ISSN

2412-5474THESTATEOFTHEWORLD’sBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREFAO

COMMISSION

ON

GENETIC

RESOURCES

FOR

FOOD

AND

AGRICULTUREASSESSMENTS?

2019COMMISSIONONGENETICRESOURCESFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREFOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHE

UNITEDNATIONSRome,2019FAO

COMMISSION

ON

GENETIC

RESOURCES

FOR

FOOD

AND

AGRICULTUREASSESSMENTS?

2019THESTATEOFTHE

WORLD’sBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTURERequiredcitation:FAO.2019.TheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversityforFoodandAgriculture,J.Bélanger&D.Pilling(eds.).FAOCommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgricultureAssessments.Rome.572pp.(/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf)Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0

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copyright@.iiiForeword

Acknowledgements

Abbreviationsand

acronymsAboutthispublicationExecutive

summaryxix

xxixxviixxxiixxxviiPart

AOverviewCHAPTER1

INTRODUCTIONBiodiversityandthechallengesfacingglobalfoodand

agricultureWhatisbiodiversityforfoodand

agriculture?Biodiversityforfoodandagricultureandglobalpolicy

agendasAssessmentsofbiodiversityforfoodand

agricultureKeyconceptsaddressedinthis

report3345810CHAPTER2ROLESANDIMPORTANCEOFBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREKey

messages1717171819202223IntroductionEcosystem

servicesProvisioning

servicesRegulatingandsupporting

servicesCultural

services2.3

ResilienceOverviewofthecontributionsofbiodiversityforfoodand

agricultureResiliencetospecific

threatsNeedsand

priorities24273435Sustainable

intensificationOverviewofthecontributionsofbiodiversityforfoodand

agricultureNeedsand

prioritiesLivelihoodsOverviewofthecontributionsofbiodiversityforfoodand

agricultureNeedsand

prioritiesFoodsecurityand

nutrition36414142484849505152535662AvailabilityAccessUtilizationStabilityNutritionandfood

systemsContributionofwild

foodsNeedsand

prioritiesContentsivPart

BDrivers,statusand

trendsCHAPTER3DRIVERSOFCHANGEOFBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREKey

messages656565696970747678788387939595101104107IntroductionOverviewEconomicandsocial

driversPopulationgrowthand

urbanizationMarkets,tradeandvalue

chainsChangingeconomic,sociopoliticalandcultural

factors3.4EnvironmentaldriversClimate

changeNatural

disastersPests,diseasesandinvasivealien

speciesAdvancesandinnovationsinscienceand

technologyDriversatproduction-system

levelChangesinlandandwateruseand

managementPollutionandexternal

inputsOverexploitationand

overharvestingPoliciesDriversofwomen’sinvolvementinthemanagement

ofbiodiversityforfoodand

agricultureDriversoftraditionalknowledgeofbiodiversity

forfoodand

agriculture109111CHAPTER4THESTATUSANDTRENDSOFBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREKey

messages113113113IntroductionPlant,animal,forestandaquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agriculturePlantgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureAnimalgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureForestgenetic

resourcesAquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agriculture4.3Associated

biodiversity114114116117117119Associated-biodiversityspeciesmanaged

forecosystem

services

120Information

and

monitoring

systems

on

associated

biodiversity 120Overview

of

status

and

trends

126Associated

biodiversity

for

pollination

129Associated

biodiversity

for

pest

and

disease

regulation

134Associated

biodiversity

for

soil-related

ecosystem

services

140Associated

biodiversity

for

water-related

ecosystem

services

148vAssociatedbiodiversityfornatural-hazard

regulationAssociatedbiodiversityforhabitat

provisioningAssociatedbiodiversityforair-qualityandclimate

regulationWild

foodsStateof

knowledgeStatusand

trendsEcosystemsofimportancetofoodand

agriculture1531541571601601611714.5.1Wetlands1714.5.2Mangroves1724.5.3Seagrasses1754.5.4Coral

reefs1774.5.5Forests1804.5.6Rangelands1834.6Needsand

priorities186Part

CStateof

managementCHAPTER5THESTATEOFUSEOFBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREKey

messages191191191192198198201205208212213214215215218222223224228233241248248249251IntroductionOverviewofmanagementpracticesand

approachesEcosystem,landscapeandseascape

approachesOverviewSustainableforest

managementEcosystemapproachtofisheriesand

aquacultureAgroecologyLandscapeandseascapeapproachesand

managementIntegratedland-andwater-use

planningNeedsand

priorities5.4Restoration

practicesOverviewStatusand

trendsNeedsand

priorities5.5Diversificationinproduction

systemsIntegratedcrop–livestock

systemsHome

gardensAgroforestryDiversificationpracticesin

aquacultureNeedsand

priorities5.6Managementpracticesandproduction

approachesOrganic

agricultureLowexternalinput

agricultureManagementpracticestopreserveandenhancesoil

biodiversity253viConservation

agricultureIntegratedplantnutrient

managementIntegratedpest

managementPollination

managementForest-management

practicesNeedsand

priorities256259260267272275Theuseofmicro-organismsinfoodprocessing

andagro-industrial

processesMicro-organismsinfood

processingMicro-organismsinagro-industrial

processesRumenmicrobial

diversity275276280287287289289292292293Rolesand

driversMethane

emissionsStateofknowledgeNeedsand

priorities5.9Genetic

improvementDomesticationandbase

broadeningPlant,animal,forestandaquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureAssociatedbiodiversity–

overviewPollinatorsAssistedevolutionforreef-building

coralsNeedsand

priorities295297298301304CHAPTER6THESTATEOFCHARACTERIZATIONOFBIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTUREKey

messages305305305IntroductionPlant,animal,forestandaquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agriculture306306307308311312313314318318321323Plantgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureAnimalgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureForestgenetic

resourcesAquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureAssociated

biodiversityOverviewCountry-report

analysisWild

foodsOverviewCountry-report

analysisNeedsand

prioritiesviiCHAPTER7THESTATEOFCONSERVATIONOF

BIODIVERSITYFORFOODAND

AGRICULTURE325Key

messages3257.1Introduction3257.2Plant,animal,forestandaquaticgeneticresources

forfoodand

agriculture3267.2.1 Plantgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agriculture3267.2.2 Animalgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agriculture3297.2.3 Forestgenetic

resources3307.2.4 Aquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agriculture3327.3Associated

biodiversity3347.3.1 Insitu

conservation3347.3.2 Exsitu

conservation3447.4Wild

foods3547.4.1 Insitu

conservation3547.4.2 Exsitu

conservation3577.5Rolesofprotected

areas3597.5.1 Statusand

trends3617.5.2 Contributiontoconservationofwildspeciesusedfor

food3627.5.3 Managementofbiodiversityorfoodand

agricultureinprotected

areas3667.5.4 Country-report

analysis3677.6Maintenanceoftraditionalknowledgeassociated

withfoodand

agriculture3717.7Needsand

priorities373Part

DEnabling

frameworksCHAPTER8THESTATEOFPOLICIES,INSTITUTIONSAND

CAPACITIESKey

messages379379379380380386386387388388395396398403404IntroductionStakeholdersProducersandtheir

organizationsSuppliers,processors,tradersand

retailersThepublic

sectorThenon-governmental

sectorThegeneral

publicRegionalandinternational

organizations8.3

CooperationCooperationatnational

levelCooperationatinternational

levelNeedsand

prioritiesEducation,trainingandawareness

raisingPlant,animal,forestandaquaticgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureAssociated

biodiversity404406viii8.4.3 Needsand

priorities4098.5

Research4108.5.1 Institutionsinvolvedinresearchonassociated

biodiversity4118.5.2 Needsand

priorities4118.6Valuation4128.6.1 Overviewofvaluation

approaches4138.6.2 Stateof

implementation4158.6.3 Needsand

priorities4188.7

Incentives4198.7.1 Overview4198.7.2 Stateof

adoption4208.7.3 Needsand

priorities4248.8Policyandlegal

frameworks4258.8.1 Frameworksatinternational

level4278.8.2 Frameworksatnational

level4308.8.3 Climatechangepolicyand

programmes4378.8.4 Frameworkssupportingthemaintenance

oftraditional

knowledge4388.8.5 Accessand

benefit-sharing439Part

EConclusionsCHAPTER9NEEDSAND

CHALLENGES4459.1Introduction4459.2Driversof

change4459.3Statusand

trends4469.4Management4469.4.1 Stateof

use4469.4.2 Stateof

conservation4499.5Policies,capacitiesand

institutions4509.6Towardsamorediverseandsustainable

future451References453ixBOXES1 The

Commission

on

Genetic

Resources

for

Food

and

Agriculture

xxxiiPART

A79Biodiversityforfoodandagriculture,FAOandthe

SustainableDevelopment

GoalsAssessingthestateoftheworld’sgeneticresourcesforfoodand

agricultureProjectsandprogrammessupportinglivelihoodsby

promotingbiodiversityfor

food

and

agriculture

–

examples

from

around

the

world

47The

Second

International

Conference

on

Nutrition

Framework

for

Action

49VoluntaryGuidelinesforMainstreamingBiodiversityintoPolicies,ProgrammesandNationalandRegionalPlansofActionon

NutritionTheBiodiversityforFoodandNutrition

ProjectFood-baseddietaryguidelinesasatooltopromote

biodiversity535557PART

BHuman-madegrasslandsasaculturalandecological

assetLinksbetweenbiodiversity,biodiversitylossanddisease

riskUnsustainablymanagedproductionsystemsareakeythreat

tobird

speciesTheInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureRedList

ofThreatenedSpeciesTMBirdsasindicator

speciesMonitoringtotalflyinginsectbiomassover27yearsin

protectedareasin

GermanyThemainfunctionalgroupsofbiologicalcontrol

agentsTherolesofbirdsinthesupplyofsupportingand

regulatingecosystemservicesTheNetherlands’soilbiologicalmonitoring

programmePáramos–avitalproviderofwater-regulatingservicesunderthreatTrendsinthestateofhabitatsintheEuropean

UnionSoilcarbonassessmentinitiatives–examplesfromtheUnitedStatesof

AmericaFAOglobaldefinitionof

forest798797125125133136137145149156159180PART

CTheConventiononBiologicalDiversity’sprinciplesand

operationalguidelinesfortheecosystem

approachTheconceptofsustainableforest

managementApplicationoftheecosystemapproachincapturefisheries

–anexamplefrom

Panama199203207x207209213220224230232238239246254256258260263269271273290300315317319322327330338339340341EcosystemapproachtofisheriesmanagementinSaint

LuciaThetenelementsof

agroecologyThePacificRidgetoReefapproach–anexampleofintegrated

landandwater-use

planningNeedsandchallengesincoral-reef

restorationThefloatinggardensof

BangladeshPromotionofhomegardensforhealthydietsinSolomon

IslandsProjectsandinitiativestargetinghomegardens–examplesfromaroundthe

worldPolicyandlegislativeframeworkspromotingagroforestry–examplesfromaroundthe

worldFrance’sAgroforestryDevelopmentPlan

2015–2020Fishpolycultureforimprovednutrition–anexamplefrom

BangladeshTheVoluntaryGuidelinesforSustainableSoil

ManagementBurkinaFaso’sOperationManurePitsConservationagricultureforclimate-smart

agricultureTheSaveandGrow

approachThepush–pull

approachIntegratedpestmanagementinhorticulturalproductioninAlmería,Spain

265Managementofstinglessbeesin

MalaysiaEnhancingpollinatorpresenceincassavafieldsin

GhanaMeasuresorstepstypicallyincludedinreduced-impact

loggingGlobalresearcheffortsinrumen

microbiologySmartBees:aEuropeanprojectfortheconservationof

endangeredhoney-beesubspeciesTheroleofmoleculartechniquesinthecharacterizationof

food-processing

micro-organismsCharacterizationstudiesonmicro-organisms–examplesfrom

PeruWhyundertakegeneticdataanalysisofcropwildrelatives

andwildfood

plants?Studyanddevelopmentoffoodsandnatural

productswithpotentialhealthbenefitsin

ParaguayTheWorldInformationandEarlyWarningSystemonPlant

GeneticResourcesforFoodand

AgricultureTheDomesticAnimalDiversityInformation

SystemMarinesanctuariesandmonitoringsystems–examplesfrom

JamaicaMarineprotectedareasin

PalauThetraditionalHimarangelandmanagementsystemin

JordanAgri-environmentalschemessupportingcroplandand

grasslandbiodiversity–examplesfrom

BelgiumInitiativessupportingtheinsituconservationofpollinatorsintheUnitedStatesof

AmericaSelectedspecies-conservationmeasuresinIrelandPlanofActionfortheConservationoftheNordicBrown

BeeConservationmethodsformicro-organismsstoredex

situCooperationintheexsituconservationof

micro-organisms342343345348350xi351353356367369TheculturecollectionofMexico’sNationalGeneticResources

CentreTheMicrobialBiodiversityDirectorateofthe

EthiopianBiodiversityInstitute

351Micro-organismconservationforimprovedagriculturalproductioninIndia

352TheroleofJapan’sNationalAgricultureandFoodResearchOrganizationGenebankinrecoveringgeneticresourcesaftertheearthquakeof

2011VoluntaryGuidelinesfortheConservationandSustainableUseofCropWildRelativesandWildFood

PlantsTheIUCNGreenListofProtectedandConserved

AreasFAO’sGloballyImportantAgriculturalHeritage

SystemsTheroleofgeographicalindicationsinthemaintenance

ofbiodiversityfor

food

and

agriculture

370Maintenance

and

use

of

indigenous

knowledge

–

examples

from

Kenya

371Maintenance

and

use

of

traditional

practices

in

the

Pacific

372Women’straditionalknowledgeforimprovedfoodand

seedsecurityunderclimatechange 373CommunityforestmanagementanddevelopmentinBanBanh,VietNam

374PART

DGovernanceoutcomespromotedbysmall-scalefood

providers’organizationsCommunitycontrolofacoastalecosystem–anexamplefrom

SenegalAgroforestryunderlocalcontrol–anexamplefromCosta

RicaTheroleofawomen’sgroupinpromotingsustainablefishing–

anexamplefrom

EcuadorContributionsofnon-governmentalorganizationstothesustainablemanagementofbiodiversityforfoodandagriculture

–examplesfromtheNear

EastZambia’sBiodiversityCommunity

NetworkTheNorwegianGeneticResourceCentreandits

geneticresources

committeesFrance’sAgriculturalBiodiversity

ObservatoryTheRegionalProjectforSustainableManagementof

GloballySignificantEndemicRuminantLivestock

(PROGEBE)Appointmentofnationalfocalpointsandparticipationin

thepreparationofTheStateoftheWorld’sBiodiversity

forFoodand

AgricultureTransfrontierconservationareasinSouthern

AfricaResolution4/2017.TheCommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgricultureanditscontributiontotheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopment

GoalsFarmerfieldschoolsonintegratedpestmanagement

–experiencesfrom

NepalThefarmerfieldschool

approach382382383383387388396397398399400402407408xii427428434Participatoryworkshopswithlocalcommunitiesinthe

developmentof

a

Globally

Important

Agricultural

Heritage

System

in

Chile

409IncentiveschemespromotingsustainableshrimpaquacultureinVietNam

424IntegratedincentivepackagesformicrowatersheddevelopmentinBrazil

425Integrated

incentive

packages

in

Mexico

426Bindingandsoft-lawinstrumentsrelatedtoportstatemeasuresinthecapture-fisheries

sectorBiodiversityandinternational

lawBrazil’sexperienceinmainstreamingbiodiversityintoitsFood

andNutritionSecurity

PolicyVoluntaryGuidelinestoSupporttheIntegrationofGeneticDiversityintoNationalClimateChangeAdaptation

PlanningTheUNFCCCadaptationandmitigation

instruments437438xiiiTABLES1 Overview

of

countryreportsand

their

regional

distribution

xxxivPART

A1.1 Production-systemclassificationusedinthisreportBiologicalcontrolofinvasivealienspeciesthrough

predation,parasitismandherbivory–examplesfromthecountryreportsBiologicalcontrolofinvasivealienspeciesthroughresourcecompetitionandotherantagonisticrelationships?examples

fromthecountry

reportsSpeciesorvarietiesthataretolerantorresistanttotheeffectsofinvasivealienspecies–examplesfromthecountry

reportsPotentialinterventionstosupportpositiveinteractionsinfoodproduction

systems1532333438PART

BDriversofchangeexploredinthecountry-reporting

guidelinesReportedeffectsofdriversofchangeonregulatingand

supportingecosystemservices,allproductionsystems

aggregatedNumberofcountriesreportingnegative,neutraland

positiveeffectsofdriversofchangeonthediversity,availabilityandknowledgeofwild

foodsReportedeffectsofpopulationgrowthandurbanizationon

theprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofmarkets,tradeandtheprivatesectoron

theprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofchangingeconomic,sociopoliticaland

culturalfactorsontheprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofclimatechangeontheprovisionof

regulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemNaturaldisastersreportedtohavehadasignificanteffectonbiodiversityforfoodandagricultureand/oronecosystem

servicesinthepastten

yearsReportedeffectsofnaturaldisastersontheprovisionof

regulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofpests,diseasesandinvasivealienspeciesontheprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystem

services,byproduction

systemInvasivealienspeciesreportedbyfiveormorecountriesaspresentinoneormoreproduction

systems6768707275778285868890xiv94100103106109121123126130138142143Reportedeffectsofadvancesandinnovationsinscience

andtechnologyontheprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofchangesinlandandwateruseandmanagementontheprovisionofregulatingand

supportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofpollutionandexternalinputuseontheprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,

byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofoverexploitationandoverharvestingon

theprovisionofregulatingandsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemReportedeffectsofpoliciesontheprovisionofregulating

andsupportingecosystemservices,byproduction

systemExamplesofspeciesandgenerareportedbycountriesto

bemanagedforregulatingorsupportingecosystemservices

inproduction

systemsSpeciesandgeneramostfrequentlyreportedtobemanaged

formultiplesupportingandregulatingecosystem

servicesRiskstatusofassociatedbiodiversityforwhichasignificant

threatofextinctionorlossisreportedReportedtrendsinthestateofprovisionofregulating

andsupportingecosystemservicesinproduction

systemsExamplesofassociated-biodiversityspeciesorspeciesgroupsthatcontributetopestanddiseaseregulationreportedtobeunder

threatThefunctionsofsoil

organismsTypicalnumbersofsoilorganismsinhealthy

ecosystemsSummaryofregionalextent,trendsanduncertaintiesof

soil-biodiversitylosspresentedintheStatusoftheWorld’s

Soil

Resources 147Selectedexamplesofwildfoodspeciesandgenerareportedbycountries

163Globalforestarea

change

(1990–2015)

181PART

CReportedlevelsofadoptionofselectedmanagementpractices

andapproaches,allproductionsystems

aggregatedReportedtrendsintheadoptionofselectedmanagement

practicesandapproaches,byproduction

systemReportedecosystem,landscapeandseascape

approachesRestorationmeasuresforwetlandsandotheraquatic

ecosystemsLandareaunderagroforestry(2008–2010)andtrends(2000–2010),by

regionMajorbenefitsandchallengesofaquaponicfood

productionIndicatorsofthestatusoforganicagriculture

worldwideEnvironmentalandotherbenefitsofimplementingthe

threeprinciplesofconservation

agriculture193196202217237244251259xv261264307307310314335346355358360Examplesofintegratedpestmanagement

measuresExamplesoftherolesofassociatedbiodiversityin

integratedpestmanagementTraitsandmethodsusedforcharacterizinggermplasm:

percentageofaccessionscharacterizedand/orevaluated,by

regionDegreeofcharacterizationforthefivelargestcrop

collectionsconservedby27reporting

countriesCharactersmostfrequentlyassessedin692evaluationsofforest-treegeneticvariabilityreportedby

countriesKnownandestimatednumberofspeciesofsoilorganisms

andvascularplantsAssociated