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絕密★啟用前

2016年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試

英語（一）

（科目代碼：201）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmay

involvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,1thoseoftheyoungwoman,

butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownand

thenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’s

parentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayinthe

selection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5a

spousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildis

marrying6agoodfamily.

Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlasted

threedays,7bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhist

priestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremony

involveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraround

thebride’sandgroom’swrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhappily

marriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11.Newlywedstraditionallymove

inwiththewife’sparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13they

canbuildanewhousenearby.

Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare

15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe

G17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.

Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up:Thedivorced

maledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewoman

mustwaittenmonths.

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1.[A]aswellas[B]bywayof[C]onbehalfof[D]withregardto

2.[A]adaptto[B]providefor[C]competewith[D]decideon

3.[A]renew[B]close[C]arrange[D]postpone

4.[A]Intheory[B]Intime[C]Aboveall[D]Forexample

5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless

6.[A]within[B]into[C]from[D]through

7.[A]since[B]or[C]so[D]but

8.[A]test[B]recite[C]copy[D]create

9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying

10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving

11.[A]association[B]meeting[C]collection[D]union

12.[A]grow[B]part[C]live[D]deal

13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]for[D]if

14.[A]follow[B]obtain[C]challenge[D]avoid

15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed

16.[A]whatever[B]however[C]whenever[D]wherever

17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed

18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided

19.[A]clears[B]shows[C]warms[D]breaks

20.[A]while[B]once[C]sothat[D]inthat

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

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Text1

France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecidedits

fashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Its

lawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrime

toemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsites

that“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.

Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeauty

shouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.And

thebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarving

themselvestodeath–assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmust

takeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthe

socialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.

Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)that

theyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhint

thatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectrather

thandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.

TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmentto

changeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep–andbone-showing.Under

thelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexof

bodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.

Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterial

adornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafew

othercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimages

thatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.

IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonth

onrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.

ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareof

andtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,

especiallyonyoungpeople.”Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodeny

accessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),

whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-

shamemethodofcompliance.

Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbody

idealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeauty

beyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.

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21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?

[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.

[B]Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.

[C]Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.

[D]Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.

22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]indicatingthestateof.

[B]heighteningthevalueof.

[C]losingfaithin.

[D]doingharmto.

23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?

[A]TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.

[B]Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.

[C]Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.

[D]NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.

24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor

[A]pursuingperfectphysicalconditions.

[B]caringtoomuchaboutmodels’character.

[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.

[D]settingahighagethresholdformodels.

25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?

[A]TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustry

[B]JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty

[C]ADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFrance

[D]AChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals

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Text2

Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.In

Britainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”

alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)as

whatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.

AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylish

housesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwas

specificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycould

experience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnational

parksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyear

concreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.

Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethis

sentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopment

priorityoverconservation,evenauthorising“off-plan”buildingwherelocal

peoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedas

profitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncils

opposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingits

chance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousing

greenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocal

Conservativeparties.

Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswhere

peopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagents

StirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesinthe

Londonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseven

trueroftheprovinces.

Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.

Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Under

lobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovation

andrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisis

notafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwill

alwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespects

theircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?

Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,Britainis

Europe’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghas

enabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-density

urbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative–thecorruptedlandscapesof

southernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshould

unitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.

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26.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside

[A]isnotwellreflectedinpolitics.

[B]isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.

[C]didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanage.

[D]hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.

27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing

[A]largelyovershadowed.

[B]properlyprotected.

[C]effectivelyreinforced.

[D]graduallydestroyed.

28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?

[A]Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.

[B]TheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.

[C]Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.

[D]TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.

29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’spreference

[A]showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.

[B]stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.

[C]highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.

[D]revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.

30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof

[A]thesizeofpopulationinBritain.

[B]theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.

[C]thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.

[D]thepoliticallifeintoday’sBritain.

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Text3

“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,”wroteMilton

Friedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesand

engageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”Butevenifyouaccept

Friedman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasa

wasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.Newresearch

suggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies–atleastwhenthey

areprosecutedforcorruption.

ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billion

ayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscould

addvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSR

spendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,

customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwayto

donatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”

wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.

PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecause

consumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.Arecentstudyattemptstoseparatethem

bylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct

(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany’sproductsaspart

oftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.

Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemost

comprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Their

analysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthan

theirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmore

topoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.

Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluatea

casebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordin

CSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,

suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfines

thatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeign

officials,”saysoneresearcher.

Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuch

businessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesare

bankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whenthey

decidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhen

companiesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthem

alesscostlypunishment.

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31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwith

[A]tolerance.

[B]skepticism.

[C]approval.

[D]uncertainty.

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby

[A]guardingitagainstmalpractices.

[B]protectingitfrombeingdefamed.

[C]winningtrustfromconsumers.

[D]raisingthequalityofitsproducts.

33.Theexpression“morelenient”(Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]lesscontroversial.

[B]moreeffective.

[C]morelasting.

[D]lesssevere.

34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRrecord

[A]hasanimpactontheirdecision.

[B]comesacrossasreliableevidence.

[C]increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.

[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation.

35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?

[A]Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.

[B]Thenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisunknown.

[C]Companies’financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.

[D]Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.

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Text4

TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublish

storiesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.“Sometime

inthefuture,”thepaper’spublishersaidbackin2010.

Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there’splentyof

incentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysical

newspaper–printingpresses,deliverytrucks–isn’tjustexpensive;it’sexcessiveata

timewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon’thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.

Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarf

theironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.

Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprint

editionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.

PerettisaystheTimesshouldn’twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,but

onlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.“Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethat

transitionwouldmakesenseforthem,”hesaid,“butifyoudiscontinueit,you’re

goingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.”

Sometimesthat’sworthmakingachangeanyway.Perettigivestheexample

ofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.“Itwas

seenasablunder,”hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPeretti

wereinchargeattheTimes?“Iwouldn’tpickayeartoendprint,”hesaid.“I

wouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.”

Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,

andthey’dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingthey

believein.“Soifyou’reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,”

Perettisaid.“Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytryto

generateadditionalrevenue.”Inotherwords,ifyou’regoingtomakeaprintproduct,

makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.Whichmaybewhatthe

Timesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500

ayear–morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.

“It’sareallyhardthingtodoandit’satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn’t

havealegacybusiness,”Perettiremarked.“Butwe’regoingtohavequestionslike

thatwherewehavethingswe’redoingthatdon’tmakesensewhenthemarket

changesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it’sbettertobemoreaggressive

thanlessaggressive.”

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36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlydueto

[A]thehighcostofoperation.

[B]theincreasingonlineadsales.

[C]thepressurefromitsinvestors.

[D]thecomplaintsfromitsreaders.

37.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshould

[A]endtheprinteditionforgood.

[B]makestrategicadjustments.

[C]seeknewsourcesofreadership.

[D]aimforefficientmanagement.

38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs5and6thata“l(fā)egacyproduct”

[A]helpsrestorethegloryofformertimes.

[B]ismeantforthemostloyalcustomers.

[C]willhavethecostofprintingreduced.

[D]expandsthepopularityofthepaper.

39.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,

[A]traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected.

[B]cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving.

[C]aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges.

[D]legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated.

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnce

[B]MakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGood

[C]KeepYourNewspapersForeverinFashion

[D]CherishtheNewspaperStillinYourHand

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PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Thereare

twoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Createanewimageofyourself

[B]Haveconfidenceinyourself

[C]Decideifthetimeisright

[D]Understandthecontext

[E]Workwithprofessionals

[F]Knowyourgoals

[G]Makeitefficient

Nomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresent

yourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.Accordingto

researchfromPrincetonUniversity,peopleassessyourcompetence,trustworthiness,

andlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecond,solelybasedonthewayyoulook.

Thedifferencebetweentoday’sworkplaceandthe“dressforsuccess”erais

thattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader.Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.

Insomesettings,redsneakersordressT-shirtscanconveystatus;inothersnotso

much.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslike

Linkedln.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthana

decadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleast

formalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbe

confusing.

Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?

Andwhat’sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoals?Herearesometips:

41.

Asanexecutivecoach,I’veseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduring

transitions–whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,

orchangingworkenvironments.Ifyou’reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuck

andinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou’renotsure,askforhonestfeedback

fromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothers

perceiveyou.Maybethere’snoneedforanupgradeandthat’sOK.

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42.

Getclearonwhatimpactyou’rehopingtohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyour

imageorpivotit?Foroneperson,thegoalmaybetobetakenmoreseriouslyand

enhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranother,itmaybetobeperceivedasmore

approachable,ormoremodernandstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinanceto

advertising,maybetheywanttolookmore“SoHo.”(It’sOKtousecharacterizations

likethat.)

43.

Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsof

yourenvironment?Whatconveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudiences?

Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryou

understandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.

44.

Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.

Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeJ.Crew.Trya

hairstylistinsteadofabarber.Workwithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadof

yourspouseorfriend.It’snotasexpensiveasyoumightthink.

45.

Thepointofastyleupgradeisn’ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretime

fussingoverwhattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.

Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesatonce

withastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatatime.

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PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)Wedon’thavetolearnhowtobe

mentallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowto

healacutormendabrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.

Itisliketheimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackof

nutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’t

understandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,

mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.(47)Ourmentalhealthdoesn’treallygo

anywhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butit

isfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.

Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem–confidenceinourselves

andanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveperspectiveon

ourlives–theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,to

seethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It’saformofinnateor

unlearnedoptimism.(48)Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyif

theyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditional

lovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolving