Chapter9ManagementInformationSystems

Managershavealwaysusedinformationtoperformtheirtasks,sothesubjectofmanagementinformationisnothingnew.Whatisnewistheeasewithwhichaccurateandcurrentinformationcanbeobtainedandcommunicated.Theinnovationthatmakesthiscapabilitypossibleiscomputers.ThefirstapplicationofcomputersasaninformationsystemwascalledtheManagementInformationSystem(MIS).Unit1IntroductiontoManagementInformationSystemsDefinitionofManagementInformationSystemsManagementinformationsystemscanbedefinedasacombinationofcomputersandpeoplethatareusedtoprovideinformationtoaidmakingdecisionsandmanagingafirm.Themanagementinformationsystem(MIS)isoneofthemajorcomputer-basedinformationsystems.Itspurposeistomeetthegeneralinformationneedsofallthemanagersinthefirmorinsomeorganizationalsubdivisionofthefirm.TheMISprovidesinformationtousersintheformofreportsandoutputsfromsimulationsbymathematicalmodels.Thereportandmodeloutputcanbeprovidedinatabularorgraphicform.EssentialComponentsofMISNamely,therearethreeessentialcomponentsfortheMIS.Theyaremanagement,informationandsystems.What’smanagement?

Traditionally,theterm"management"referstotheactivities(andoftenthegroupofpeople)involvedinthefourgeneralfunctions:planning,organizing,leadingandcontrollingoflimitedresources.Managementisthecreativeproblemsolving.Thiscreativeproblemsolvingisaccomplishedthroughfourfunctionsofmanagement.

Theintendedresultistheuseofanorganization'sresourcesinawaythataccomplishesitsmissionandobjectives.Notethatthefourfunctionsrecurthroughouttheorganizationandarehighlyintegrated.Organizingisdividedintoorganizingandstaffingsothattheimportanceofstaffinginsmallbusinessesreceivesemphasisalongsideorganizing.Inthemanagementliterature,directingandleadingareusedinterchangeably.[40]Planningistheongoingprocessofdevelopingthebusiness’missionandobjectivesandofdetermininghowtheywillbeaccomplished.Planningalsoincludesthebroadestviewoftheorganization,e.g.,itsmission,andthenarrowest,e.g.,atacticforaccomplishingaspecificgoal.Organizingistoestablishtheinternalorganizationalstructureofanorganization.It’sfocusondivision,coordination,andcontroloftasksandtheflowofinformationwithintheorganization.Thisfunctionmakesmanagersdistributeauthoritytojobholders.Leadingistoinfluencepeople'sbehaviorthroughmotivation,communication,groupdynamics,leadershipanddiscipline.Thepurposeofdirectingistochannelthebehaviorofallpersonneltoaccomplishtheorganization'smissionandobjectiveswhilesimultaneouslyhelpthemaccomplishtheirowncareerobjectives.Controllingisafour-stepprocessofestablishingperformancestandardsbasedonthefirm'sobjectives,measuringandreportingactualperformance,comparingtheresultsoftherealperformanceandthestandardperformance,andtakingcorrectiveorpreventiveactionsasnecessary.Eachofthesefunctionsinvolvesthecreativeproblemsolving.Creativeproblemsolvingisbroaderthanproblemfinding,choicemakingordecisionmaking.Itextendsfromanalysisoftheenvironmentwithinwhichthebusinessisfunctioningtoevaluationoftheoutcomesfromthealternativeimplemented.Whatisinformation?

Wedefineinformationassometangibleorintangibleentitythatreducesuncertaintyaboutsomestateorevent.Asanexample,consideraweatherforecastpredictingclearandsunnyskiestomorrow.Thisinformationreducesouruncertaintyaboutwhetheraneventsuchasabaseballgamewillbeheld.Informationthatabankhasjustapprovedaloanforourfirmreducesouruncertaintyaboutwhetherweshallbeinastateofsolvencyorbankruptcynextmonth.Informationderivedfromprocessingtransactionsreducesuncertaintyaboutafirm’sorderbacklogorfinancialposition.Informationusedprimarilyforcontrolintheorganizationreducesuncertaintyaboutwhetherthefirmisperformingaccordingtoplanandbudget.Whatisasystem?

Anotherdefinitionofinformationhasbeensuggested:“informationisthedatathathasbeenprocessedintoaformthatismeaningfultotherecipientandisofrealperceivedvalueincurrentorprospectivedecisions”.Thisdefinitionofinformationstressesthefactthatdatamustbeprocessedinsomewaytoproduceinformation.Informationismorethanrawdata.Asystemisagroupofelementsthatareintegratedwiththecommonpurposeofachievinganobjective.Anorganizationsuchasafirmorabusinessareafitsthisdefinition.Theyworkonachievingparticularobjectivesthatarespecifiedbytheownersormanagement.

Therearefivebasicelementsinasystem(asshowninFig.9.1).Theyaretheinputelement,thetransformationelement,theoutputelement,acontrolmechanismanditsobjectives.Theresourcesflowfromtheinputtotheoutputthroughthetransformationelement.Thecontrolmechanismmonitorsthetransformationprocesstoensurethatthesystemmeetsitsobjectives.Fig.9.1TheBasicElementsinaSystemIfasystemexitsonmorethanonelevel,itcanbecomposedofsubsystems.Anautomobileisasystemcomposedofsubsidiarysystemssuchastheenginesystem,bodysystemandframesystem.Eachofthesesystemsiscomposedoflower-levelsystems.Forexample,theenginesystemisacombinationofacarburetorsystem,ageneratorsystem,afuelsystem,andsoon.Thesesystemsmaybesubdividedintostilllower-levelsystemsorelementalparts.Thepartsofasystem,therefore,maybeeitherlower-levelsystemsorelementalparts.Ontheotherhand,whenasystemisapartofalargersystem,thelagersystemisthesuper-system.FunctionalitiesandarchitecturesofMIS

Forexample,atown’sgovernmentisasystem,butitisalsopartofalargesystemthegovernmentofastateorprovince.Thestateorprovincialgovernmentisasuper-systemofthetowngovernmentandisalsoasubsystemofthenationalgovernment.TheManagementInformationSystem(MIS)isatoolwithITfortheexecutionofthemanagementplan.ThefollowingsarethemajorfunctionsofMIS:Datainputandmaintenance;Monitoring;Evaluation;BasicarchitecturesofMISInformationdisseminationtothepublic.Providemanagerswithreportsorwithon-lineaccesstotheorganization.Servetofunctionsofplanning,controlling,anddecisionmakingatthemanagementlevel;Summarizeandreportoncompany’sbasicoperations.ThephysicalcompositionofMISincludes:Computerhardwaresystems.Computersoftwaresystems.Dataanditsstoragemedium.4Communicationssystems.5Informationcollectingandhandlingequipmentofnon-computersystems.6Rulesandregulations.7Staff.Thefunctionstructureofmanagementinformationsystems:lInformationcollection.2Informationstorage.3Problemsolving.4Conversesandtheinformationoutput.5Informationmanagementorganization.Amanagementinformationsystemcanbedividedintothefollowingfourlevels:BusinessprocessingServiceinformationprocessing.Tacticinformationprocessing.Strategyinformationprocessing.

Themanagementinformationsystemcanbedividedintoseveralinterdependencesubsystemsaccordingtomanagementfunctions:(l)Marketingsubsystem.(2)Productionsubsystem.(3)Rearservicesubsystem.(4)Humanaffairssubsystem.(5)Financialsubsystem.(6)Informationmanagementsubsystem.(7)Highlevelmanagementsubsystem.DevelopmentApproachestoMISThereareseveralapproachestodevelopanMIS.Amongthem,lifecycle,prototypeandobject-orienteddevelopmentapproachesareoftenused.[41]LifeCycleDevelopmentApproachThelife-cycleconceptisa"cradletograve"approachtothinkingaboutproducts,processesandservices.SystemDevelopmentLifeCycle(SDLC)istheoverallprocessofdevelopinginformationsystemsthroughamulti-stepprocessfrominvestigationofinitialrequirementstoanalysis,design,implementationandmaintenance.Therearemanydifferentmodelsandmethodologies,buteachgenerallyconsistsofaseriesofdefinedstepsorstages.VariousSDLCmethodologieshavebeendevelopedtoguidetheprocessesinvolved,includingthewaterfallmodel(whichwastheoriginalSDLCmethod);RapidApplicationDevelopment(RAD);JointApplicationDevelopment(JAD);thefountainmodel;thespiralmodel;buildandfix;andsynchronize-and-stabilize.Frequently,severalmodelsarecombinedintosomesortofhybridmethodology.Somemethodsworkbetterforspecifictypesofprojects,butinthefinalanalysis,themostimportantfactorforthesuccessofaprojectmaybehowcloselytheparticularplanwasfollowed.Ingeneral,anSDLCmethodologyfollowsthefollowingsteps:Theexistingsystemisevaluated.Deficienciesareidentified.Thiscanbedonebyinterviewingusersofthesystemandconsultingwithsupportpersonnel.Thenewsystemrequirementsaredefined.Inparticular,thedeficienciesintheexistingsystemmustbeaddressedwithspecificproposalsforimprovement.Theproposedsystemisdesigned.Plansarelaidoutconcerningthephysicalconstruction,hardware,operatingsystems,programming,communications,andsecurityissues.Thenewsystemisdeveloped.Thenewcomponentsandprogramsmustbeobtainedandinstalled.Usersofthesystemmustbetrainedinitsuse,andallaspectsofperformancemustbetested.Ifnecessary,adjustmentsmustbemadeinthisstage.Thesystemisputintouse.Thiscanbedoneinvariousways.Thenewsystemcanphasedin,accordingtoapplicationorlocation,andtheoldsystemisgraduallyreplaced.Insomecases,itmaybemorecost-effectivetoshutdowntheoldsystemandimplementthenewsystemallatonce.Oncethenewsystemisupandrunningforawhile,itshouldbeexhaustivelyevaluated.Maintenancemustbekeptuprigorouslyatalltimes.Usersofthesystemshouldbekeptup-to-dateconcerningthelatestmodificationsandprocedures.PrototypingApproachThetraditionalapproach,however,doesnotprovidetheenduserwithaclearpictureofthefinalapplicationduringthedesignprocess.Theendusermaybedisappointedwhentheapplicationdoesnotmeetexpectations.Thiscanresultinmanychangesindesignandcodingandcostlyproductiondelays.SomedefinitionsaboutprototypingapproacharelistedinTable9.1.Table9.1DefinitionsofPrototypingApproachPrototypeAninterimversionormock-upoftheapplicationusedtocommunicatetotheenduseranideaofwhatthefinalapplicationwilllooklike.PrototypingTheprocessofmakingaprototype.PrototypingtoolAtoolthatgivestheenduserameanstovisualizethefinalapplicationinitsvariousstagesofdevelopment.PrototypingmethodologiesThetechnicalmethodsusedtodoprototyping.CycletimeThetimeittakesthedesignertoimplementachangeinanapplicationafterthechangehasbeenrequestedbytheenduser.Theprototypingapproachallowsthedesignertouseatool,suchasamock-up.Thismock-upisusedearlyinthedesignprocesstodiscussanapplicationwithanenduser.Theprototypingtool:Hasaveryshortcycletime.Rapidlygivestheenduseradeliverableitem.AllowsthedesignertolettheuserSEEsomethingorFEELsomethingextremelyearlyinthedesignprocess.Facilitatescommunicationbetweenthedesignerandtheenduserbecausewhattheuserseesisexactlywhatresults.Allowschangestobemadeeasilyandrapidly.Hascrispcode.Quicklypinpointsbugs.Providesinstantcompilesandlinkcycles.Avoidsschedulingdelays.Resultsinreduceddevelopmenttimewithhappyusersandhappyprogrammers.Theprototypingcourseusuallyconsistsofthefollowingsteps:Interviewtheenduser

Endusershavedifficultyexplainingtoprogrammerswhattheywantandprogrammershavedifficultyunderstandingwhatenduserswant.Enduserstendtothinkofthingsintermsoffilecabinets,drawersandsheetsofpaper.Theprogrammeristhinkingaboutsomethingtotallydifferent.Bothofthemarethinkingaboutthattheyaregoingtofitsomethingonthefirstscreen.Thiscausescomplicationslateron.Theinterviewhelpsdeterminewhattheenduserwantstoaccomplish.Designaprototypeoftheapplication

Whatyouseeiswhatyouget.Whendesigningtheapplication,thedesignerusesaprototypingtool,suchasareportorgraph,etc.,whileinterviewingtheenduser.Mostusersdon'tcarewhatthedailyinputscreenlookslikeortheprocessinginformationlookslike,theycarewhattheoutputofthesystemis.Sothattheenduserhasaclearpictureoftheoutput,thedesignercreates,reportlayoutsandmocktestdata.Continuouscommunicationbetweendesignerandenduser

Theprototypingtoolprovidesaconcretemeansbywhichthedesignerandtheendusercandiscussthedesignoftheapplication.Whenthereisameetingbetweenanenduserandaprogrammer,theenduserthinksthattheprogrammerknowswhatisgoingon.Andtheprogrammerthinkstheenduserknowswhatisgoingon.THEYAREPROBABLYBOTHWRONG!

Theenduseristhinkingintermsofsheetsofpaper,andtheprogrammeristhinkingintermsofscreensandlayoutforms.

Wordsarenotenough.Endusers’describingtotheprogrammerwhattheyseeintheirheadisnotenough.Theprototypingtoolallowstheusertositwiththeprogrammerandshowthemexactlywhattheywanttheapplicationtoaccomplish.Forexample,whentheenduserseesaprototypereport,hemightsay,"takethiscolumnout,addthisdescription,"etc.Thedesign,interview,signoffcanbedoneallinthesamesession,withthedesignersittingdownataterminalwiththeenduser.Thiscanbedoneinanofficewithascreenandaprinter.Thereportisprintedout,theenduserlooksatit,andsays,"Yes,thisreportlooksprettynice.ThisiswhatIwanttodo."Makechangesinprototype

Aprototypingtoolalsoresultsinafastercycletime.TypicalprototypingtoolshaveacycletimeofLESSTHANTWOMINUTES.Thismeansthatafairlysignificantchangetotheprototypecanbemade.WithinTWOMINUTES,allthereportsandscreenshavebeenadjusted,insteadofwaitingdaysaswhenwritingtheapplicationusingtraditionalcodingmethods.Theusermightaskforsomechanges,e.g.,"Couldyoumakethephonenumberdoublehighsoitwouldbeeasiertoseeonthescreen?"Theprogrammersays,"Sure,"andthenSHOWSittotheuseronthescreen.Theusermightthensay"Itlookstoothin,couldyouwidenit?"Thenwhentheprogrammerdoesthat,theusermightseethatitdoesn'tfitonthescreen,sotheywantthephonenumberbacktotheoriginalway!That'swhatcommunicationisabout.Signoffoneachphaseofprototype

Theuser'sapprovalisindicatedbymeansofawrittensignoffontheprototypebeforethecodingstarts.Signoffmeansthattheendusersays,"Yes,thisiswhatIwant."Asign-offphasecausestheenduserstosharetheresponsibilityforthecompletionofaphaseoftheapplication.ThissignoffindicatesthatPhaseIhasbeencompletedandPhaseIIhasstarted.Signofftrainsuserstoagreetosomethingtheyneverhadtodothisbefore.Itworksoutwelltohavethisagreement.Coding

Pre-codingiscodingthatisdonetoproducetheprototypeorinterimversionofthefinalapplication.Thereshouldbeapre-codingphasesothatwhattheenduserseesintheprototypeisclosetothefinaldesignoftheapplication.Pre-codingtakesplacebeforeanytime-consuminghard-corecodingisdone.Prototypescanbevery,veryslowinhandlingmassiveamountsofdata.Enduserstendtobecomeimpatientwhentheyareslow.Testing

Itisessentialtotesttheapplicationbeforegivingittotheenduser.Forexample,acompanyinSanDiegodoesalotoftestingforthemilitary.Theyhadasystemoutonashipthatwouldcrashat2:00A.M.everymorning.Whatwashappeningwasthatononeperson'sshift,hewouldprophisfeetuponthekeyboard,notrealizingthathisfeetwerehittingakey,andatthesametimewaspushingotherbuttons.Noonehadevertriedthatbefore!!So,thetestingphaseisreallyimportant!Finalsignoff

ThisisthefinalsignoffontheREALapplication.Object-orienteddevelopmentapproachAnupsurgeofobject-orientedprogramming(OOP)methodhasbeenraisedin1990s.Itiscalledarevolutionofsoftwareexploitationmethod.BeforeOOP,programmingmethodsareallprocessoriented.Itisdesignedtosolveacertainproblem.ThekeyofOOPistodivideapplicationprocedureintoclasses.Classescanbeinherited,whichenabletheproceduretohavethereusability.Object

Objectisthebasicelementofsoftwaresystem.Itisakindofthing.Itmaybereal,likeequipment.Italsomaybeabstract,likeanorderingprocess.Theseobjectsalreadycontaintheconstructionofdata;alsoincludethebehavior(namelyoperation).ClassClassisabstractedfromobjectsthathaveconsistentdataconstructionandbehaviors.Eachclasshasinnumerableobjects,andeachobjectisarealexampleofcorrespondingclass.InheritInheritistherelationsbetweenclasses.Theexistingclassiscalledfatherclass.Thenewclassinheritedfromfatherclassiscalledsub-class.Thesub-classcansharetheattributeandoperationoffatherclass.Object-orientedmodelingtechnologyOMT(ObjectModelingTechnique)usesthreekindsofmodels:(1)Objectmodel.Descriptobjectstructureofsystem,includingrelationsbetweenobjects,objectattributeandoperation.Itisexpressedbyobjectchart.(2)Dynamicmodel.Descripttheobjectconditionofclassandcorrectorderofevents.Itisexpressedbythestatediagram.(3)Functionmodel.Onlyconsiderwhatsystemdo,anddon’tcarehowtodo.Itsdescriptiontoolisdataflowchart.NotesManagementinformationsystemscanbedefinedasacombinationofcomputersandpeoplethatareusedtoprovideinformationtoaidmakingdecisionsandmanagingafirm.句意：管理信息系統(tǒng)可以定義為計算機和人的結(jié)合，它被用來為幫助公司制定決策和管理提供信息。2.SystemDevelopmentLifeCycle(SDLC)istheoverallprocessofdevelopinginformationsystemsthroughamulti-stepprocessfrominvestigationofinitialrequirementstoanalysis,design,implementationandmaintenance.句意：系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期是通過一個從初始需求的調(diào)研到分析、設(shè)計、實施以及維護的多步驟的開發(fā)信息系統(tǒng)的全過程。3.ThekeyofOOPistodivideapplicationprocedureintoclasses.Classescanbeinherited,whichenabletheproceduretohavethereusability.句意：面向?qū)ο蟮姆椒ǖ年P(guān)鍵就是把應(yīng)用程序劃分為類，類可以被繼承，這就使得程序具有重復(fù)利用性。ExercisesWhatarethethreeessentialcomponentsofMIS?WhatarethemajorfunctionsofMIS?HowmanystepsdoesanSDLCmethodologyfollow?Whatarethey?Whataretheadvantagesoftheprototypingapproach?Whataretherelationsamongobject,classandinherit?Unit2SystemsAnalysis

Systemsanalysisisarelativelyyoungfieldinmankind’sknowledgebutdemandforsystemsanalysisexistedmanycenturiesbeforetheintroductionofcomputers.Inthemid19century,practitionersinlabor,organizationandmethodologyhadestablishedmanyimprovedmethodsofworking.Thisisthefirstapproachtosystemsanalysis.Withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology,systemsanalysissciencealsodevelopsmoreandmorevigorouslyandhasasignificantroleinalifecycleofaninformationtechnologyapplicationandofinformationtechnologyprojectsingeneral.OverviewofsystemsanalysisSystemsanalysisisanexplicitformalinquirycarriedouttohelpsomeone(referredtoasthedecisionmaker)identifyabettercourseofactionandmakeabetterdecisionthanhemightotherwisehavemade1.Systemsanalysisusuallyhassomecombinationofthefollowing:identificationandre-identificationofobjectives,constraints,andalternativecoursesofaction;examinationoftheprobableconsequencesofthealternativesintermsofcosts,benefits,andrisks;presentationoftheresultsinacomparativeframeworksothatthedecisionmakercanmakeaninformedchoiceamongthealternatives.[40]Insimplewords,systemsanalysisistherequirementandrequesttoanalysistheusersandthemarkets.Importanceofanalysisinsystem’slifecycle

Theprimarypurposeoftheanalysisactivityistotransformitstwomajorinputs,user’spolicyandsystemscharter,intostructuredspecification.Thisinvolvesmodelingtheuser’senvironmentwithfunctioningdiagrams,dataflowdiagrams,entity-relationshipdiagramsandtheothertoolsofthesystemsanalysis.Thequalityofsystemsanalysiscanhaveabigeffectonspeedofsystemsdesigning,theprogrammingandtimefortestingbecause50percentoffaultsinthesystemoriginatedfromshortcomingsinsystemsanalysis.Programmerscancomplainaboutslowspeedofworkbecausetheyhavetoreviewanalysisanddesigning.Thisshowsthebadqualityofsystemsanalysts(becauseofinadequateexperienceorimproperworkingattitude).Moreover,speedofsystemsanalysisactivitiesisalsoaveryimportantissuebecausetherearealwayscomplaintsabouttime.Andtheproductsofthesystemsanalystsareoftenspecificationdescriptionanddiagramsoftechnicalnatureandthesearenothighlyvalued.Forusers,whattheycareiswhatfunctionstheprogramcanperformifitmeetstheprofessionalneeddictatedbythesystem;ifitsreliabilityisprovedwhiletestingwithrealfigures,iftheinterfaceisusers-friendly.Analysisplaysaveryimportantpartinthelifecycleofthesystembecausethisactivityrelatestoalmostallotheractivitiesandallsubjectsparticipatedinthesystem.GoalsandfunctionsofsystemsanalysisItisaverydifficultworktodeterminethedemandsoftheusersandthemarket.Ontheonehand,becausetheuserslackofthecomputerknowledge,itisunableforthemtodeterminewhatthecomputeractuallycandoorcan’tdoatfirst.

Thereforetheycannotaccuratelyexpresstheirowndemandsallofasudden.Sometimesthedemandstheyproposedareoftenuncertain.Ontheotherhand,thedesignerslackofthespecializedknowledgeoftheusersandsomeconcretemarketdomain.Itisnoteasytounderstandthetruedemandsoftheusersandthemarket.Sometimeseventhedemandsofthemarketandtheusershavebeenmisunderstood.Inaddition,theappearanceofnewhardwareandnewsoftwaretechnologiesalsocancausethechangesofdemandsoftheusersandthemarket.Thereforethedesignershouldcarryontheexchangewiththeuserthoroughlyandunceasingly,andconductthethoroughinvestigationandstudytothemarketunceasinglytodeterminetheactualdemandsofusersandthemarketgradually.Systemsanalysisisthemainandessentialstageofmanagementinformationsystemsdevelopmentandtheessentialcharacterwhoisresponsibleforthisstageisthesystemsanalyst.Thekeyquestiontocompletethisstagetaskisthecommunicationbetweenthedevelopmentpersonnelandtheusers.Becausetheusersmustinspecttheaccuracyandintegrityofsystemsanalysisdocuments,butthesystemsestimatorthencarriesonthenewsystemdesignaccordingtosystemsanalysisdocuments.Theusersoftenonlyhavemanagementandserviceknowledge,butthesystemsestimatoroftenonlyhasthecomputerknowledge.Thereisanobviousgapbetweenthem.Thereforethesystemsanalystisthebridgebetweenthesystemsusersandthesystemsdevelopmentpersonnel.Therefore,intheverygreatdegree,thesystemsanalysisissaidtobeacommunicationprocess.Itisanunderstandingandtheexplanationprocess.Thesystemsanalysisisalsocalledthelogicaldesign.Itisanimportantstageinsystemsdevelopmentlifecycle.Then,whytoorwhynottocarryonthesystemsdesigncompiletheproceduredirectlywithprogrammingtools?Somepeopleevenbelievethedesignermaydevelopthehighgrademanagementinformationsystemssolongastheygraspseveralmachinelanguagesskillfully.Infact,theprogrammingisonlyasmallpartofworkinamanagementinformationsystemperformancehistory.Themassivepracticesindicatethatthedevelopedinformationsystemisduetofailifthedesignerconsidershowtododirectlybeforehemakesclearaboutwhattodo.Sothebasictaskandgoalofsystemsanalysisistomakeclearaboutwhattodo.

Functionsofsystemsanalysis

Thesystemsanalysisisthemainstageinamanagementinformationsystemconstruction.Thesystemsanalysiscompletedinthisstagehasthreefunctions.Itisthelogicaldesigningofamanagementinformationsystem.Itisthefoundationofthesystemsdesign,systemsimplementationandsystemstest.Itisthebasisofsystemsapproval.ImportanceofrequirementanalysisRequirementanalysisisthebeginningofmanagementinformationsystemsdevelopment.Whetheritsresultshavereflectedtheusers’actualrequestsaccuratelywilldirectlyaffectthefollowingeachstage.Anditwillalsoaffectwhetherthedesignresultisreasonableandpractical.Thedutiesofrequirementdesignaretoinvestigatecarefullyandcloselytheobjecttobeprocessedinrealworld,tounderstandtheworkingconditionsofthepresentsystemandtoidentifyalltherequirementsofbothmarketandusers.Thenthefunctionsofthenewsystemaredetermined.Thenewsystemmustconsiderthenextpossibleexpansion,changeandthedevelopment.Themanagementinformationsystemshouldnotbedesignedanddevelopedonlyaccordingtothecurrentapplications.Thekeypointofrequirementanalysisistheinvestigation,collectionandanalysisoftheinformationrequirement,theprocessingrequest,secureandcompleterequest,themanagementdecision-makingrequestandrequestsofthemarketandusersinmanagementinformationsystems.TheinformationrequirementreferstothecontentandthenatureoftheinformationobtainedfromMISinthemarketandusersrequirements.Thedatarequest,thatis,whichdatashouldbestoredinMIS,canbederivedfromMISaccordingtotheuserandmarketrequirements.

Theprocessingrequestreferstowhatprocessingfunctiontheuserandthemarketrequire,whatistherequirementfortheresponsetime,theprocessingwayisthebatchprocessingoron-lineprocessingandsoon.Thenewsystemfunctionsmus