第五講瞻前顧后妙解閱讀填句《考試說明》對(duì)七選五閱讀填句題命題目的的表述為：主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。該題型不同于常規(guī)閱讀題型的考查形式。它是一篇240～340詞的文章，文中留有5處空白，文章后面設(shè)置7個(gè)選項(xiàng)，其中有2個(gè)選項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中常常包含文章標(biāo)題或段落標(biāo)題，段落主題句和總結(jié)句以及文段內(nèi)的順承句、遞進(jìn)句式或者因果句。eq\a\vs4\al([設(shè)題方式])——知方向1．體裁以說明文為主，話題貼近考生生活2．突出對(duì)“篇章結(jié)構(gòu)”的整體理解重在理解文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)、確定邏輯關(guān)系和關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)。3．側(cè)重考查考生的邏輯思維能力要求考生具備詞匯、句子、語(yǔ)段、語(yǔ)篇等方面的知識(shí)，以及辨證、綜合、分析、歸納方面的邏輯思維能力。eq\a\vs4\al([解題技巧])——明方法六大解題步驟1．步驟一：快速瀏覽七選項(xiàng)，初步確定位置通常有四個(gè)位置：標(biāo)題、句首、句中、句尾。不同位置的句子有不同的特征。有時(shí)有的答案表述上就是錯(cuò)誤的，可以直接從備選項(xiàng)中排除，以降低難度；有時(shí)可明顯地看出其中的某兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)為一處空格的備選選項(xiàng)，此時(shí)要對(duì)其進(jìn)行標(biāo)注(可用箭頭把兩者連在一起)。2．步驟二：快速瀏覽文章，確定文章體裁一般為說明文或議論文，間或出現(xiàn)記敘文。(1)說明文常采用總——分——總的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。第一段介紹要說明的主題，下面幾段多是從不同的角度來(lái)說明問題，最后總結(jié)，各段之間多是平行關(guān)系，經(jīng)常運(yùn)用舉例說明的寫作手法。(2)議論文先拋出議題，然后從正反兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行討論，最后得出結(jié)論。(3)記敘文一般來(lái)說，記敘文的語(yǔ)言是按時(shí)間發(fā)展順序或因果關(guān)系排列的，常用的連接詞有：then，later，soon，intheend，so，asaresult等。閱讀填句中的記敘文通常不會(huì)平鋪直敘，考生要密切注意前后轉(zhuǎn)折的信息。3．步驟三：分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出主題句(1)分析整篇文章的段落層次。說明文和議論文每段的第一句多是主題句。所選句子必須和該段主題一致。(2)分析段落內(nèi)部層次。要真正體會(huì)句際間關(guān)系，把握作者思路，從語(yǔ)序上去發(fā)現(xiàn)斷續(xù)點(diǎn)，理清層次。4．步驟四：尋找句中銜接標(biāo)志詞文章的行文需要通過一定的銜接手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。文章的銜接手段有：重復(fù)使用某一詞語(yǔ)或子范疇的詞語(yǔ)，使用同義詞表達(dá)，用總稱指代具體事物或用具體事物指代整體，使用代詞避免重復(fù)等。5．步驟五：比對(duì)相似項(xiàng)七選五備選答案中有兩個(gè)多余的選項(xiàng)，會(huì)對(duì)文章中兩個(gè)空白處的選擇構(gòu)成干擾，要特別細(xì)致地比對(duì)相似選項(xiàng)，方法和解答閱讀理解時(shí)區(qū)分相似選項(xiàng)一樣。6．步驟六：檢查答案是否合理將所選答案放回空白處，通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否語(yǔ)義連貫合理、緊扣主題，語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語(yǔ)是否恰當(dāng)貼切。eq\a\vs4\al([干擾特點(diǎn)])——曉陷阱1．注釋性句子與上下文意義不銜接。2．過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)。3．主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題。4．用了與正確選項(xiàng)相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，但與上下文意義不符。解題三要素①分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。把握全篇文脈是七選五的關(guān)鍵所在。對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，理出文章的中心，搞清楚句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。②把握寫作思路。從語(yǔ)序上去發(fā)現(xiàn)斷續(xù)點(diǎn)，理清層次。根據(jù)句子意思分出層次，如承接、并列、層進(jìn)關(guān)系等。③理解句際間含義。重點(diǎn)關(guān)注句際間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞、邏輯性插入語(yǔ)，結(jié)合段落中的連接語(yǔ)作出判斷。eq\a\vs4\al([識(shí)真題])——高考這樣考A(2017·高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)IfanyonehadtoldmethreeyearsagothatIwouldbespendingmostofmyweekendscamping,Iwouldhavelaughedheartily.Campers,inmyeyes,werepeoplewhoenjoyedinsectbites,ill-cookedmeals,andunfortablesleepingbags.Theyhadnothinginmonwithme.36Thefriendswhointroducedmetocampingthoughtthatitmeanttobeapioneer.37Wesleptinatent，cookedoveranopenfire,andwalkedalongdistancetotaketheshowerandusethebathroom.ThisbriefvisitwithMotherNaturecostmetwodaysofffromwork，recoveringfromabadcaseofsunburnandthedoctor'sbillformyson'sfoodpoisoning.Iwas，nevertheless,talkedintogoingonanotherfun-filledholidayinthewilderness.38Instead,wehadapop-upcamperwithfortablebedsandanairconditioner.Mynature-lovingfriendshadrememberedtobringallthenecessitiesoflife.__39__Wehavedonealotofitsince.Recently,weboughtatwenty-eight-foottraveltrailerpletewithabathroomandabuilt-inTVset.Thereisaseparatebedroom,amodernkitchenwitharefrigerator.Thetrailerevenhasmatchingcarpetandcurtains.40Itmustbetruethatsoonerorlater，everyonefindshisorherwaybacktonature.Iremendthatyoufindyourwayinstyle.A．Thistimetherewasnotent.B．Thingsaregoingtobeimproved.C．Thetriptheytookmeonwasaroughone.D．Iwastolearnalotaboutcampingsincethen，however.E．ImustsaythatIhavecertainlyetoenjoycamping.F．Afterthetrip,myfamilybecamequiteinterestedincamping.G．Therewasnoshadeasthetreeswerenomorethan3feettall.[師說]高考新動(dòng)向：本文話題具有實(shí)用性和教育意義。考查考生在課外活動(dòng)中的動(dòng)手能力。試題命制著眼于語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用，也體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言的工具性和交際性。eq\a\vs4\al([練技能])——題目這樣解eq\x(一看：位置)—eq\x(是段首段尾題，還是段中題)eq\x(二找：詞匯)—eq\x(鎖定選項(xiàng)與文中信息相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯)eq\x(三思：邏輯)—eq\x(思考選項(xiàng)與文中信息是否符合行文邏輯)eq\a\vs4\al([現(xiàn)身說法])體裁記敘文話題作者對(duì)“野營(yíng)”態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變題號(hào)命題方向解題技巧T36過渡句空格前一句中的hadnothinginmonwithme與后文第二段提到的一次野營(yíng)經(jīng)歷形成轉(zhuǎn)折，和D項(xiàng)中however對(duì)應(yīng)。T37主旨句空后介紹第一次野營(yíng)的困難與艱辛，與C項(xiàng)中的rough(令人不快的，艱難的)相對(duì)應(yīng)。T38過渡句A項(xiàng)將空后內(nèi)容與空前的another有效銜接起來(lái)。T39過渡句本句位于段首，起承上啟下的作用。由空格后的代詞we可判斷所填句中應(yīng)含有復(fù)數(shù)名詞，再結(jié)合空格后的donealotofitsince可判斷選F。T40總結(jié)句本句位于尾段首句，由全文的行文思路上，此處應(yīng)填一個(gè)總結(jié)升華的句子，結(jié)合空后的soonerorlater，everyonefindshisorherwaybacktonature可判斷選E，且此項(xiàng)與前文形成呼應(yīng)。eq\a\vs4\al([語(yǔ)篇框架])Para1：Theauthor__①__thecamping?Para2：Theauthor__②__andsufferedalot?Para3：Theauthorwastalkedintoanotheroneand__③__?Para4：__④__interestedthecampingand__⑤__?Para5：Theauthor__⑥__theactivitynow答案：①disliked②waspersuadedtojoin③enjoyedit④Thefamily⑤boughtsomeequipments⑥isfondofB(2017·高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Interruptionsareoneoftheworstthingstodealwithwhileyou'retryingtogetworkdone.36，thereareseveralwaystohandlethings.Let'stakealookatthemnow.37.Tellthepersonyou'resorryandexplainthatyouhaveamillionthingstodoandthenaskifthetwoofyoucantalkatadifferenttime.Whenpeopletrytointerruptyou,havesethoursplannedandletthemknowtoebackduringthattimeorthatyou'llfindthemthen.38.Itcanhelptoeliminate(消除)futureinterruptions.Whenyouneedtotalktosomeone，don'tdoitinyourownoffice.__39__，it'smucheasiertoexcuseyourselftogetbacktoyourworkthanifyoutrytogetsomeoneoutofyourspaceevenafterexplaininghowbusyyouare.Ifyouhaveadoortoyouroffice,makegooduseofit.__40__.Ifsomeoneknocksandit'snotanimportantmatter,excuseyourselfandletthepersonknowyou'rebusysotheycangetthehint(暗示)thatwhenthedoorisclosed，you'renottobedisturbed.A．Ifyou'rebusy，don'tfeelbadaboutsayingnoB．WhenyouwanttoavoidinterruptionsatworkC．SetboundariesforyourselfasfarasyourtimegoesD．Ifyou'reintheotherperson'sofficeorinapublicareaE．It'simportantthatyouletthemknowwhenyou'llbeavailableF．ItmightseemunkindtocutpeopleshortwhentheyinterruptyouG．Leaveitopenwhenyou'reavailabletotalkandcloseitwhenyou'renot,eq\a\vs4\al([現(xiàn)身說法])體裁說明文話題如何在工作時(shí)避免打擾題號(hào)命題方向解題技巧T36細(xì)節(jié)支撐句空格后的thereareseveralways...與B項(xiàng)when...avoid...銜接緊密；另外，根據(jù)句法知識(shí)可知，空格后是主句，所填內(nèi)容應(yīng)為從句，B、D兩項(xiàng)符合，而D項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與主句所述不一致，故選B。T37主旨句空格處于段落首句，段中內(nèi)容“...you'resorryandexplain...andthenask”與A項(xiàng)．..busy，don'tfeelbad...no匹配。T38過渡句空格前為“讓別人知道怎么做”；空格后為“消除后繼干擾”E項(xiàng)讓他們知道你何時(shí)有空串聯(lián)上下文。T39細(xì)節(jié)支撐句空格前的inyourownoffice與D項(xiàng)中的intheotherperson'soffice相對(duì)應(yīng)，詞匯(本題為office)鎖定很重要。T40過渡句空格前句中的door很關(guān)鍵，與選項(xiàng)G中的open...close...相對(duì)應(yīng)，且空格后knock形成有效關(guān)聯(lián)。eq\a\vs4\al([語(yǔ)篇框架])答案：⑦Interruption⑧no⑨different⑩whentoeback?thedoor一、段首句設(shè)空1．空格為主旨句(2016·高考全國(guó)甲卷)●17Somepeoplemaythinkthatagardenisnomorethanplants，flowers，patternsandmassesofcolor.Othersareconcernedaboutusinggardeningmethodsthatrequirelesswaterandfewerfertilizers(肥料)．Stillothersmaysimplyenjoybeingoutdoorsandclosetoplants.However，thereareanumberofotherreasonsthatmightexplainwhyyouwanttogarden.Oneofthemesfromourearliestyears.A．KnowwhyyougardenB．FindagoodplaceforyourowngardenC．It'sourexperienceofthegardenthatmattersD．It'sdelightfultoseesomanybeautifulflowersE．StillothersmaysimplyenjoybeingoutdoorsandclosetoplantsF．Youcanproducethatkindofmagicalqualityinyourowngarden，tooG．Foreachofthosegardens，writedownthestrongestmemoryyouhave解析：由該空所在位置可知這是一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。由其后內(nèi)容“有些人可能認(rèn)為花園……，有些人關(guān)心……然而，還有很多其他原因……”可知本段的主題應(yīng)該是A項(xiàng)“知道你為什么要做園藝工作”。[答案]A2．空格為承上啟下句(2016·高考北京卷)Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange，scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotakerisksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.74(E.This_is_when_you_start_to_move_away_from_your_family_and_into_the_bigger_world.)Tohelpyoudothat，yourbrainincreasesyourhungerfornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks，soyourbrainraisesyourtoleranceforriskaswell.75Fortherisk-seekers，apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebeesactive，whilefortherestofus，apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbeesactive.A．Italldependsonyourcharacter.B．Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.C．Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.D．Thus，thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.E．Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.F．However，wearenotallusingthesamereferencestandardtoweighrisksandrewards.G．Newbrainresearchsuggestsourbrainsworkdifferentlywhenwefaceanervoussituation.解析：本題空格在段首，需要填一個(gè)主旨句或一個(gè)承上啟下句。上文主要講述了科學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)——對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)的熱愛在青少年時(shí)期有所增長(zhǎng)。大腦增加了對(duì)新經(jīng)歷的渴望，而新的經(jīng)歷也意味著許多冒險(xiǎn)。75題承接上文，引入下文的講述，即“新的大腦研究表明當(dāng)我們面對(duì)緊張的情況時(shí)，我們的大腦的工作方式是不同的?！苯又U述是如何的不同。故選G項(xiàng)。[答案]G二、段中句設(shè)空1．無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)詞類(2015·高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Trustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompastexperiences.36Trustisarisk.Butyoucan'tbesuccessfulwhenthere'salackoftrustinarelationshipthatresultsfromanactionwherethewrongdoertakesnoresponsibilitytofixthemistake.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They'vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan'tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn'tmeanyou'reignoringwhathappened.解析：第一句Trustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompastexperiences.(信任是我們從以往經(jīng)歷中獲得的習(xí)得行為。)是對(duì)trust的解釋。選項(xiàng)B中的It指代上文出現(xiàn)的Trust，并且繼續(xù)解釋trust的含義：puttingconfidenceinsomeone(對(duì)某人寄托信任)。故選B項(xiàng)。[答案]B點(diǎn)津：無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)詞類就無(wú)法依據(jù)個(gè)別關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行判斷，依靠的只能是前后完整的語(yǔ)境和句意。3．有關(guān)聯(lián)詞類①(2016·高考全國(guó)乙卷)Forexample，“bridge”mightstandfor“meet”and“out”mightstandfor“me.”Themessage“Bridgeout”wouldactuallymean“Meetme”．___40__However，itisalsohardtokeepacodebooksecretforlong.Socodesmustbechangedfrequently.A．Itisveryhardtobreakacodewithoutthecodebook.B．Inanylanguage，somelettersareusedmorethanothers.C．Onlypeoplewhoknowthekeywordcanreadthemessage.D．Aslongastherehavebeencodes，peoplehavetriedtobreakthem.E．Youcanhideamessagebyhavingthefirstlettersofeachwordspellitout.F．Withacodebook，youmightwritedownwordsthatwouldstandforotherwords.G．Anotherwaytohideamessageistousesymbolstostandforspecificlettersofthealphabet.解析：由空格后的However可知空格處跟空后內(nèi)容為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。再由空后的itisalsohard可鎖定A項(xiàng)中的Itisveryhard。A項(xiàng)“沒有密碼本很難破解密碼”與However后的“但長(zhǎng)久保持密碼本的安全也很難”構(gòu)成語(yǔ)境轉(zhuǎn)折。[答案]A②(2015·高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Unfortunately，we'veallbeenvictimsofbetrayal.Whetherwe'vebeenstolenfrom，liedto，misled，orcheatedon，therearedifferentlevelsoflosingtrust.Sometimespeoplesimplycan'ttrustanymore.37It'sunderstandable，butifyou'rewillingtobuildtrustinarelationshipagain，wehavesomestepsyoucantaketogetyouthere.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They'vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan'tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn'tmeanyou'reignoringwhathappened.解析：選項(xiàng)E與上文能形成因果關(guān)系。They'vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan'tbeartoletithappenagain.(他們?cè)?jīng)受過嚴(yán)重傷害，不能容忍這種事情再次發(fā)生。)是上一句Sometimespeoplesimplycan'ttrustanymore.(有時(shí)候人們就是不能再信任別人。)的原因。并且與下一句It'sunderstandable...(這是可以理解的……)是順承關(guān)系。[答案]E點(diǎn)津：通過一些關(guān)鍵的關(guān)聯(lián)詞匯，可以推斷出所填空是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系還是一種因果關(guān)系。憑借一些體現(xiàn)前后句邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，來(lái)突破思維局限，突現(xiàn)“枯木逢春”之景。(1)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：also，inaddition，what'smore，inotherwords，second，besides等。(2)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but，however，yet，otherwise，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary，inspiteof等。(3)因果關(guān)系：why，because，so，forthisreason，thus，for，as，since，therefore，asaresult等。三、段尾句設(shè)空1．直接收尾(2016·高考四川卷)Somethinkthatawoman'sbodycellshaveatendency(傾向)toagemoreslowlythanaman's.Othersthinkthataman'sbodycellshaveatendencytoagemorequickly.40A．However，women，onaverage，livelonger.B．Thebiologicalfactorplaysanimportantpart.C．Womenarealsohelpedbytheirfemalegenes.D．Thefemalehormonesalsoprotectthebodyinanotherway.E．Recentresearchseemstosupportbothofthesepossibilities.F．Therefore，womenaremorehealthythanmenandcanliveabetterlife.G．Hormonesarechemicalswhichareproducedbythebodytocontrolvariousbodyfunctions.解析：本空位于段落最后，可推測(cè)應(yīng)該是前文敘述的總結(jié)?？崭袂罢劻巳藗兊膬煞N想法，此處承接前文語(yǔ)意，對(duì)前兩種觀點(diǎn)予以評(píng)價(jià)，故選E項(xiàng)“最近的研究似乎對(duì)這兩種觀點(diǎn)中的這些可能性都予以支持”。[答案]E2．關(guān)聯(lián)邏輯(2016·高考全國(guó)甲卷)Somepeoplemaythinkthatagardenisnomorethanplants，flowers，patternsandmassesofcolor.Othersareconcernedaboutusinggardeningmethodsthatrequirelesswaterandfewerfertilizers(肥料)．18.A．KnowwhyyougardenB．FindagoodplaceforyourowngardenC．It'sourexperienceofthegardenthatmattersD．It'sdelightfultoseesomanybeautifulflowersE．StillothersmaysimplyenjoybeingoutdoorsandclosetoplantsF．Youcanproducethatkindofmagicalqualityinyourowngarden，tooG．Foreachofthosegardens，writedownthestrongestmemoryyouhave解析：由本段中的Somepeople...Others...，結(jié)合邏輯