Unit9Culture

QuotationThevalueofcultureisitseffectoncharacter.Itavailsnothingunlessitennoblesandstrengthensthat.

—SomersetMaugham

Allprogressisbaseduponauniversalinnatedesireonthepartofeveryorganismtolivebeyonditsincome.

—SamuelButlerSomersetMaugham

SomersetMaugham(25January1874–16December1965),betterknownasW.SomersetMaugham,wasaBritishplaywright,novelistandshortstorywriter.Hewasamongthemostpopularwritersofhiseraandreputedlythehighest-paidauthorduringthe1930s.Afterlosingbothhisparentsbytheageof10,Maughamwasraisedbyapaternalunclewhowasemotionallycold.Notwantingtobecomealawyerlikeothermeninhisfamily,Maughameventuallytrainedandqualifiedasaphysician.Theinitialrunofhisfirstnovel,

LizaofLambeth

(1897),soldoutsorapidlythatMaughamgaveupmedicinetowritefull-time.DuringtheFirstWorldWarheservedwiththeRedCrossandintheambulancecorps,beforebeingrecruitedin1916intotheBritishSecretIntelligenceService,forwhichheworkedinSwitzerlandandRussiabeforetheOctoberRevolutionof1917.Duringandafterthewar,hetravelledinIndiaandSoutheastAsia;theseexperienceswerereflectedinlatershortstoriesandnovels.SamuelButler

SamuelButler(4December1835–18June1902)wastheiconoclasticEnglishauthoroftheUtopiansatiricalnovelErewhon(1872)andthesemi-autobiographicalBildungsromanTheWayofAllFlesh,publishedposthumouslyin1903.Bothhaveremainedinprinteversince.InotherstudiesheexaminedChristianorthodoxy,evolutionarythought,andItalianart,andmadeprosetranslationsoftheIliadandOdysseythatarestillconsultedtoday.Hewasalsoanartist.Lead-inConversationContentsBusinessNewsPassageChineseandInternationalCultureTourUnit9Lead-in-1|Vocabulary1.promote:v.

toattractpeople’sattentiontoaproductoreventforexamplebyadvertising

Chinaisreadytoexplorenewareasandnewwaysofexpandingbilateraltradeandpromotesustainedandstablegrowthofthetrade.e.g.中方愿積極探索擴(kuò)大雙邊貿(mào)易的新領(lǐng)域和新途徑，推動(dòng)兩國貿(mào)易持續(xù)穩(wěn)定增長。Lead-in-1|VocabularyButaweekbeforehalf-termtherewasaknockatthedoor,withaspecialdeliveryforAnna.2.delivery:n.

thecarryingofsomethingsuchasmail,goodsthathavebeenbought,oramessagetoapersonoraddresse.g.

距離期中考試還有一周的時(shí)間，有人敲門給

安娜送了一份特件。Lead-in-1|VocabularyThebankcreditconductionisblockedduetothelowcapitaladequacyratioofstate-ownedcommercialbanksaccountforadominantposition.3.dominant:adj.

moreimportant,effective,orprominentthanotherse.g.由于資本充足率低的國有商業(yè)銀行占主導(dǎo)地位，銀行信貸傳導(dǎo)出現(xiàn)阻塞。Lead-in-1|NotesThe

UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,commonlyknownasthe

UnitedKingdom

(UK)andcolloquiallyGreatBritain

(GB)orsimply

Britain,isa

sovereigncountry

inWesternEurope.Lyingoffthenorth-westerncoastoftheEuropeanmainland,theUnitedKingdomincludestheislandofGreatBritain,thenorth-easternpartoftheIslandofIrelandandmanysmallerislands.NorthernIreland

istheonlypartoftheUnitedKingdomthatshares

alandborder

withanothersovereignstate?—?the

RepublicofIreland.

Apartfromthislandborder,theUnitedKingdomissurroundedbytheAtlanticOcean,withthe

NorthSea

toitseast,the

EnglishChannel

toitssouthandthe

CelticSea

toitssouth-south-west,givingitthe

12th-longestcoastlineintheworld.The

IrishSea

liesbetweenGreatBritainandIreland.Withanareaof242,500squarekilometres(93,600

sq

mi),theUnitedKingdomisthe

78th-largestsovereignstateintheworld

andthe

11th-largestinEurope.Itisalsothe

21st-mostpopulouscountry,withanestimated65.1millioninhabitants.Lead-in-1|NotesTheUnitedKingdomisa

constitutionalmonarchy

witha

parliamentarydemocracy.The

monarch

is

QueenElizabethII,whohas

reigned

since6February1952.ThecapitaloftheUnitedKingdomanditslargestcityis

London,a

globalcity

andfinancialcentre

withanurbanareapopulationof10.3million,thefourth-largestinEuropeand

second-largestintheEuropeanUnion.

TheUnitedKingdomconsistsof

fourcountries—England,

Scotland,

Wales

and

NorthernIreland.

Thelastthreehave

devolved

administrations,eachwithvaryingpowers,

basedintheircapitals,

Edinburgh,

Cardiff

andBelfast,respectively.Thenearby

IsleofMan,

BailiwickofGuernsey

and

BailiwickofJersey

arenotpartoftheUnitedKingdom,being

Crowndependencies

withthe

BritishGovernment

responsiblefordefenceandinternationalrepresentation.

Lead-in-1|Notes1.DNADeoxyribonucleicacid,isthehereditarymaterialinhumansandalmostallotherorganisms.Nearlyeverycellinaperson’sbodyhasthesameDNA.MostDNAislocatedinthecellnucleus(whereitiscallednuclearDNA),butasmallamountofDNAcanalsobefoundinthemitochondria(whereitiscalledmitochondrialDNAormtDNA).Lead-in-2|VocabularySometimesifthepartiedworktogethersomeformofcontactmaybenecessarybutitcannotcontinuetobeonanemotionallevel.1.emotional:

adj.beingbynatureeasilyaffectedbyorquicktoexpressemotionse.g.有時(shí)出于某種工作上的合作關(guān)系，一些接觸在所難免，但這些接觸絕不可以摻雜感情成分。Lead-in-2|Vocabulary2.strategic:

adj.

doneaspartofaplanthatismeanttoachieveaparticularpurposeortogainanadvantage

e.g.敦煌曾經(jīng)是絲綢之路的咽喉和要道。DunhuanghadbeenastrategicpassageandcommunicationshuboftheSilkRoad.Lead-in-2|CultureTipsCorporateCultureCorporateculturereferstothebeliefsandbehaviorsthatdetermine

howacompany’semployeesandmanagementinteract

andhandleoutsidebusinesstransactions.Often,corporatecultureisimplied,notexpresslydefined,anddevelopsorganicallyovertimefromthecumulativetraitsofthepeoplethecompanyhires.Acompany'sculturewillbereflectedinitsdresscode,businesshours,officesetup,

employeebenefits,turnover,hiringdecisions,treatmentofclients,clientsatisfactionandeveryotheraspectofoperations.

Lead-in-2|CultureTipsGoogleCorporateCulture

GoogleInc.(GOOGL)isacompanythatiswell-knownforitsemployee-friendlycorporateculture.Itexplicitlydefinesitselfasunconventionalandoffersperkssuchastelecommuting,

flextime,tuitionreimbursement,freeemployeelunches,on-sitedoctorsand,atitscorporateheadquartersinMountainView,Calif.,on-siteserviceslikeoilchanges,massages,fitnessclasses,carwashesandahairstylist.Google’scorporateculturehashelpedittoconsistentlyearnahighrankingonFortunemagazine’slistof100BestCompaniestoWorkFor.Lead-in-2|CultureTipsCharacteristicsofSuccessfulCorporateCulturesTheHarvardBusinessReviewidentifiessiximportantcharacteristicsofsuccessfulcorporateculturesin2015.Firstandforemostis“vision”:fromasimplemissionstatementtoacorporatemanifesto,acompany’svisionisapowerfultool.Forexample,Google’smodernandinfamousslogan:“Don’tBeEvil”isacompellingcorporatevision.Secondly,“values,”whileabroadconcept,embodythementalitiesandperspectivesnecessarytoachieveacompany’svision.Lead-in-2|CultureTipsSimilarly,“practices”arethetangiblemethods,guidedbyethics,throughwhichacompanyimplementsitsvalues.Forexample,Netflixemphasizestheimportanceofknowledge-based,high-achievingemployeesand,assuch,Netflixpaysitsemployeesatthetopoftheirmarketsalaryrange,ratherthananearn-your-way-to-the-topphilosophy."People"comenext,withcompaniesemployingandrecruitinginawaythatreflectsandenhancestheiroverallculture.Lastly,“narrative”and“place”areperhapsthemostmoderncharacteristicsofcorporateculture.Havingapowerfulnarrativeororiginstory,suchasthatofSteveJobsandApple,isimportantforgrowthandpublicimage.The“place”ofbusiness,suchasthecityofchoiceandalsoofficedesignandarchitecture,isalsooneofthemostcutting-edgeadventsincontemporarycorporateculture.Conversation-3|Vocabulary1.getoff:toleaveavehicle,aircraft,phoneetc

2.urgent:adj.

compellingimmediateactione.g.e.g.Soeverybodythenracedto

getoff

thebus.

所以大家都跑下車。

OfficialsattheStateDepartmentsaytheissueis

urgent.國務(wù)院官員說該問題很急迫。

1.track:

n.

alineorroutealongwhichsomethingtravelsormoves

2.recommend:

v.tosuggestaswiseorsuitable;advisee.g.e.g.Conversation-4|VocabularyTheseregulationshavebeenshapedbyanadherencetobehavioristprinciples.Thejudgerecommendedthatheserve20yearsinprison.法官建議判處他20年監(jiān)禁。

這些規(guī)定是遵循行為主義原則而形成的。3.procedure:

n.

aprocessorseriesofactsespeciallyofapracticalormechanicalnatureinvolvedinaparticularformofwork

e.g.Conversation-4|VocabularyWhat’sthe

procedure

foropeningasavingsaccount?.

開一個(gè)儲(chǔ)蓄帳戶有什么手續(xù)?1.chaos:n.

astateofextremeconfusionanddisorder

e.g.BusinessNews-1|VocabularyChaos

theorywasdevelopedbyscientists,tryingtoexplainthemovementoftheplanetsandthechangesinenvironmentalconditions.

混沌理論是由科學(xué)家們開發(fā)的，試圖解釋行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)和環(huán)境條件的變化.2.clog:v.

toblocksth.suchasapipe,tube,orpassage,ortobecomeblocked,sothatnothingcangetthrough

e.g.BusinessNews-1|VocabularyScientistssaythattheyareharmfultotheheartandclogthearteries.科學(xué)家說那樣的脂肪對心臟有害并阻塞血管。3.reinvent:

v.tochangeradicallytheappearance,form,orpresentationofsomethingorsomebody

e.g.BusinessNews-1|VocabularyItisnotjustinvestmentbanksandhedgefundsthatmustreinventtheirbusinessmodel.必須徹底改變經(jīng)營模式的不僅是投資銀行和對沖基金。BusinessNews-1|NotesTheNationalRetailFederation

(NRF)美國零售聯(lián)合會(huì)

Theworld’slargest

retail

tradeassociation.

Itsmembersincludedepartmentstores,specialty,discount,Internet,andindependentretailers,chainrestaurants,andgrocerystores.Membersalsoincludebusinessesthatprovidegoodsandservicestoretailers,suchasvendorsandtechnologyproviders.NRFrepresentsanindustrythatcontainsover1.6millionU.S.retailestablishmentswithmorethan24millionemployeesand(2005)salesof$4.4trillion.NRFisalsoan

umbrellagroup

thatrepresentsmorethan100associationsofstate,nationalandinternationalretailers.1.candidate:n.

oneofthepeoplecompetinginan

election,forajoboraprize

e.g.BusinessNews-2|VocabularyHPhadbeenaprimecandidateforashareholdernominationsproposalnextyear.

惠普一直是明年股東提名建議的主要候選公司。2.mascot:

n.

apersonoranimalthatisadoptedbyateamorother

groupasasymbolicfiguree.g.BusinessNews-2|VocabularyThepowercompanyinHuaibeifemaleworkerspreparationoftheOlympicmascot淮北供電公司女職工準(zhǔn)備的奧運(yùn)吉祥物。BusinessNews-2|Notes1.DonaldTrump

U.S.President,realestatemogulandformerrealityTVstarDonaldJohnTrumpwasbornin1946,inQueens,NewYork.In1971,hebecameinvolvedinlarge,profitablebuildingprojectsinManhattan.In1980,heopenedtheGrandHyatt,whichmadehimthecity'sbest-knowndeveloper.In2004,TrumpbeganstarringinthehitNBCrealityseries

TheApprentice,

whichalsospawnedtheoffshoot

TheCelebrityApprentice.

Trumpturnedhisattentiontopolitics,andin2015he

announcedhiscandidacyforpresidentoftheUnitedStatesontheRepublicanticket.Afterwinningamajorityoftheprimariesandcaucuses,TrumpbecametheofficialRepublicancandidateforpresidentonJuly19,2016.ThatNovember,Trumpwaselectedthe45thPresidentoftheUnitedStates,afterdefeatingDemocraticcandidate

HillaryClinton

BusinessNews-2|Notes2.The

RepublicanParty共和黨

Itisoneofthe

two

majorcontemporary

politicalpartiesintheUnitedStates,theotherbeingitshistoricrival,the

DemocraticParty.Thepartyisnamedafter

republicanism,thedominantvalueduringthe

AmericanRevolution.Itwasfoundedbyanti-slaveryactivists,modernists,ex-Whigs,andex-FreeSoilers

in1854.TheRepublicansdominatedpoliticsnationallyandinthemajorityofnorthernStatesformostoftheperiodbetween1860and1932.Therehavebeen19Republicanpresidents,themostfromanyoneparty.Thefirstwas16thpresident

AbrahamLincoln,whoservedfrom1861to1865,whenhewas

assassinated,andthemostrecentbeing45thandcurrentpresident

DonaldTrump,whotookofficeonJanuary20,2017.BusinessNews-2|CultureTipsHillaryClinton

(bornOctober26,1947)isanAmericanpoliticianwhowasthe67thUnitedStatesSecretaryofStatefrom2009to2013,U.S.SenatorfromNewYorkfrom2001to2009,FirstLadyoftheUnitedStatesfrom1993to2001andtheDemocraticParty’snomineeforPresidentoftheUnitedStatesinthe2016election.BorninChicago,IllinoisandraisedintheChicagosuburbofParkRidge,ClintongraduatedfromWellesleyCollegein1969andearnedaJ.D.fromYaleLawSchoolin1973.Afterservingasacongressionallegalcounsel,shemovedtoArkansasandmarriedBillClintonin1975.In1977,sheco-foundedArkansasAdvocatesforChildrenandFamilies.ShewasappointedthefirstfemalechairoftheLegalServicesCorporationin1978andbecamethefirstfemalepartneratRoseLawFirmthefollowingyear.AsFirstLadyofArkansas,sheledataskforcewhoserecommendationshelpedreformArkansas’spublicschools.BusinessNews-2|CultureTipsHillaryClinton

AsFirstLadyoftheUnitedStates,Clintonwasanadvocateforgenderequalityandhealthcarereform.HerrelationshipwithherhusbandcameunderpublicspeculationduringtheLewinskyScandal,forcinghertoissueastatementreaffirminghercommitmenttothemarriage.Clintonwaselectedin2000asthefirstfemalesenatorfromNewYork.Shewasre-electedtotheSenatein2006.Runningforpresidentin2008,shewonfarmoredelegatesthananypreviousfemalecandidate,butlosttheDemocraticnominationtoBarackObama.BusinessNews-2|CultureTipsHillaryClinton

AsSecretaryofStateintheObamaadministrationfrom2009to2013,ClintonrespondedtotheArabSpring,duringwhichsheadvocatedtheU.S.militaryinterventioninLibya.ShehelpedorganizeadiplomaticisolationandinternationalsanctionsregimeagainstIran,inanefforttoforcecurtailmentofthatcountry’snuclearprogram;thiswouldeventuallyleadtothemultinationalJointComprehensivePlanofActionagreementin2015.LeavingofficeafterObama’sfirstterm,shewroteherfifthbookandundertookspeakingengagements.BusinessNews-2|CultureTipsHillaryClinton

Clintonmadeasecondpresidentialrunin2016.Shereceivedthemostvotesandprimarydelegatesinthe2016Democraticprimariesandformallyacceptedherparty'snominationforPresidentoftheUnitedStatesonJuly28,2016withvicepresidentialrunningmateSenatorTimKaine.ShebecamethefirstfemalecandidatetobenominatedforpresidentbyamajorU.S.politicalparty.Despitewinningapluralityofthenationalpopularvote,ClintonlosttheElectoralCollegeandthepresidencytoherRepublicanopponentDonaldTrump.[3]Followingherloss,in2017shedecidedtofocusonbeingaself-described“activistcitize.”1.manifest:

v.

tomakesomethingevidentbyshowingordemonstratingitveryclearly

Theirfrustrationandangerwill

manifest

itselfincryingandscreaming.

e.g.Passage-1|Vocabulary他們用哭泣與尖叫表達(dá)自己的沮喪和憤怒。

One

central

lesson

of

the

financial

crisis

was

that

markets

could

only

functionproperly

if

risk-takingwere

not

divorced

from

liability.2.risking-taking

:

n.actorfactofdoingsomethingthatinvolvesdangerorriskinordertoachieveagoale.g.Passage-1|Vocabulary

此次金融危機(jī)的一個(gè)重要教訓(xùn)是，如果冒險(xiǎn)沒有背離責(zé)任，市場只會(huì)合理運(yùn)行。3.bottom-line:

n.

tomakesomethingevidentbyshowingordemonstratingitveryclearly

Iftheyunderstandhowyoumakemoney,theycanunderstandthelinkbetweentheirperformanceandthebottom-line.e.g.Passage-1|Vocabulary

如果他們了解你是如何賺錢的，他們就能夠清楚的知道他們的表現(xiàn)和底線之間的聯(lián)系。Passage-1|NotesUniversityofSouthernCalifornia

TheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaisaleadingprivateresearchuniversitylocatedinLosAngeles—aglobalcenterforarts,technologyandinternationalbusiness.ItishometotheCollegeofLetters,ArtsandSciencesand21exceptionalacademicschoolsandunits.USC’sHealthSciencescampushousesrenownedspecializedcareandresearchincancer,stemcellandregenerativemedicine,orthopedicsandsportsmedicine.TheuniversityisthelargestprivatesectoremployerinthecityofLosAngeles,responsiblefor$8billionannuallyineconomicactivityintheregion.

Passage-2

|Notes1.Singles’Day

Singles’DayorBachelors’Day,whichoriginatedfromNanjingUniversityin1993,wasinitiallycelebratedatvariousuniversitiesinNanjingduringthe1990s.Itgotthename“Singles’Day”becausethedateconsistsoffour“ones.”Upongraduating,thesecollegestudentscarriedtheuniversitytraditionintosociety.Singles’DayhasbeenlargelypopularizedintheInterneteraandisnowobservedbyyouthinseveralregionsoutsideChinaaswell.Passage-2

|Notes1.Singles’Day

Singles’Dayservesasanoccasionforsinglepeopletopartywithsinglefriends.Theholidaywasinitiallyonlycelebratedbyyoungmen,hencethename,“Bachelors’Day,”butisnowwidelycelebratedbybothsexes.Blinddate’partiesarealsopopularduringthisdayinanattempttobidgoodbyetotheirsinglelives.Someschoolsofauniversityputforwardaspecialprogramtogathersinglestogetherforcelebration.Singlesmaytakeonabemoaningorself-deprecatingattitudeforremainingsingleasauniversitystudent,butthishashelpedcurbthatnegativity.Passage-2

|Notes1.Singles’Day

2011markedthe“SinglesDayoftheCentury,”

thisdatehavingsix“ones”ratherthanfour—anexcusetotakecelebrationstoahigherlevel.ShoppingpromotionswerehighlightedthroughoutChinaandactivitieswerewidespread.Althoughthisdateismeanttocelebratesinglehood,thedesiretofindaspouseormateisoftenexpressedbyyoungChineseonthisdate,