa

considerationforshoppersthanproductquality.Inachallengeformanufacturers,81%

ofpaperproductuserssaidtheywouldconsiderbuyingrecycledtoilettissueifitwere

comparableinqualitytostandardpaper.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

46.Themarketsalesoftoiletpaperhavedecreasedbecause.

A)Britonshavecuttheirspendingonit

B)itspriceshavegoneupovertheyears

C)itsqualityhasseenmarkedimprovement

D)Britonshavedevelopedthehabitofsaving

47.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureofthetissuepapermarketintheUK?

A)Itwillexpendintime.

B)Itwillremaingloomy.

C)Ilwillexperienceupsanddowns.

D)Itwillrecoveraspopulationgrows.

48.WhatdoesJackDuckettsayabouttoiletpaper?

A)Specialofferswouldpromoteitssales.

B)Consumersareloyaltocertainbrands.

C)Luxuriousfeaturesaddmuchtotheprice.

D)Consumershaveavarietytochoosefrom.

49.WhatdowelearnaboutBritonsconcerningtoiletpaper?

A)Theyareparticularaboutthequalityoftoiletpaper.

B)Theyemphasizethestrengthoftoiletpaperthemost.

C)Theyprefercheaptoiletpapertorecycledtoiletpaper.

D)Theyrejectusingtoiletpaperwithunnecessaryfeatures.

50.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A)MoreandmoreBritonsbuyrecycledtoilerpapertoprotecttheenvironment.

B)Toiletpapermanufacturersarefacingagreatchallengeinpromotingitssales.

C)Toiletpapermanufacturerscompetewithoneanothertoimproveproduct

quality.

D)EnvironmentalprotectionisnotmuchofaconcernwhenBritonsbuytoilet

paper.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

“Oneofthereasons1findthistopicveryinterestingisbecausemymomwasa

smokerwhenIwasyounger,“saysLindson-Hawley,whostudiestobaccoandhealth

attheUniversityofOxford.

Bystudyingabout700adultsmokers,shefoundoutthathermomquittheright

way一bystoppingabruptlyandcompletely.

Inherstudy,participantswererandomZy(I^L:1k)assignedtotwogroups.One

hadtoquitabruptlyonagivenday,goingfromaboutapackadaytozero.Theother

cutdowngraduallyoverthecourseoftwoweeks.Peopleinbothgroupsusednicotine

(尼古丁)patchesbeforetheyquit,inadditiontoasecondformofnicotine

replacement,likegumorspray.Theyalsohadtalktherapywithanursebeforeand

afterquitday.

Sixmonthsout,morepeoplewhohadquitabruptlyhadstuckwithit-morethan

one-fifthofthem,comparedtoaboutonc-sevcnthintheothergroup.Althoughthese

numbersappearlow,itismuchhigherthanifpeopletrywithoutsupport.

Andthequitrateswereparticularlyconvincinggiventhatbeforethestudy

started,mostofthepeoplehadsaidthey'drathercutdowngraduallybeforequitting.

“Ifyou'retrainingforamarathon,youwouldn'lexpecttoturnupandjustbeableto

runit.AndIthinkpeopleseethatforsmokingaswell.Theythink,'WelLifI

graduallyreduce,it'slikepractice,saysLindson-Hawlcy.Butthatwasn'tthecase.

Insteadofgivingpeoplepractice,thegradualreductionlikelygavethemcravings(癮)

andwithdrawalsymptomsbeforetheyevenreachedquitday,whichcouldhewhy

fewerpeopleinthatgroupactuallymadeittothatpoint."Regardlessofyourstated

preference,ifyou'rereadytoquit,quittingabruptlyismoreeffective,,,saysDr.

GabrielaFerreira."Whenyoucanquoteaspecificnumberlikeafifthofthepatients

wereabletoquit,that'scompelling.Itgivesthemtheencouragement,Ithink,toreally

goforit,''Ferreirasays.

Peoplerarelymanagetoquitthefirsttimetheytry.Butatleast,shesays,they

canmaximizetheoddsofsuccess.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

51.WhatdoesLindson-Hawleysayabouthermother?

A)Shequitsmokingwithherdaughter\help.

B)Slicjsucucududinquillingsmokingabruptly.

C)Shewasalsoaresearcheroftobaccoandhealth.

D)Shestudiedthesmokingpatternsofadultsmokers.

52.WhatkindofsupportdidsmokersreceivetoquitsmokinginLindson-Hawley,s

study?

A)Theyweregivenphysicaltraining.

B)Theywerelookedafterbyphysicians.

C)Theywereencouragedbypsychologists.

D)Theywereofferednicotinereplacements.

53.HowdoesDr.GabrielaFerreiraviewtheresultofLindson-Hawley'sexperiment?

A)Itisidealized.

B)Itisunexpected.

C)Itisencouraging.

D)Itismisleading.

54.Theideaof“amarathon”(Line2,Para.5)illustratesthepopularbeliefthat

quittingsmoking

A)issomethingfewcanaccomplish

B)needssomepracticefirst

C)requiresalotofpatience

D)isachallengeatthebeginning

55.Whathappenswhenpeopletrytoquitsmokinggradually?

A)Theyfinditevenmoredifficult.

B)Theyaresimplyunabletomakeit.

C)Theyshowfewerwithdrawalsymptoms.

D)Theyfeelmuchlesspainintheprocess.

PartIVTranslation

(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassage

fromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.

黃河是亞洲第三、世界第六長的河流。“黃”這個字描述的是其河水渾濁的

顏色。黃河發(fā)源于青海，流經九個省份，最后注入渤海。黃河是中國賴以生存的

幾條河流之一。黃河流域(riverbasin)是中國古代文明的誕生地，也是中國早期歷

史上最繁榮的地區(qū)。然而，由于極具破壞力的洪水頻發(fā)，黃河曾造成多次災害。

在過去幾十年里，政府采取了各種措施防止災害發(fā)生。

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

答案

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BDCBA

大學英語四級考試真題試卷

PartIWriting

(25minutes)

(請于正式開考后半小時內完成該部分，之后將進行聽力考試)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyou

havehvooptionsupongraduation:oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandthe

otherinajointventure.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessayto

explainthereasonsforyourdecision.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomore

than180words.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡1上作答U

PartIIListeningComprehension

(30minutes)

PartDIReadingComprehension(40

minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequired

toselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowing

thepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices,Each

choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor

eachitemonSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuse

anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwill

matchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecrudestcrimes—animal

fighting-things(26)workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare(27)

andkilledforprofitand"sport,"yetiheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea

(28)sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofall

federally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation(緩開U).

Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution(起訴)ofanimalfighters.But

federaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey

(29)penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesare

outdatedandextremely(30).

TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which(31)thesesentencing

guidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to

21-27months.Thisisastepintheright(32),butwe'dliketoseetheU.S.

SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.

Alongwiththiseffort,we'reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederal

lawmakersto(33)anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupporting

lawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal(34)thatcareforanimal

fightingvictims.Thishelpis(35)importantbecausethehighcostofcaring

foranimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedin

crueltycasesinthefirstplace.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

A.ConvenientB.createsC.criticallyD.determineE.direction

F.HesitateG.inadequateH.inspired1.methodJ.minimal

K.RarelyL.sheltersM.strengthenN.sufferingsO.tortured

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements

attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychoosea

paragraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthe

questionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

TheSecrettoRaisingSmartKids

A)Ifirstbegantoinvestigatethebasisofhumanmotivation—andhowpeople

persevereaftersetbacks—asapsychologygraduatestudentatYaleUniversityinthe

1960s.AnimalexperimentsbypsychologistsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniahad

shownthatafterrepeatedfailures,mostanimalsconcludethatasituationishopeless

andbeyondtheircontrol.Aftersuchanexperienceananimaloftenremainspassive

evenwhenitcaneffectchange-astatetheycalledlearnedhelplessness.

B)Peoplecanlearntobehelpless,too.Whydosomestudentsgiveupwhenthey

encounterdifficulty,whereasotherswhoarenomoreskilledcontinuetostriveand

learn?Oneanswer,Isoondiscovered,layinpeople'sbeliefsaboutwhytheyhad

failed.

C)Inparticular,attributingpoorperformancetoalackofabilitydepresses

motivationmorethandoesthebeliefthatlackofeffortistoblame.WhenItolda

groupofschoolchildrenwhodisplayedhelplessbehaviorthatalackofeffortledto

theirmistakesinmath,theylearnedtokeeptryingwhentheproblemsgottough.

Anothergroupofhelplesschildrenwhoweresimplyrewardedfortheirsuccesson

easierproblemsdidnotimprovetheirabilitytosolvehardmathproblems.These

experimentsindicatedthatafocusoneffortcanhelpresolvehelplessnessand

generatesuccess.

D)Later,Idevelopedabroadertheoryofwhatseparatesthetwogeneralclasses

ofleamers-helplessversusmastery-oriented.Irealizedthesedifferenttypesof

sludculsnotonlyexplainihcirfailuresdificrenlly,buttheyalsoholddifferent

"theories"ofintelligence.Thehelplessonesbelieveintelligenceisafixed

characteristic:youhaveonlyacertainamount,andthat'sthat.Icallthisa'Tixed

mind-set(思維模式)."Mistakescracktheirself-confidencebecausetheyattribute

errorstoalackofability,whichtheyfeelpowerlesstochange.Theyavoidchallenges

becausechallengesmakemistakesmorelikely.Themastery-orientedchildren,onIhe

otherhand,thinkintelligenceisnotfixedandcanbedevelopedthrougheducationand

hardwork.Suchchildrenbelievechallengesareenergizingratherthanintimidating

（令人4三畏）；theyofferopportunitiestolearn.Studentswithsuchagrowthmind-set

weredestined（注定）forgreateracademicsuccessandwerequitelikelytooutperform

theircounterparts.

E）Wevalidatedtheseexpectationsinastudyinwhichtwootherpsychologists

andImonitored373studentsfortwoyearsduringthetransitiontojuniorhighschool,

whentheworkgetsmoredifficultandthegradingmorestrict,todeterminehowtheir

mind-setsmightaffecttheirmathgrades.Atthebeginningofseventhgrade,we

assessedthestudents'mind-setsbyaskingthemtoagreeordisagreewithstatements

suchas"Yourintelligenceissomethingverybasicaboutyouthatyoucan'treally

change."Wethenassessedtheirbeliefsaboutotheraspectsoflearningandlookedto

seewhathappenedtotheirgrades.

F）Aspredicted,thestudentswithagrowthmind-setfeltthatlearningwasa

moreimportantgoalthangettinggoodgrades.Inaddition,theyheldhardworkin

highregard.Theyunderstoodthatevengeniuseshavetoworkhard.Confrontedbya

setbacksuchasadisappointingtestgrade,studentswithagrowthmind-setsaidthey

wouldstudyharderortryadifferentstrategy.Thestudentswhoheldafixedmind-set,

however,wereconcernedaboutlookingsmartwithlessregardforlearning.Theyhad

negativeviewsofeffort,believingthathavingtoworkhardwasasignoflow

ability.Theythoughtthatapersonwithtalentorintelligencedidnotneedtoworkhard

todowell.Attributingabadgradetotheirownlackofability,thosewithafixed

mind-setsaidthattheywouldstudylessinthefuture,trynevertotakethatsubject

againandconsidercheatingonfuturetests.

G）Suchdiffurcnloutlookshadadiamaliuiuipaclonpurfouiianuc.Alihcstartof

juniorhigh,themathachievementtestscoresofthestudentswithagrowthmind-set

werecomparabletothoseofstudentswhodisplayedafixedmind-set.Butasthework

becamemoredifficult,thestudentswithagrowthmind-setshowedgreater

persistence.Asaresult,theirmathgradesovertookthoseoftheotherstudentsbythe

endofthefirstsemester-andthegapbetweenthetwogroupscontinuedtowiden

duringthetwoyearswcfollowedthem.

H)Afixedmind-setcanalsohindercommunicationandprogressinthe

workplaceanddiscourageorignoreconstructivecriticismandadvice.Research

showsthatmanagerswhohaveafixedmind-setarelesslikelytoseekorwelcome

feedbackfromtheiremployeesthanarcmanagerswithagrowthmind-set.

I)Howdowetransmitagrowthmind-settoourchildren?Onewayisbytelling

storiesabo