THEEUBLUEECONOMYREPORT2024

ThisReportwascoordinatedbytheEuropeanCommissionDirectorateGeneralforMaritimeAffairsandFisheries,andtheJointResearchCentre(JRC).ItwaspreparedbyunitMAREA4:EconomicAnalysis,MarketsandImpactAssessmentandunitsJRCC6:EconomicsofClimateChange,EnergyandTransport,JRCC7:KnowledgefortheEnergyUnionandJRCD2:OceanandWaterincollaborationwithotherCommissionservices.

ProjectCoordination(inalphabeticalorder):

SvenLangedijkandJannMartinsohn.

EuropeanCommissionauthors(inalphabeticalorder):

AntonioBorriello,AngelCalvoSantos,LaiaCodinaLópez,RiccardoCurtale,LucFeyen,NathanGaborieau,RafaelGaraffa,MichelaGhiani,JordiGuillén,LucieMcGovern,AnaNorman,AnaPeraltaBaptista,GiacomoPetrucco,AlbertoPistocchi,ManuelPleguezueloAlonso,SimoneQuatrini,EvdokiaTapoglou.

Secondaryauthors(inalphabeticalorder):

BiancaAbbagnanoTrione(Cogea,BipGroup),RodCappell(Poseidon),FlaviaCavaliere(Cogea,BipGroup),TanguyChever(ANDInternational),LucasHerry(ANDInternational),MeredithLloyd-Evans(BioBridgeLtd.),AlessandroPititto(Cogea,BipGroup),JulienPotier(ANDInternational),MichalisI.Vousdoukas(UniversityoftheAegean

Acknowledgements

Theauthorswishtothankallindividualsandorganisationsconsultedduringthepreparationofthisreportforallthesupportandconstructivecommentsprovided.SpecialthanksgotoEurostatforprovidinghigh-qualitystatisticsanddatarequiredintheanalyses.

Commentscanbesentto:

DIRECTORATE-GENERALFORMARITIMEAFFAIRSANDFISHERIES

UnitA4:EconomicAnalysis,MarketsandImpactAssessment

EuropeanCommission1049Bruxelles/BrusselBelgique/Belgi?

orbyemailto:MARE-A4@ec.europa.eu

LEGALNOTICE

ThisdocumentwaspreparedbytheDirectorate-GeneralMaritimeAffairsandFisheriesjointlywiththeJointResearchCentre.Itreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthors,anddoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheEuropeanCommission.Anyerrorsorviewsexpressedinthispaperaresolelytheresponsibilityoftheauthors.TheopinionsexpressedinthispaperarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheEuropeanCommission’spositionorpolicy.TheEuropeanCom-missioncannotbeheldresponsibleforanyuseoftheinformationcontainedherein.The2024EUBlueEconomyReportsupersedesallprioreditionsofthereport.

Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2024.

PDF:ISBN978-92-68-16024-4ISSN2599-6584doi:10.2771/186064KL-AR-24-001-EN-N?EuropeanUnion,2024

BY

TheCommission’sreusepolicyisimplementedbyCommissionDecision2011/833/EUof12December2011onthereuseofCommissiondocuments(OJL330,14.12.2011,p.39,

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj)

.

Unlessotherwisenoted,thereuseofthisdocumentisauthorisedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)licence

(/licenses/by/4.0/

).Thismeansthatreuseisallowed,providedappropriatecreditisgivenandanychangesareindicated.

ForanyuseorreproductionofelementsthatarenotownedbytheEU,permissionmayneedtobesoughtdirectlyfromtherespectiverightholders.TheEUdoesnotownthecopyrightinrelationtothefollowingimages:

Coverpage,fromtoptobottom,lefttoright:

Figure1:iS/timurka

Figure8:iS/eurotravel

Figure2:iS/DINphotogallery

Figure9:iS/Shansche

Figure3:iS/Alter_photo

Figure10:iS/greenleaf123

Figure4:iS/SuphanatKhumsap

Figure11:iS/3dsam79

Figure5:iS/alex-mit

Figure12:iS/OleksandrKalinichenko

Figure6:iS/sarawutk

Figure13:iS/KaterynaKolesnyk

Figure7:iS/BenGrasser

Howtocitethisreport:

EuropeanCommission(2024).TheEUBlueEconomyReport.2024.PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion.Luxembourg.

2024

1

FOREWORD

WelcometotheseventheditionoftheEUBlueEconomyReport!

Afterthechallengesfromthe2022significantspikesinenergyprices,2023hasmarkedashifttowardsregainingpre-pandemicgrowthmomentum.Despitetheongoinguncertaintiesfromrecentgeopoliticalevents,suchastheconflictsintheMiddleEastandthecontinuedRussianinvasionofUkraine,thedeclineinenergypricesin2023helpedsoftensomeofthenegativeeffectsfromthepreviousyear.ThisreductioninenergycostshascontributedtoamorepositiveoutlookfortheBlueEconomy.

Theyear2023markedasignificantmilestonefortheEuropeanUnioninadvancing

itssustainabilityagenda.TheEuropeanCommissionmadenotablestepsinits‘Fitfor55’policypackageaimedatreducingtheEU’scarbonfootprint,adoptingkeyinitiativesliketheFuelEUMaritimeRegulationandtheextensionoftheEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS)tothemaritimesectorasofJanuary2024.In2023,theEuropeanCommissionalsoadopteditsOceanandfisheriespackage,establishingtheEnergyTransitionPartnershipinEUfisheriesandaquaculture.

Inthisyear’sedition,youwillfindacomprehensiveoverviewofthelatesttrendsintheEU’sBlueEconomysectors,providingsector-specific,socio-economicknowledgetosupportinformeddecisionsbypolicy-makers,BlueEconomyoperatorsandstakeholders.Moreover,thereportremainsthecornerstoneoftheBlueEconomyactivitiesintheEUbyshowingapictureofthechallengesandopportunitiesfacedbyallsectors,aswellasthemaindriverstoattainitspotential,basedonthemostrecentavailabledata.Theevidencecontainedinthisreportemphasisestheneedforasustainableapproach,adaptationtoclimatechange,andintegrationofmarineecosystemservicesinthemanagementofourmarineresources,withafocusonnature-basedsolutionsandsustainablebluegrowth.

Akeysectorhighlightedinthereportisoceanenergy,whichhasexperiencedsignificantgrowthinrecentyears.Ifirmlybelievethatbyadoptinginnovativetechnologiesandharnessingtheimmensepotentialofoceanenergy,wecancreateafuturewheretheBlueEconomyprosperswhilepreservingtheenvironment,andenablingotherhumanactivitiesatsea,suchasfishing.TheEUisaleaderindevelopingenergyfromwaves,tides,andoffshorewind,withthegoalofintegratingtheserenewablesourcesintothebroaderenergylandscapetomeetitsrenewableenergytargetsandclimateobjectives.

TheEuropeanCommission’slatestcommunication,‘DeliveringontheEUOffshoreRenewableEnergyAmbitions’,outlinesanambitiousplantoboostoffshorewindcapacity,nearlydoublingthetargetssetinthe2020OffshoreRenewableEnergyStrategy.TheseinitiativesdemonstratetheEU’sstrongcommitmenttoadvancingrenewableenergyandreducingitsrelianceonfossilfuels.

AstheEUmovesforwardonitspathtowardasustainablefuture,Ibelievethisreportwillbeanessentialguide,illustratingtheEU’scommitmenttofosteringaresilientBlueEconomy,whileaddressingglobalenvironmentalandclimatechallenges.

IencourageyoutoplungeintothefindingsandrecommendationspresentedinthisreportandtoworkwithusaswechampionasustainableandthrivingBlueEconomyintheEuropeanUnion.

EnjoydivingintothedynamicworldoftheEUBlueEconomy!

VIRGINIJUSSINKEVI?IUS,

EUCommissionerforEnvironment,OceansandFisheries

FOREWORD

Theyear2023wasturbulent,withvariousglobalshocksimpactingtheEuropeanUnion(EU).Theseeventshavealsohad,andwillcontinuetohave,impactontheBlueEconomy–asustainableuseofoceanandseatobenefitoureconomiesandsocieties.The2024editionoftheEUBlueEconomyReport,whichIampleasedtopresent,mapsthesedevelopments.

UnderthisflagshipinitiativetheEuropeanCommissionmonitorscoastal,marine, andocean-relatedeconomicactivities.Theinitiativeharnessesandprocesses availableknowledgetopromoteasustainableBlueEconomy,whichisimportant toourprosperityandcompetitiveness.Inthisreport,weexplorethedynamicsofthecloseinterconnectednessbetweengeopolitical,environmentalandsocio-economicsystems.

Pasteditionsofthereporthavemadethiscollaborativeeffortakeyresourceforpolicymakersandstakeholders.Thereportsupportsthesustainabledevelopmentofoceansandcoastalresources,andtheimplementationofpoliciesandinitiativesundertheEuropeanGreenDeal.AndthisdespitethechallengeposedbythepersistentlackofdetailedandcomparabledataforallsectorsatEUlevel.

The2024editionoftheEUBlueEconomyReportanalysesthesocio-economicevolution,trendsanddriversofbothestablishedandemergingsectorsoftheBlueEconomy.ItexaminestheprogresstheEUhasmadeinitsenergytransition.ItalsoinvestigatesthepotentialimpactsofcoastalfloodsonecosystemservicesandassesseseconomicresiliencealongtheEU’scoastline.

ComplementingthisreportistheEUBlueEconomyObservatory,ouronlineknowledgegatewaythatprovidesregularupdatesontheperformanceoftheBlueEconomybysector,activityandcountry.TheObservatoryoffersadetailedoverviewofallBlueEconomysectors,highlightingtheirpotentialforeconomicgrowth,jobcreationandthetransitiontosustainability.

TheEUBlueEconomyReportandObservatorydemonstratetheCommission'sdedicationtofosteringasustainable,competitive,fairandthrivingoceaneconomy.Theseresourcesaretheresultofasignificanteffortandcommitmentofourteams.Iamconfidentthatthe2024editionofthereportwillserveasasourceofinspirationforpolicymakers,stakeholdersandinvestors.

ILIANAIVANOVA,

EUCommissionerforInnovation,Research,Culture,EducationandYouth

2024

3

CONTENTS

FOREWORD1

EXECUTIVESUMMARY4

CHAPTER1:GENERALOVERVIEWANDECONOMICCONTEXT6

1.1.GENERALECONOMICCONTEXT7

1.2.THEEUBLUEECONOMY7

1.3.OVERVIEWOFTHEEUBLUEECONOMYSECTORS7

1.4.THEBLUEECONOMYSECTORSACROSSMEMBERSTATES10

1.5.OUTLOOK11

CHAPTER2:BLUEECONOMYSECTORS12

2.1.MARINELIVINGRESOURCES13

2.2.MARINENON-LIVINGRESOURCES17

2.3.MARINERENEWABLEENERGY20

2.4.PORTACTIVITIES25

2.5.SHIPBUILDINGANDREPAIR28

2.6.MARITIMETRANSPORT30

2.7.COASTALTOURISM32

2.8.BLUEBIOTECHNOLOGY34

2.9.DESALINATION37

CHAPTER3:ENERGYTRANSITIONINTHEEUBLUEECONOMY

ANDCOASTALFLOODIMPACTS41

3.1.ENERGYTRANSITIONINTHEEUMARITIMETRANSPORT42

3.2.ENERGYTRANSITIONINTHEEUFISHINGFLEET44

3.3.ENERGYTRANSITIONPARTNERSHIPINFISHERIESANDAQUACULTURE46

3.4.COASTALFLOODIMPACTSALONGTHEEUROPEANUNION’SOUTERMOSTREGIONS

ANDOVERSEASCOUNTRIESANDTERRITORIES46

4

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

TheseventheditionoftheEUBlueEconomyReport,presentedinafreshformat,persistsinthoroughlyexaminingthescaleandbreadthoftheBlueEconomywithintheEuropeanUnion(EU).Itsprimaryaimremainstoofferguidancetopolicymakersandstakeholdersinfosteringthesustainableadvancementofoceansandcoastalresources,aligningcloselywiththeprinciplesoftheEuropeanGreenDeal(EGD).Byprovidingeconomicinsights,theReportalsoaimstoinspirepotentialinvestors.

ThisseventheditionoftheReportfocusesonasummariseddataanalysis,trendsanddriversoftheBlueEconomysectors.TheanalysisofthesectorsMarinelivingandnon-livingresources,Marinerenewableenergy(offshorewind),Portactivities,Shipbuildingandrepair,MaritimetransportandCoastaltourismisbasedondatacollectedbytheEuropeanCommissionfromEUMemberStatesandtheEuropeanStatisticalSystem.Specifically,fisheriesandaquaculturedatawerecollectedundertheEUDataCollectionFramework(DCF);datafortheothersectorsaretakenfromEurostatStructuralBusinessStatistics(SBS),PRODCOM,NationalAccountsandtourismstatistics.Alongwiththesesectors,thereadercanfindrelevantinformationoninnovativeBlueEconomysectors,namelyDesalinationandBluebiotechnology.Thesesectorsoffersignificantpotentialforeconomicgrowth,sustainabilitytransition,aswellasemploymentcreation.Comparabledataarenotyetfullyavailableinthepublicdomain,andthereforedatapresentedintheReportforthesesectorscomefromvarioussources.

Thisyear’sReportalsoincludesspecialsectionsonEnergyTransitionandClimateChangeintheEUMaritimetransportsector,ontheEUfishingfleetandthepartnershipinfisheriesandaquaculture,aswellasasectiononCoastalfloodimpactsduetoclimatechangealongtheEU27coastline,withaparticularreferencetotheEUOutermostRegions.

ThiseditionwillcontinuetakingadvantageoftheEUBlueEconomyObservatoryplatform,whichprovidesmoretimelyandregularupdatesoftheBlueEconomydatapersector,EU-27MemberStateandseabasin.Furtheranalysiswillbepublishedthroughouttheyear,asthemostrecentdatabecomeavailable,andsectorsortopicsgainmorerelevance.AnalysesaregivenfortheEU-27asawholeandbysectorandindustryforeachMemberState.Aninitialregionalanalysisisalsoenvisaged,tobecompletedwithintheEUBlueEconomyObservatory.

ThedetailedmethodologyfollowedinthisreportisexplainedintheEUBlueEconomyObservatorywebsite1.

1

https://blue-economy-observatory.ec.europa.eu/methodology-estimation-established-sectors-data_en

Accordingtothemostrecentfigures,theestablishedsectorsoftheEUBlueEconomydirectlyemployedcloseto3.59millionpeopleandgeneratedaround€623.6billioninturnoverand€171.1billioningrossvalueadded

(Table1)

.

Table1EUBlueEconomyestablishedsectors,mainindicators,

2021

Indicator

Turnover

EUBlueEconomy2021

€623.6billion

Grossvalueadded€171.1billion

€76.4billion

Grossprofit

Employment3.59million

€6.75billion

Netinvestmentintangiblegoods

Netinvestmentratio8.8%

Averageannualsalary

€26400

Notes:Turnoveriscalculatedasthesumoftheturnoverineachsector;itmayleadtodoublecountingalongthevaluechain.Nominalvalues.Directimpactonly.Netinvest-mentexcludesMaritimetransportandCoastaltourism.NetinvestmentratioisdefinedasnetinvestmenttoGrossValueAdded.

Source:Eurostat(SBS),DCFandCommissionServices.

Thesefiguresofferanunderestimatedpictureofthefullsocio-economicvalueoftheEUBlueEconomy,astheyrefertosevensectorsforwhichaccurateandcomparabledataareavailableatEUlevel,namely:Marinelivingresources,Marinenon-livingresources,Marinerenewableenergy,Portactivities,Shipbuildingandrepair,MaritimetransportandCoastaltourism.Besidesthesesectors,theBlueEconomyencompassesothermarine-basedandmarine-relatedactivities,includingemergingandinnovativesectors,forwhichacomprehensiveanalysisismorechallengingduetothepaucityofdata.Theinclusionofalleconomicactivitieswithamaritimecomponent,togetherwithindirectandinducedeffectsalongsidethevarioussupplychains,wouldsignificantlyincreasetheabove-mentionedfigures.

Amongthevarioussectors,twoareparticularlynoteworthy.Withgrossprofitsvaluedat€9.7billionin2021,Marinelivingresources,sawa24%-risecomparedto2020.Ontheotherhand,Marinerenewableenergy–mainlyoffshorewind–alsoexperiencedsignificantgrowth,resultingina45%-increasecomparedto2020,withgrossprofitsestimatedat€2.4billionandGrossValueAdded(GVA)at€3.3billionin2021.Despiteasubstantialrebound,overalltheEUBlueEconomyin2021stilllaggedbehinditspre-pandemicvalue,primarilyduetotheincompleterecoveryofCoastaltourism,withtravelrestrictionsstillbeinginplaceinseveralEUMemberStates.

WithintheEU-27,fiveMemberStatesaccountfor70%oftheentireEUBlueEconomy’sGVA:Germany,France,Spain,Italy,andtheNetherlands,inthatsequence.Intermsofemployment,thetop5MemberStatesarerespectivelySpain,Germany,Greece,France,andItaly,representingacombinedcontributionof67%oftotaljobsintheEU-27BlueEconomy.TheBlueEconomy’scontributiontonationaleconomiesvariessignificantlyacrossEUcountries,rangingfrom6%inCroatiato0.1%inLuxembourg.

ThetransitiontowardsasustainableBlueEconomy,calledforbytheEGD,isgeneratingnewbusinessopportunities,forexampleinthedevelopmentofcleantechnologiesandfuels,whichcancontributetomeetingtheambitiousEUdecarbonisationtargets.Theongoingenergytransitionhasalreadyproducedimportantresultsintermsoffuelintensityandefficiency,bothinMaritimetransportandinFisheriesandaquaculture.Forexample,fuel

THEEUBLUEECONOMY

REPORT

............................

2024

5

consumptionandCO2emissionsoftheEUfishingfleetdecreasedby25%between2009and2021.However,inthelastfewyearsfuelefficiencyhasworsened,duetorisingfuelprices.AccordingtotheScientific,TechnicalandEconomicCommitteeforFisheries(STECF),thesmall-scalecoastalfleetisgenerallymoreresilienttohigh-fuelprices,thanthelarge-scalefleet.

Fisheriesandcoastalcommunitiesarealsoparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.EconomicdamagesfromcoastalfloodingintheEU-27,whichcurrentlyamountto€1billionannually,areprojectedtorisesharplyinthecomingyearsduetoglobalwarming.Withoutanincreaseincurrentlevelsofcoastalprotection,annualdamagesareprojectedtoescalatetobetween€137billionand€814billionby2100,dependingontheemissionsandmitigationscenariospursued.

CHAPTER1

GENERALOVERVIEWANDECONOMICCONTEXT

ThischapterdescribesthegeneralcontextandtherelevantbackgroundinformationinwhicheconomicdatapresentedinthisReportshouldbeinterpreted,aswellasahigh-leveloverviewoftheestablishedsectors.

1.1.GENERALECONOMICCONTEXT

Unlikethestrongreboundexperiencedin2021and2022followingtherecessiontriggeredbytheCOVID-19outbreak,in2023theGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)oftheEU-27expandedbyjust0.5%2.Nevertheless,employmentratesreachedrecordlevelsinthefirsthalfof2023,withunemploymentremainingclosetoitsrecordlow.Theseverityoflabourshortagesisgraduallyeasingbutisstillsignificant.

TheconflictsintheMiddleEastandtheRussianinvasionofUkrainehavehadanimpactontheEUeconomyandtheBlueEconomysectors,affectingenergyprices,alteringshippingroutesduetotraderestrictions,andcausingbottlenecksinthesupplychain.Theescalationinenergypricessincelate2021,compoundedbytheRussianinvasionofUkrainein2022,resultedinmarinedieselpricesdoublingfrom2021to2022.Theseeffects–andinparticularthehighpricesofmarinediesel–haveseverelyimpactedfisheries,resultinginanoveralllossforthesectorin2022.

Thesharpfallinenergypricesin2023hasalleviatedtheseimpacts,leadingtoafaster-than-expectedmoderationofpricepressures.Despitemildupwardpressurefromhighershippingcosts,inflation–which,accordingtoEurostat,hasdeceleratedfrom6.9%inMarch2023to2.4%inMarch2024–continuesonasteadydownwardtrend.Asinflationdecelerates,realwagegrowthandresilientemploymentsupportareboundinhouseholds’purchasingpowerandconsumption.Combinedwithahigherlevelofinvestment,thisconjunctionhasresultedinanEUgrowthoutlookof0.9%in2024and1.7%in2025.EmploymentgrowthintheEUissettoeasefrom1.0%in2023to0.4%inboth2024and20253.Theunemploymentrateisexpectedtoremainbroadlystableovertheforecasthorizon.

Inthiseconomiccontext,theEUBlueEconomysectors,andparticularlyMarinelivingresources,CoastaltourismandMaritimetransportinitiatedagradualrecoveryin2023whichcontinuesin2024.

Inconclusion,theeconomicforecastfortheEU-27in2024and2025presentsamixedoutlook.Whiletheannualgrowthprojectionshavebeenreviseddownward,thepaceofgrowthisexpectedtostabilisebroadlyinlinewithpotentialasofthesecondhalfof2024andinto2025.However,geopoliticaltensionsandtradedisruptionsposeriskstotheeconomicoutlook,particularlyinenergyprices,shipping,andsupplychains.Despitethesechallenges,theforecastalsohighlightsthepotentialforeconomicstabilisationandrecovery,supportedbyresilientemploymentanddeclininginflation.

1.2.THEEUBLUEECONOMY

TherearemanydifferentviewsanddefinitionsofwhattheBlueEconomyis.Decidingwhatsectorsitshouldincludeexactlyisachallengeinitself,giventhedifficultyofdelineatingtheextentofcoastal,marineandocean-relatedactivities,andtheirdirectandindirectsocio-economicbenefitsandenvironmentalimpacts.ThesechallengesareexacerbatedbythepaucityofdataforcertainmaritimesectorsandthelackofcomparabilitybetweenMemberStates’data.Toaddressthislatterchallenge,weusethelatestSBS

datapublishedbyEurostat,whichatthetimeofwritingthisReportcovertheperiod2009-2021.

AdelineationoftheBlueEconomylargelydependsonthesectorsincluded,andtheextenttowhichindirectupstreamanddownstreameffectscanbeidentifiedandmeasured.Hence,decidingwhatsectorsandactivitiestoincludewhenanalysingthecurrentstateandsizeoftheBlueEconomyisanimportantfirststep.

ForthepurposesofthisReport,andwithaviewtobeingconsistentwithitspreviouseditionspublishedsince2018,thetermBlueEconomyincludeseconomicactivitiesthatare:

(a)marine-based,includingthoseundertakenintheocean,seaandcoastalareas,suchascapturefisheriesandaquaculture,offshoreoilandgas,offshorewindenergy,oceanenergy,desalination,shippingandmaritimetransport,andmarineandcoastaltourism;and

(b)marine-relatedactivitieswhichuseproductsand/orproduceproductsandservicesfortheoceanandmarine-basedactivities;forexample,seafoodprocessing,marinebiotechnology,shipbuildingandrepair,portactivities,maritimecommunication,maritimeequipment,maritimeinsuranceandmaritimesurveillance.

Yet,theBlueEconomyalsoincludesthosepartsofthepublicsectorwithdirectcoastalandoceanresponsibilities(nationaldefence,thecoastguard,marineenvironmentalprotection,etc.),aswellasmarineeducationandresearch.Theoceanalsohaseconomicvaluethatisnoteasytoquantify,intermsofhabitatsformarinelife,carbonsequestration,coastalprotection,wasterecyclingandstoring,andprocessesthatinfluenceclimateandbiodiversity.New,emergingandinnovativeactivitiesarealsodevelopingrapidly,suchasbluebiotechnology.TheseactivitiesalsoneedtobeincludedandmeasuredtocomprehensivelyassesstheBlueEconomy.ThisworkisbeingundertakeninthecontextoftheEUBlueEconomyObservatory4,launchedinMay2022.Moredetailedanalysispersectorwillbeaddedthere,keepingthispublicationasasuccinctReport.

1.3.OVERVIEWOFTHEEUBLUEECONOMYSECTORS

OutofalleconomicsectorsrelatedtotheBlueEconomy,sevensectorscanbeconsidered‘established’inaccordancewiththeterminologyusedinpreviouseditionsofthisreport.Thesesectors–forwhichmorecomplete,accurateandcomparabledataareusuallyavailablethanforotherBlueEconomysectors–aredefinedinthisreportas:Marinelivingresources,Marinenon-livingresources,Marinerenewableenergy,Portactivities,Shipbuildingandrepair,MaritimetransportandCoastaltourism.Eachofthesesectorsisfurtherdividedintosub-sectorsassummarisedin

Table

2.

Thesesub-sectors,inturn,consistofseveraleconomicactivities.

2024

7

............................

2

https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/document/download/2b7b7fae-0844-4dd1-bedd-619c3544aaed_en?filename=ip268_en_0.pdf

3Ibid.

4

https://blue-economy-observatory.ec.europa.eu/index_en

Table2TheEstablishedBlueEconomysectorsandtheir

subsectors

Sector

Marinelivingresources

Sub-sector

Primaryproduction

Processingoffishproducts

Distributionoffishproducts

Marinenon-livingresources

Oilandgas

Otherminerals

Supportactivities

Marinerenewableen