OBJECT-ORIENTEDSYSTEMSANALYSISANDDESIGN

面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)EditedbyDr.TengGuifaGuoYanhong1CHAPTERPLAYERSINTHESYSTEMSGAME

ChapterOne PlayersintheSystemsGameWhatareinformationsystems,andwhoarethestakeholdersintheinformationsystemsgame?Whatrolewillyoupersonallyplayinthedevelopmentanduseofinformationsystems?Whoareinformationsystemusers?HowisthedefinitionchanginginaremotecomputingandInternet-centricworld?Whatisasystemsanalystandwhyaretheseindividualsthekeyplayersinthedevelopmentandimplementationofinformationsystems?Whataresystemsanalysisanddesign?Wheredosystemsanalystswork?Whatmodernbusinessandtechnologytrendsareaffectinginformationsystemsdevelopment?Whatarethecareerprospectsforsystemsanalysts?Ifyouwanttopursueacareerasasystemsanalyst,whatknowledgeandskillsdoyouneedtoacquire?

ChapterMapInformationSystems&TechnologyAninformationsystem(IS)isanarrangementofpeople,data,processes,communications,andinformationtechnologythatinteracttosupportandimproveday-to-dayoperationsinabusiness,aswellassupporttheproblem-solvinganddecision-makingneedsofmanagementandusers.

Informationtechnologyisacontemporarytermthatdescribesthecombinationofcomputertechnology(hardwareandsoftware)withtelecommunicationstechnology(data,image,andvoicenetworks).Stakeholders:PlayersintheSystemsGameAstakeholderisanypersonwhohasaninterestinanexistingornewinformationsystem.Stakeholderscanbetechnicalornontechnicalworkers.Forinformationsystems,thestakeholderscanbeclassifiedas:SystemownersSystemusersSystemsanalystsSystemdesignersSystembuildersITvendorsandconsultantsInformationversusKnowledgeWorkersInformationworkersarethoseworkerswhosejobsinvolvethecreation,collection,processing,distribution,anduseofinformation.Knowledgeworkersareasubsetofinformationworkerswhoseresponsibilitiesarebasedonaspecializedbodyofknowledge.SystemOwnersSystemownersaretheinformationsystem’ssponsorsandchiefadvocates.Theyareusuallyresponsibleforfundingtheprojecttodevelop,operate,andmaintaintheinformationsystem.SystemUsers

Systemusersarethepeoplewhouseorareaffectedbytheinformationsystemonaregularbasis—capturing,validating,entering,respondingto,storing,andexchangingdataandinformation.Acommonsynonymisclient.Typesinclude:InternalusersClericalandserviceworkersTechnicalandprofessionalstaffSupervisors,middlemanagers,andexecutivemanagersRemoteandmobileusers(internalbutdisconnected)ExternalusersSystemDesignersandSystemBuildersSystemdesignerstranslatesystemusers’businessrequirementsandconstraintsintotechnicalsolutions.Theydesignthecomputerfiles,databases,inputs,outputs,screens,networks,andprogramsthatwillmeetthesystemusers’requirements.Systembuildersconstructtheinformationsystemcomponentsbasedonthedesignspecificationsfromthesystemdesigners.Inmanycases,thesystemdesignerandbuilderforacomponentareoneandthesame.SystemsAnalystsAsystemsanalyststudiestheproblemsandneedsofanorganizationtodeterminehowpeople,data,processes,communications,andinformationtechnologycanbestaccomplishimprovementsforthebusiness.Wheninformationtechnologyisused,theanalystisresponsiblefor:Theefficientcaptureofdatafromitsbusinesssource,Theflowofthatdatatothecomputer,Theprocessingandstorageofthatdatabythecomputer,andTheflowofusefulandtimelyinformationbacktothebusinessanditspeople.

VariationsontheSystemsAnalystsTitleAbusinessanalystisasystemsanalystthatspecializesinbusinessproblemanalysisandtechnology-independentrequirementsanalysis.Aprogrammer/analyst(oranalyst/programmer)includestheresponsibilitiesofboththecomputerprogrammerandthesystemsanalyst.Othersynonymsforsystemsanalystinclude:SystemsconsultantSystemsarchitectSystemsengineerInformationengineerSystemsintegratorProblem-SolvingScenariosTrueproblemsituations,eitherrealoranticipated,thatrequirecorrectiveactionOpportunitiestoimproveasituationdespitetheabsenceofcomplaintsDirectivestochangeasituationregardlessofwhetheranyonehascomplainedaboutthecurrentsituationGeneralProblem-SolvingApproach1.Identifytheproblem.2.Analyzeandunderstandtheproblem.3.Identifysolutionrequirementsorexpectations.4.Identifyalternativesolutionsanddecideacourseofaction.5.Designandimplementthe“best”solution.6.Evaluatetheresults.Iftheproblemisnotsolved,returntostep1or2asappropriate.WhereSystemsAnalystsWorkIntraditionalbusinessesWorkingintraditionalinformationservicesorganizations

(permanentprojectteams)Workingincontemporaryinformationservicesorganizations

(dynamicprojectteams)InoutsourcingbusinessesContractedtotraditionalbusinessesInconsultingbusinessesContractedtotraditionalbusinessesInapplicationsoftwarebusinessesBuildingsoftwareproductsfortraditionalbusinessesTraditionalISServicesOrganizationContemporaryISServicesOrganizationBusinessTrendsandDriversTotalqualitymanagement(TQM)Continuousprocessimprovement(CPI)GlobalizationoftheeconomyInformationtechnologyproblemsandopportunitiesYear2000problem(Y2K)EurocurrencydirectiveEnterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)Electroniccommerce(ECorE-commerce)TotalQualityManagementTotalqualitymanagement(TQM)isacomprehensiveapproachtofacilitatingqualityimprovementsandmanagementwithinabusiness.Informationsystemsqualitystandards:ISO9001,Qualitysystems–Modelforqualityassuranceindesign/development,production,installation,andservicing.CapabilityMaturityModel(CMM)isaframeworktoassessthematuritylevelofanorganization’sinformationsystemsdevelopmentandmanagementprocessesandproducts.Itconsistsoffivelevelsofmaturityasmeasuredbyasetofguidelinescalledthekeyprocessareas.BusinessProcessRedesignBusinessprocessredesign(BPR)isthestudy,analysis,andredesignoffundamentalbusinessprocessestoreducecostsand/orimprovevalueaddedtothebusiness.UsuallycomplementedbycontinuousprocessimprovementContinuousProcessImprovementContinuousprocessimprovement(CPI)isthecontinuousmonitoringofbusinessprocessestoeffectsmallbutmeasurableimprovementstocostreductionandvalueadded.Essentiallytheoppositeofbusinessprocessredesign;however,CPIcanandfrequentlydoescomplementBPR.LegacySystemsLegacysystemsareolderinformationsystemapplicationsthathavebecomecrucialtotheday-to-dayoperationofabusinessandthatmayusetechnologiesconsideredoldoroutdatedbycurrentstandards.Canbeadverselyaffectedbytechnologyandeconomicforces:Year2000EuroCanbereplacedbyalternativesolutions:ERPE-CommerceEnterpriseResourcePlanningAnEnterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)softwareproductisafullyintegratedinformationsystemthatspansmostbasicbusinessfunctionsrequiredbyamajorcorporation.AnERPproductisbuiltaroundacommondatabasesharedthesebusinessfunctions.ExamplesofERPsoftwarevendorsinclude.BaanJ.D.EdwardsOraclePeoplesoftSAPElectronicCommerceElectroniccommerce(e-commerceorEC)involvesconductingbothinternalandexternalbusinessovertheInternet,intranets,andextranets.Electroniccommerceincludesthebuyingandsellingofgoodsandservices,thetransferoffunds,andthesimplificationofday-to-daybusinessprocesses–allthroughdigitalcommunications.Threebasictypesofelectroniccommerceapplicationsinclude:MarketingBusiness-to-consumer(B2C)Business-to-business(B2B)TheSystemsAnalystasaFacilitatorSkillsRequiredbySystemsAnalystsWorkingknowledgeofinformationtechnologyComputerprogrammingexperienceandexpertiseGeneralbusinessknowledgeProblem-solvingskillsInterpersonalcommunicationskillsInterpersonalrelationsskillsFlexibilityandadaptabilityC