Unit1

ScienceandScientistsLearningAboutLanguage教學(xué)目標StudentswillmasterthekeygrammarstructuresinUnit1,accuratelyunderstandingtheirforms,rules,andfunctions.1Studentswillapplythesegrammarstructurescorrectlyinvariouscontexts,improvingtheirlanguageproficiency.2教學(xué)重難點0102Concentrateontheessentialelementsofpredicativeclauses,includingtheirconstructionrules,commonguidingwords,andhowtheyconnectwithsubjectcomplements.Helpstudentsdistinguishpredicativeclausesfromothernounclauses,useguidingwordsaccurately,andembedpredicativeclausesintocomplexsentencescoherently.01BuildupyourvocabularyFindthewordsfromthepreviouspageswiththefollowingprefixesorsuffixes.Thenaddtwowordsforeachprefixorsuffix,andexplaintheirmeanings.PrefixWordsMeaningSuffixWordsMeaningre--orydis--ionmicro--ialtrans--ologyremovereplacediscoverdisappearmicroscopemicrophonetransformtransplantagain;backaway;not;separateacross;beyondsmalladvisorycompulsoryinfectionrelationpartialfinancialbiologysociologyaplacefor;relatingtoorinvolvingaverbalactionnoun,quality;stateofbeingrelatedto;likestudy/scienceof...Makephrasesbycombiningthewordsintheleftboxwiththoseontheright.Thencompletethesentencesusingthesephrases.Manyscientists_____________theviewthatitishumanactivitythathascausedglobalwarming.Hewasto___________theaccidentbecausehedroveonthewrongsideoftheroad.Theman_____________beingbehindtherobberywasseencrossingthestreet.Sinceheartdiseaseisoften___________ourlifestylechoices,weneedtomakehealthylivinganimportantpartofourlives.toofforsubscribesuspectblamelinksubscribetoblameforsuspectedoflinkedtoReplacetheunderlinedpartswithsuitablewordsfromthebox.Itisnotunusualforanathletetobewellknownwhileheisactive,andquicklyforgottenwhenhisathleticcareerisover.I’msureshe’lldealwiththechangesverywellbecauseshe’sveryadaptable.Hewasreadytoservedinnertohisfriendswhenherealisedthathehadforgottentoturnontheovenandthemeatwasnotcookedyet.Heusedhisgreatinfluencetochangethethinkingofthescientificcommunityonthisissue.Scientistshavecollectedmoredatathanexpectedtoprovethetheory.rawahouseholdnamesubstantialstatisticshandlerawsubstantialstatisticsahouseholdnamehandleReadthispassageaboutmedicalscience.Completeitusingthewordsbelow.British

scientistsbelievetheymayhavefoundawaytofightthecommoncold.Itblocksakeyproteininthebody’scellsthatisto_______forthespreadofcold-causingvirus.Targetingthehostratherthanthe_________wasabitnon-traditionalbutmadesensebecauseitwastrickytotargetthevirus.Cold-causingvirusarenotonlyof_________kinds,theyalso___________rapidly,meaningtheycanquicklydevelopresistancetomedicine.Researchersareworkingonmakingaformofmedicinethatcanbetakendirectlyintoone’slungs,to_________thechanceofsideeffects.Thoughthesescientistshavemade__________advancesintheirresearch,further_______isneededtomakesuresuchdrugsarenotso_________thattheyharmthebody.infection multiple decrease severe transform proof blame substantialinfectionmultipletransformblamedecreasesubstantialproofsevere02Discoverusefulstructures猜猜誰是小偷？

地鐵站內(nèi)，一個女人大喊:"搶劫啦"！罪犯拿著錢包跑得很快，保安追不到。經(jīng)過一系列的工作，找到了四個嫌疑人。探長過來時，Adam在椅子上昏昏欲睡，Bob冷的縮成一團，Charlie不安的四處張望，David在原地跑步取暖。請問誰的嫌疑最大?猜猜誰是小偷？ThegreatestsuspicionisDavid.Thisismyguess.如何合并為一句話MyguessisthatthegreatestsuspicionisDavid.表語從句表語(Predicative)用于說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或內(nèi)容，位于系動詞(be,seem,appear,become,look,sound,feel等)之后，構(gòu)成“主語+系動詞+表語”結(jié)構(gòu)。表語可由多種成分充當(dāng)：名詞：Hisjobisateacher. 他的職業(yè)是老師。代詞：Thewinnerisyou. 獲勝者是你。形容詞：Thecaketastesdelicious. 這塊蛋糕嘗起來很美味。介詞短語：Thebookisonthedesk. 書在桌子上。非謂語動詞：不定式、分詞、動名詞 (不定式)Herdreamistotraveltheworld.

她的夢想是環(huán)游世界。 (現(xiàn)在分詞)Thenewsisexciting. 這個消息令人興奮。從句→表語從句表語的概念系動詞分類表語從句(PredicativeClause)是指在系動詞(be,seem,appear,look,sound,become等)之后，用來說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的從句。它通常位于主句的謂語動詞之后，充當(dāng)表語(即主語補足語)。表語從句必須用陳述句語序。結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+系動詞+引導(dǎo)詞+從句Thetruth

was

thatthemanhaddisappeared.主語系動詞引導(dǎo)詞從句定義與結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞連詞在從句中不作成分that,whether,asif,asthough,because…連接代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whichever…連接副詞在從句中作狀語when,where,how,why…使用要點1.表語從句一定要用陳述語序，即使原句是疑問句。?錯誤：Theproblemiswherecanwefindwater.(疑問語序：where+情態(tài)動詞can+主語we)?

正確：Theproblemiswherewecanfindwater.(陳述語序：where+主語we+情態(tài)動詞can+謂語find)?

錯誤：Thisiswhodidthejob.(疑問語序：who直接作主語時易混淆，但仍需按陳述語序結(jié)構(gòu))?

正確：Thisiswhothejobwasdoneby.(陳述語序：who作賓語，調(diào)整為:主語thejob+謂語wasdone+介詞by表語從句有要求，陳述語序要記??；引導(dǎo)詞后跟主語，謂語動詞別錯位。使用要點2.that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，僅作為連接詞存在，其作用是連接主句的主語和從句，不充當(dāng)從句中的任何成分(如主語、賓語、表語等)，無實際語義，在口語或非正式語境中有時可省略，但在正式寫作中建議保留以避免歧義。①that可省略的情況(口語/非正式)Thetruthis(that)hedidn’tfinishtheworkontime.②that不可省略的情況(正式語境)Theproblemisthatwelackthenecessaryresources.③多個that引導(dǎo)的表語從句(并列結(jié)構(gòu)中不可省略)Hisargumentwasthattheprojectwasfeasibleandthatweshouldstartimmediately.使用要點3.whether引導(dǎo)表語從句時，僅作為連接詞，表示“是否、到底”的含義，不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分(如主語、賓語等)，且不能用if替換。其作用是連接主句的主語和從句，使從句成為主句主語的具體內(nèi)容或疑問焦點。①

基本用法(whether表示“是否”)Thequestioniswhetherhewillaccepttheinvitation.②與ornot連用加強語氣Theproblemiswhetherwecanfinishthetaskontimeornot.③注意：if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句，因此不可與weather替換Thedoubtisiftheplanispractical.?Thedoubtiswhethertheplanispractical.?使用要點4.連接代詞引導(dǎo)表語從句時，兼具連接主句與從句和在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分(主語、賓語、表語、定語)的雙重功能，且本身有明確語義(如“誰”“什么”“哪一個”等)。連接代詞從句中成分語義例句who主語“誰”Thewinneriswhosolvedtheproblem.whom賓語“誰（賓格）”I’llmarrywhomIlove.whose定語“誰的”Thequestioniswhosecarthisis.what主語

/賓語/表語“什么”“所……的事物”Whatshesaidistrue.which主語

/賓語/定語“哪一個/些”Choosewhichyoulike.whoever主語

/賓語“無論誰”“任何人”Whoeverarrivesfirstwins.使用要點5.連接副詞引導(dǎo)表語從句時，既連接主句與從句，又在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c、時間、原因、方式等狀語，本身具有明確語義（如“哪里”“何時”“為什么”“如何”）。連接副詞從句中成分語義例句where地點狀語“在哪里”ThisiswhereIgrewup.when時間狀語“何時”Theproblemiswhentheywillarrive.why原因狀語“為什么”Theansweriswhyshewaslate.how方式狀語“如何”“怎樣”Theissueishowtosolvetheproblem.使用要點6.Thatisbecause...和

Thatiswhy...是表語從句中常見的固定結(jié)構(gòu)，二者均通過that連接主句與從句，但語義和邏輯關(guān)系截然不同：Thatisbecause...強調(diào)原因（主句說明結(jié)果，從句解釋原因）。Thatiswhy...強調(diào)結(jié)果（主句說明原因，從句推導(dǎo)結(jié)果）。①Thatisbecause+原因→邏輯：結(jié)果（主句）+因為……(從句解釋原因)Hedidn’tattendthemeeting.Thatisbecausehewasill.他沒參加會議,那是因為他生病了。②Thatiswhy+結(jié)果→邏輯：原因（主句）+因此……(從句說明結(jié)果)Hewasill.Thatiswhyhedidn’tattendthemeeting.他生病了,因此沒參加會議。使用要點7.當(dāng)表語從句的主語是表示建議、勸告、命令、要求等含義的名詞（如advice,suggestion,order,proposal等）時，從句需用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)為：should+動詞原形（should可省略）。此規(guī)則的本質(zhì)是：將主語名詞的主觀要求（建議/命令等）通過虛擬語氣在表語從句中體現(xiàn)。主語名詞類型常見名詞虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)是否可省略

should建議類advice,suggestion,tipshould+動詞原形是（口語

/正式均可）命令類order,command,instructionshould+動詞原形是（正式場合常保留）提議

/要求類proposal,requirement,planshould+動詞原形是03ExerciseAnswerthefollowingquestionsusingtheinformationfromthereadingpassageaswellasthepredicativeclauses.Example

WhatwasitthatJohnSnowshowedtotheworld?→WhatJohnSnowshowedtotheworldwashowcholeracouldbeovercome.1.WhatwasSnow’sdiscoveryintwoparticularstreetsinLondon?Snow’sdiscoveryintwoparticularstreetsinLondonwasthat____________________________________________________________________________.thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays2.WhatwasSnowdeterminedtofindoutduringthe1854outbreakofcholerainLondon?WhatSnowwasdeterminedtofindoutwaswhy_________________________________________________________.theoutbreakofcholerahad

causedover500deathswithintendaysAnswerthefollowingquestionsusingtheinformationfromthereadingpassageaswellasthepredicativeclauses.3.WhatweretheexactplacesSnowmarkedonthemap?TheexactplacesSnowmarkedonthemapwerewhere_____________________________.allthosewhodiedhadlived4.WhatwasthefindingthatSnowannounced?Snow’sfindingwasthat_________________________________.thepumpwatercarriedcholeragermsDavidistalkingtoMariaabouttheirscientificresearchproject.FirstcompleteDavid’slines(A-E),usingthewordsinthebox.ThenputDavid’slinesinthecorrectorderandpractisetheconversation.asifthatwhatwhowhenhowwhywhosewhichwhetherAAbsolutely.Youmaynotbelieveit,butthatwas________happenedattheinitialstageofourgroup’sresearchondevelopingavaccineformalaria.BYes,itis.Anditseemed_____allthetheorieswereuseful,butthefactwas______wecouldn’tpersuadeoneanotherthatonetheorywasbetterthananother.CExactly.Theproblemwasnotabout___________allourtheorieswereequallygood,butindeciding__________________theorytodependupon.DWerealisedthatwhatwecaredaboutwasnot__________aspectweneededtodevelopatheoryin,butrather______wecanreducethecostofavaccinewithoutreducingitseffect!EYou’reright.Atlast,webecamefocusedonthekeyissue,whichwas______wehadtocarryouttheresearchinthefirstplace.whatasifthatwhich/whatwhich/what/whosehowwhywhetherMaria:Thismixoftheoryanddataisoneofthekeycharacteristicsofwhatwecallscience.David:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Maria:Withyourtheoreticalframework?David:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Maria:Decidingonatheoryisdefinitelyofcriticalimportance.David:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AAbsolutely.Youmaynotbelieveit,butthatwaswhathappenedattheinitialstageofourgroup’sresearchondevelopingavaccineformalaria.CExactly.Theproblemwasnotaboutwhetherallourtheorieswereequallygood,butindecidingwhich/what/whosetheorytodependupon.

BYes,itis.Anditseemedasifallthetheorieswereuseful,butthefactwasthatwecouldn’tpersuadeoneanotherthatonetheorywasbetterthananother.Maria:Thiswaswhenyoushouldhavecalmeddownandgotdowntodoingsomesolidwork.David:_______________________________________________________________________________________