景觀都市主義與塑造

景觀城市LANDSCAPE

URBANISMANDTHECREATIONOFTHE

LANDSCAPECITY景觀都市主義的理論TheTheoryofLandscapeUrbanism景觀，而非建筑，更能夠清楚的組織和定義城市的空間，

以及強化都市的體驗Landscape,ratherthanarchitecture,ismorecapableoforganizingthecityandenhancingthe

urbanexperience景觀建筑師應(yīng)該在城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計中承擔(dān)更大的責(zé)任，在規(guī)劃設(shè)計過程中充分考慮社會經(jīng)濟問題，城

市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，交通，

都市生態(tài)與開放空間系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系。Landscapearchitectsshouldtakeamoresignificantrolein

planningacity,

combining

social/economic

issues,urbaninfrastructure,transportation,urbanecologyandopenspacesystemsinthe

planning

process.可持續(xù)發(fā)展優(yōu)化水資源與節(jié)能Sustainability(watersensitive/energysaving)綠色基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)景觀是城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)的基底Green

Infrastructure(landscapeastheframeworkforthecity)

塑造景觀城市

Creatingthe

LandscapeCity行人優(yōu)先步行/體驗Pedestrians

First(walking/experience)5

塑造景觀城市

Creatingthe

LandscapeCity綠色基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)1)景觀系統(tǒng)就是基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)。以景觀系統(tǒng)為基底，建立一個以人為本，以生態(tài)為本的可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市2)協(xié)調(diào)各方基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)以推動全城市方位的開放空間策略3)利用開放空間體系，成為多樣化生態(tài)棲息地，支持候鳥生態(tài)4)運用本地植栽，維持地區(qū)生態(tài)體系Green

Infrastructure1)

ALandscapenetworkorsystem

isgreeninfrastructure.

Asustainablecitythatmakeshumanbeingsandecosystem

itspriorityachievessignificantsocial,environmentaland

economicobjectivesbuildingonthefoundationofits

landscapesystem.2)Coordinateallotherinfrastructuretoimplementacitywideopenspacestrategyasacomprehensivefabrictothecity.3)

Utilisetheopenspaceframeworktosupportbiodiversity,enhanceecologyandsupportbirdmigration4)

Usenativeplantstosustainthe

localeco-system6

塑造景觀城市

Creatingthe

LandscapeCity行人優(yōu)先1)提供連續(xù)不被打斷的開放空間體系為行人創(chuàng)造舒適愉悅的步行體驗2)提供公共交通和專門的自行車道，鼓勵街道空間的使用和街

道生活的發(fā)生3)在城市中設(shè)置步行街來激發(fā)城市公共生活4)以街道家具，行道樹和鋪裝等建立街道的獨特識別性Pedestrians

First1)Establishanuninterruptedopenspacesystemtoprovideapleasantwalkingexperienceandconnectivitybetweentheeconomic,socialandrecreationalactivitiesofthecity2)Encouragepedestrianusageofstreetspacethatis

supportedbymasstransportationandbicycles3)Createpedestrian-onlystreetstoencouragestreetlife,socialinteractionandeconomicactivity4)Establishidentitiesofindividualstreetsthroughlandscapemeans-streetfurnishing,paving,treesetc–coordinatedwithdiversityofeconomicperformance7Greening

MasterPlan綠化總綱圖June2008?CEDDconformingtoexistinglayoutofthedistricts-makefulluseoftheexisting

spaceforgreening-canbe

implementedwithin

1to2

yearsMedium-term

measures-tobe

implementedinassociationwith

otherdevelopments,requiringprivateparticipationorinvolvingcomplexdesign/managementissueslike

roofgreeningLong-term

measures-greeningvisionsettingasideexistingconstraints-ambitiousandinnovativeapproaches

e.g.greencorridorsStages

of

GMP?CEDD

June2008Short-term

measures-BeforeCentral

Murray

Road

?CEDD

June

2008AfterBeforeAfterTsim

ShaTsui

?CEDD

June

2008

Nathan

Roadnear

Mody

RoadRight

Trees

at

Right

PlacesTreeSelection-

NOperfecttreesfor

ALLsituations-

Eachspecies

has

itsownstrength&weakness,importanttounderstandthe

siteconditions&thecharacteristicsofatree?CEDD

June

2008VerticalGreening

init’s

Simplest

ExpressionAfter

eening

Opportunities

eningGrVertical

GreMaximizeBefore

Climberswere

plantedagainst

verticalwalls

Tall

palmsandshrubswereplantedtoscreenverticalwalls?CEDD

June

2008

塑造景觀城市

Creatingthe

LandscapeCity可持續(xù)發(fā)展景觀設(shè)計-尋找水資源的最優(yōu)化利用-減少城市開發(fā)對自然水循環(huán)的影響-盡可能在源頭控制雨水污染，而不是采用在其“下游凈化處理”-利用開放空間體系建立完善的雨水管理系統(tǒng)，確保城市可持續(xù)性SustainableLandscape

Design1)Optimiseutilisationandre-useofwaterresources2)

Minimisetheimpactofurbandevelopmentonthenaturalwatercycle,reduceneedforstormwaterdischargesystems3)Controlthecontaminationofrunofffromthesource,re-use

waterin-situandobviatetheneedforpurificationdownstream4)

UtilisetheopenspaceframeworkasastormwatermanagementsystemtoensurethesustainabilityoftheCity5)Consideroutdoorusercomfortindesign–

useofshade,lightandnaturalventilation/creationofbreezeways6)

Lowercarbonfootprintandavoiddepletionofnaturalresourcesbyusinglocalmaterials,re-use

or

recyclewhere

possible7)Specifylocalindigenous

plant

material8)Optimiseexternallightingandutiliseenergyefficientfittings,windorsolar

power15AECOM

has

been

involvedintheschematicdesignofa

non-conventionalstormdrainage

system

integratedwith

productivelandscape

and

rainwater

harvestingThesystemaimsat

reducing

potablewaterconsumption,

minimizingsystem

maintenance

andoperatingcostthroughthe

use

ofgreeninfrastructurethatfunctionsas

a

natural

treatmentsystemThedesigndemonstratescommitment

tosustainabledesignalternativesand

helps

achievehighGreenmark

recognitionEstimatedtotalsaving

relatedto

reusingharvested

water

is

on

the

order

of

S$

200k

peryearSingaporeSportsHub-

Singapore

Client:Dragages

SingaporePteLtdGrowing

AECOM

WaterwhilemakingapositivedifferenceintheenvironmentSingaporeSportsHub-

Singapore

Client:Dragages

SingaporePteLtdGrowing

AECOM

WaterwhilemakingapositivedifferenceintheenvironmentBattery

Park

City1)DevelopedforthenewWorldTradeCenter2)Startedfrommid

‘70s,finished

in

late

’80s3)Createdbyreclamation

using

excavated

materialfromthe

‘TwinTowers’development4)Alargeopenspacesystem

inadenselydeveloped

urban

context5)

Riverfrontparkas

backyard6)

Integrationbetweenbuildingcourtyardsandopenspace紐約市炮臺公園城1)為成立新的世界金融中心所開發(fā)2)計劃始于七十年代后期，于八十年代末完成3)由開發(fā)雙子星大廈的挖方填海造陸而成4)寸土寸金中的大片開放系統(tǒng)5)如后院般的濱河公園6)開放系統(tǒng)與建筑內(nèi)庭之間的結(jié)合Creatingthe

LandscapeCity塑造景觀城市18CanaryWharf,

London1)Thenewfinancialdistrict

of

London2)Startedfrommid

’80sand

completed

in

late

’90s.3)Postindustrial

brownfielddevelopment–

originallya

pierandfishmarket.4)

Integrationofopenspacewiththelargerurbanfabric5)

IntegrationofopenspaceasakeycomponentoftheinternalinfrastructuresystemsCreatingthe

LandscapeCity倫敦金絲雀碼頭金融區(qū)1)倫敦市的新金融中心2)計劃始于八十年代中期，于九十年代后期完成3)后工業(yè)用地開發(fā)。原為碼頭用地和魚販集散地4)開放空間與大倫敦城市肌理的充分揉合5)基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)與開放空間的結(jié)合塑造景觀城市19Mission

Bay,

San

Francisco1)Postindustrial

brownfield

development–

originallya

railroadyard.2)Startedintheearly

’90s,the

development

is

still

ongoing.3)Thetramisthe

majorpublictransportationtoolandbecomespartofthestreetscape4)Utilisesparks

andgreenzones

to

manage

stormwater

runoff5)CentralCommonsisthe

platformto

connecttheopenspacesystemandtheadjacentneighborhoodCreatingthe

LandscapeCity三藩市教會灣再開發(fā)1)后工業(yè)用地開發(fā)。原為鐵路集散場。2)始于九十年代初期，目前仍在建設(shè)中3)有軌電車是主要的公共交通工具，并成為街道景觀的一部份4)充分運用公園系統(tǒng)進行雨水管理5)中央公園道是連接開放系統(tǒng)與周邊鄰里的平臺塑造景觀城市20上海新天地1)地區(qū)的再更新，始于九十年代末，第一期完成于二十一世紀(jì)初2)著重街道生活與步行體驗3)城市新舊機理間的揉合Shanghai

Xintiandi1)Revitalizationofadistrict–newlandscapebrings

newsocialand

economicactivity.

Started

in

late

90swiththefirstphase

completion

in

early

C21st

.2)Emphasisonstreet

lifeand

walking

experience

3)Integrationofthe

old

and

thenew

of

the

cityCreatinga

LandscapeCity塑造景觀城市塑造景觀城市Creatingthe

LandscapeCity原宿表參道1)充分保留既有的都市生態(tài)2)著重街道生活與步行體驗3)城市新舊機理間的揉合Omotesando1)Preservationoftheurban

ecological

system2)Emphasisonstreet

lifeand

walking

experience3)Integrationofthe

old

and

thenew

of

the

cityCreatetheLandscape

City東京中城1)開發(fā)如同坐落于一個大公園中2)充分保留既有的古老樹木3)著重街道生活與步行體驗Tokyo

Midtown1)Developmentssitedwithinthe

open

space

network,creationofanew

citypark

generating

and

totallyintegratedwithprimeeconomicactivity

of

the

city2)Holisticintegrationof

elements

creates

spaces

thatarewelcomingandattractive,stimulating

the

cultural,socialandeconomic

interactionthat

gives

the

placelife3)Preservationoftheold

trees–heritageconnection,

conservationand

identity

–sense

of

place4)Emphasisonstreet

lifeand

walking

experience塑造景觀城市景觀城市主義的實踐The

Practiceof

Landscape

Urbanism于家堡金融區(qū)開放空間框架Yujiapu

IFDOpenSpace

Framework-街道與公園共同組成的開放空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)-得天獨厚，三面環(huán)水的濱河公園體系-服務(wù)多方需求-提倡公共交通系統(tǒng)-基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)，可持續(xù)發(fā)展與開放空間的結(jié)合1)

Acomprehensiveopenspacenetwork,definingthecitygridofstreets

and

parks2)Openspaceis

predominantlyriverfrontage,utilisingprimelandscape

resource3)Serviceandaccessibilitytodifferentgroupsof

users4)

Promotionofpublictransportation5)

Integrationofopenspacewithinfrastructureandsustainability25Timing：MajorTransformationofthecityBase：Post-industriallandValue：WaterfrontConvenience：TransportationhubVision：WorldFinancialCenter發(fā)展時機：城市的重大轉(zhuǎn)型期城市本底：后工業(yè)用地景觀價值：濱水空間地域便利：交通樞紐發(fā)展愿景：世界金融區(qū)Opportunities機遇的把握

于家堡金融區(qū)啟動區(qū)總平面圖MasterPlanofMobilization

Area塘沽南站再開發(fā)TangguSouthStationRevitalization

交通公園TransitPark

中央大道CentralBoulevard

先期啟動區(qū)

Primary

Area27金融區(qū)先期啟動區(qū)總平面圖MasterPlanof

PrimaryArea北部公園

North

Park步行街

PedestrianStreets濱河公園

Riverfront

Park南部公園

South

Park28

街道生活

Street

Life-街道不僅是路過的地方，更是能駐足而讓生活有個喘息的去處-道路的特色是建立在人們對這些街道的使用1)Thestreetsarenotonlyplacesformovementand

circulation;moreover,theyareplacesforrelaxationandenjoyment2)Thecharactersofstreetsarebuiltuponpedestrian

usage

andtheactivitiestheygenerate29

建筑與開放空間的互動

InteractionbetweenBuildingsandOpenSpaceSystems利用每個地塊建筑均提供了內(nèi)庭的條件，建筑內(nèi)庭與街

道景觀間的聯(lián)系應(yīng)適度地強化，使行人樂于使用建筑內(nèi)庭，開發(fā)更多的行走路線，更進一步豐富了街道生活。TakingadvantageoftheconditionthatallbuildingswithinCBDwillprovidecourtyards,theconnectionbetweenbuildingcourtyardsandthestreetscapeshallbeemphasizedtoencouragepedestrianstousethecourtyards,toexploremoreroutestotheirdestinations,interactwiththeirsurroundingsandenrichstreetlife.30discharge,watersupplyandtreatment.運用路旁的綠化帶，雨水逕流透過邊溝收集于此，透過綠化帶的土壤層將表面逕流凈化

,再匯流到城市的雨水排放系統(tǒng)，減輕被排放

處的污染負擔(dān)。Usetheplantingzoneofthesidewalktocollecttherunoff

fromstreetsandpaving.Throughthesoilthewatercanbecleansedandre-usedforirrigationbeforeit

isdischargedtothemunicipalstormwaterpipingsystem.Thisprocessrelievestheburdenonthe

municipalsystemsforstormwaterdrainageand

街道為雨水收集系統(tǒng)的一環(huán)StreetsforRunoffCollectionandRe-use31

公園為雨水收集系統(tǒng)的一環(huán)ParksforRunoffCollectionand

Re-use除了街道系統(tǒng)之外，于家堡的公園，綠帶等城市開放空間系統(tǒng)，都可以運用為整體雨水管理規(guī)劃的一部分。公園的下方可置儲水槽，將凈化過的雨水回收做灌溉使用。Besidesthestreetsystem,theparksandthegreenzonescanalsobepart

ofthestormwatermanagement.Cisternsandstoragetankscanbeinstalledbelowgrade

insidethe

parkstorecyclecleansedrunoff

forirrigation.

自行車路徑示意圖

Bicycle

Route

Diagram1)所有的道路都有自行車道以形成一個完整的自行車路網(wǎng)2)大的機動車道有較寬的自行車道（3.5M）3)小的機動車道自行車道較窄（2.5M）4)濱河公園中另有休閑的自行車道5)建議跨海河興建一個步行和自行車專用的橋梁1)Allroadwayshave

bicycle

lanestoforma

comprehensive

cyclingnetwork

inthe

City2)Majorroadwaysarecombinedwithwider

bicycle

lan