PeriodThreeGrammar，Speaking&Writing一、結(jié)構(gòu)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone二、意義1.v.-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，用一般式：doing/beingdone。如：ThehousebeingbuiltnowisaHopeProjectSchool.正在建造的房子是一所希望小學(xué)。Passingbytheaccidentscene，Isawamanbadlyhurtbeingcarriedontoanambulance.從事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)經(jīng)過(guò)，我看到一個(gè)嚴(yán)重受傷的人正被抬上救護(hù)車(chē)。2.v.-ing表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，用完成式：havingdone/havingbeendone。如：Havingclosedallthewindows，Iwenthome.關(guān)上所有的窗子，我回家了。Havingbeeninvitedtotheparty，Tomwasveryhappy.被邀請(qǐng)參加聚會(huì)，湯姆很高興。3.分詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。三、作用v.-ing形式包括傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法的現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞兩部分。動(dòng)名詞在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞在句中作表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。1.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示一般的概念，其主語(yǔ)多為抽象名詞。如：Herjobislookingafterthepatients.(動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ))她的工作是照顧病人?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)具有形容詞特征，也可以作為形容詞，表示“令人……的”。如：Thesituationhereisinspiring.(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ))這里的形勢(shì)令人鼓舞。即時(shí)跟蹤1用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空(1)Somepeople’sgreatestpleasureisfishing(fish).(2)Thereportwassoinspiring(inspire)thattheywereallexcited.2.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)常說(shuō)明所修飾詞的某種用途，一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：awashingmachine＝amachinewhichisusedforwashing洗衣機(jī)areadingroom＝aroomforreading閱覽室現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)常放在被修飾詞的前面，短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)多置于被修飾詞后面，只用一般式。如：therisingsun＝thesunwhichisrising正在升起的太陽(yáng)amovingfilm＝afilmwhichismoving感人的電影Thebridgebeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver.＝Thebridgewhichisbeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver.(beingdone表示正在被建)現(xiàn)在正在建造的大橋是跨這條河的第三座了。即時(shí)跟蹤2用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空(1)Atpresent，Englishisthemainsubjectbeingtaught(teach)here.(2)—Whoarethosepeoplewiththebanner?—Agroupcalling(call)itselftheLeagueforpeace.(3)Thepenlying(lie)onthetablebelongstome.3.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)往往表示泛指的、一般的行為。如：Climbingmountainsisgreatfun.爬山是非常有趣的事。動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)有時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)置于句尾。常見(jiàn)的句型有：It’s＋eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(nouse,nogood,nofun,useless/awasteoftime/money,worthwhile))＋doing即時(shí)跟蹤3用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空(1)Learning(learn)alanguagerequirestimeandeffort.(2)Itisnogoodsmoking(smoke).Youshouldgiveitup. 4.動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有(口訣)：避免錯(cuò)過(guò)(少)延期avoid/miss/delay建議完成(多)練習(xí)suggest/advise/finish/practise喜歡想象禁不住enjoy/appreciate/imagine/resist/can’thelp承認(rèn)否定(與)嫉妒admit/deny/envy逃脫冒險(xiǎn)(莫)原諒escape/risk/pardon/excuse忍受保持(不)在意stand/keep/keepon/mind即時(shí)跟蹤4用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空(1)Iforgottosign(sign)mynamewhenIfinishedwriting(write)theposition.(2)Isuggestedgoing(go)forawalk.5.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如：Hefoundhimselflyingonthegroundwhenhecametohimself.當(dāng)他蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正躺在地上。常見(jiàn)的跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的詞有：see，watch，notice，hear，lookat，listento，have，get，keep，find等。注意：let，make后不跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。即時(shí)跟蹤5用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空(1)Hekeptmewaiting(wait)formanyhours.(2)Mothercaughttheboysmoking(smoke)inthecorner.(3)HavingreadtheEmperor’sNewClothes，weallfounditinteresting(interest).6.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)可表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨、方式以及作評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)等。現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作狀語(yǔ)往往表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或相繼發(fā)生。完成式作狀語(yǔ)往往表示動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。如：Hearingthenews，theyalljumpedforjoy.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息他們都高興地跳了起來(lái)。Havingfinishedhisspeech，heansweredourquestions.演講結(jié)束后，他回答了我們的問(wèn)題?，F(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且正在進(jìn)行?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后，表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前已經(jīng)完成，且狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Beingusedbymenow，thebikecan’tbelenttoyou.由于我正在使用，這輛自行車(chē)不能借給你。Havingbeenusedformanyyears，thebikeneedsrepairing.已經(jīng)使用了多年了，這輛自行車(chē)需要修理。即時(shí)跟蹤6用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空(1)Hearing(hear)thecryforhelp，peopleimmediatelyrushedoutoftherooms.(2)Saying(say)hello，hereachedouthishand.(3)Havingsuffered(suffer)suchheavypollution，itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.7.現(xiàn)在分詞作評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)有些慣用的分詞短語(yǔ)在句中可以獨(dú)立存在，它們用來(lái)修飾全句，表明說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等，我們稱這種狀語(yǔ)為評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)或評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的有：generallyspeaking一般說(shuō)來(lái)strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái)roughlyspeaking大致說(shuō)來(lái)narrowlyspeaking狹義上說(shuō)judgingfrom/by由……判斷Judgingfromheraccent，shemustefromAustralia.從她的口音判斷，她一定來(lái)自澳大利亞。8.v.-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)v.-ing形式可以帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，通常是v.-ing形式前可以加一個(gè)代詞或名詞充當(dāng)自己的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞的這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)；現(xiàn)在分詞的這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。形式如下：物主代詞/名詞所有格＋動(dòng)名詞(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可用人稱代詞賓語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)名詞或名詞＋動(dòng)名詞)名詞/人稱代詞主格＋現(xiàn)在分詞Mary’singlatemadeherteacherangry.(動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ))瑪麗的遲到使老師很生氣。Doyoumindmy/mesmoking?(動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ))你介意我吸煙嗎？Itraininghard，wehadtostayathome.(現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ))(由于)天在下雨，我們只能待在家里。即時(shí)跟蹤7(1)她來(lái)幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。Heringtohelpencouragedallofus.(2)我能用一下你的望遠(yuǎn)鏡嗎？Wouldyoumindmy/meusingyourtelescope?(3)所有學(xué)生坐好之后，講座開(kāi)始了。Allthestudentshavingsatdownthelecturebegan.Ⅰ.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空1....saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeopleliving(live)inShanghaiandHongKong.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)2.Whentheclerksawakindfacewrinkledinanapologeticsmile，shestoodrootedtotheground，wondering(wonder)whethertostayorleave.(2015·湖南)3.Theparkwasfullofpeople，enjoying(enjoy)themselvesinthesunshine.(2015·北京)4.Likeancientsailors，birdscanfindtheirwayusing(use)thesunandthestars.(2015·重慶)5.Havingworked(work)fortwodays，Stevemanagedtofinishhisreportonschedule.(2015·天津)6.Keepholding(hold)yourpositionforawhile.(2014·遼寧)7.Lastnight，thereweremillionsofpeoplewatching(watch)theopeningceremonyliveonTV.(2014·北京)8.Thefilmstarwearssunglasses.Therefore，hecangoshoppingwithoutbeingrecognized(recognize).(2014·北京)9.Todaytherearemoreairplanescarrying(carry)morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.(2014·大綱全國(guó))10.Understanding(understand)yourownneedsandstylesofmunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.(2014·湖南)Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每題僅1處錯(cuò)誤)1.Afterlooksatthetoyforsometime，heturnedaroundandfoundthathisparentsweremissing.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ，短文改錯(cuò)) looks→looking2.Myfavoritepictureatthepartyisofmycoachandmeenjoythebiscuitswithhappylaughter！(2015·陜西，短文改錯(cuò)) enjoy→enjoying3.We’vebeenspendingalotoftimesinginkaraokebars.(2015·四川，短文改錯(cuò))sing→singing4.Ienjoyedsitclosetothewindowsandlookingattheview.(2015·浙江，短文改錯(cuò))sit→sitting5.Haveteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner.(2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ，短文改錯(cuò)) Have→Having6.Felthungry，webuiltafirebythelakeandbarbecuedthefish.(2013·陜西，短文改錯(cuò))Felt→Feeling7.Afterthinkforsometime，Ilethercopymyanswers.(2013·四川，短文改錯(cuò))Emotions(joy，fear，anxiety，surprise)1.Ibecamesoexcitedthat...2.I’mlookingforwardto...3.Perfect!4.Youdidagoodjob.5.I’mfrightened.6.Iwastrembling.7.Iwassoanxious...8.Ifeltverynervous.9.Oh，mygoodness.10.Oh，no!11.Ihadneverfeltsohappyas...12.Doesn’tthatlooklovely?13.Ican’twait...14.Iwasneversofrightened...15.What’shappening?16.What’shappened?17.What’sthatnoise?18.Where’sthe...?[即時(shí)跟蹤]語(yǔ)法填空Babara：Youlook1.tired(tire).What’sthematterwithyou?Bob：Nothingserious.Iwanttohaveajobaftergraduation.Iamundergreatpressure.Babara：Doyoufind2.itdifficulttofindasuitablejobthisyear?Bob：Yes.Nowcollegegraduates3.arebeingencouraged(encourage)tostarttheirownbusinesses，whichsoundsreallygoodforus.At4.thesametime，wecangetsomevaluablesocialexperienceandwemayalsoknowmoreaboutourselvesandsociety.Babara：Yes，butitisnotaseasyasyouimagine.Forcollegegraduatestherearealotofproblems，especiallytheoneofnot5.having(have)enoughmoney.Andoureducationdoesn’tprovideenoughknowledgeon6.howtosolveit.Bob：Maybeyouareright.Butourgovernmentallowscollegegraduatestoborrowmoneyfrombanks7.andmaybesomecangetmoneyfromtheirparents.Babara：Butyouhavetopaybackthemoneysoonerorlater.Sosomecollegegraduatesprefertolivea8.peaceful(peace)liferatherthanstarttheirownbusinessesthroughjob-huntingwhichisverypetitive.Bob：Oh，theydon’thavedreams.ButIhavemade9.upmymindtoachievemydream.Howaboutyou?文體指導(dǎo)旅游景點(diǎn)介紹屬于說(shuō)明文。說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作要特別注意知識(shí)的科學(xué)性、準(zhǔn)確性和行文的條理性。介紹旅游景點(diǎn)時(shí)，要對(duì)旅游地的位置、歷史和景點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹；也可介紹別人對(duì)旅游地和景點(diǎn)的評(píng)價(jià)。寫(xiě)作步驟第一步：整體介紹旅游地，可以包括其基本地理信息、歷史人文特色或旅游的重要性和必要性等。第二步：具體介紹地方特色，可以從風(fēng)景、人文等方面入手，突出特色，把握重點(diǎn)。第三步：指導(dǎo)游客衣食住行等方面的信息，并充分考慮游客的需要。時(shí)態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，人稱常常用第三人稱。在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，作者可以按空間順序，由遠(yuǎn)及近，由上及下，由外及里，由前到后組織材料，也可以按視線轉(zhuǎn)移的順序組織材料。常用句式1.Abelocatedin/liein/totheeastofB2.coveranareaof...3.AbesurroundedbyB4.hasapopulationof...5.hasalonghistoryof/withalonghistoryof6.Asisknowntoall，...7.consistof/bemadeupof8.avarietyof.../various9.befamous/well-knownfor...10.haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself11.Ithasbeeoneofthemostpopulartouristattractionsintheworld.12.payavisitto.../visit13.Onemorethingyoushouldn’tmissis...14.sth.iswellworthvisiting15.Youwillfindit(is)acityofgreatfun.16.Withitspleasantclimate，richnaturalresourcesandpicturesquescenery，...isoneofthemajortouristcitiesinChina.寫(xiě)作任務(wù)一英文網(wǎng)站開(kāi)辦了“誰(shuí)不說(shuō)俺家鄉(xiāng)好”的征文。假設(shè)你是杭州的一名中學(xué)生，請(qǐng)根據(jù)提示用英文寫(xiě)一篇文章參賽，介紹自己的家鄉(xiāng)杭州，讓人們了解杭州，喜歡杭州。內(nèi)容包括：1.位置：位于我國(guó)東南沿海，錢(qián)塘江畔；2.歷史：(1)意大利旅行家馬可·波羅曾經(jīng)來(lái)過(guò)此地；(2)曾是我國(guó)幾代王朝的國(guó)都，有許多名剎古塔，歷史悠久；3.風(fēng)景：美麗的西湖三面環(huán)山，吸引了很多國(guó)內(nèi)外游客。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.不要逐字翻譯，可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)以使行文連貫。審題謀篇第一步明確要求本篇文章的體裁是一篇描述性的說(shuō)明文。寫(xiě)作目的是介紹自己的家鄉(xiāng)——杭州。主體時(shí)態(tài)采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。文章的主題是讓人們更加了解祖國(guó)的大好河山。第二步確定段落正文可分成三個(gè)部分：第一段：主要闡述杭州所處的地理位置；第二段：主要描述杭州的悠久歷史和名勝古跡；第三段：歡迎人們到自己的家鄉(xiāng)來(lái)旅游。第三步詞匯熱身1.歡迎到Weleto...2.眾所周知Itiswell-knowntousallthat...3.在中國(guó)的東海岸ontheeastcoastofChina4.一個(gè)著名的意大利旅行家awell-knownItaliantraveler5.有悠久歷史withalonghistory6.西湖theWestLake7.三面青山環(huán)繞，四周有很多公園withgreenhillsonthreesidesandmanybeautifulparksaround8.大量的alargenumberof9.人間天堂aheavenonearth第四步句式升級(jí)1.杭州是中國(guó)東海岸的一座坐落在錢(qián)塘江畔的美麗城市。(一般表達(dá))HangzhouisabeautifulcityontheeastcoastofChinabytheQiantangRiver.(句式升級(jí)1)LyingbytheQiantangRiver，Hangzhouiswell-knowntousallforitsbeautyontheeastcoastofChina.(句式升級(jí)2)Itiswell-knowntousallthatHangzhouisabeautifulcityontheeastcoastofChina，whichliesbytheQiantangRiver.(定語(yǔ)從句)2.西湖，三面環(huán)山，公園眾多，吸引了大量中外游客。(一般表達(dá))TheWestLakeissurroundedbyhillsonthreesidesandhasmanybe