第三講詞性一．名詞名詞專有名詞普通名詞個(gè)體名詞可數(shù)名詞集體名詞物質(zhì)名詞不可數(shù)名詞抽象名詞一．名詞---noun縮寫為n.名詞可以分為專有名詞（ProperNouns）和普通名詞(CommonNouns），專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，milk等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：

1）個(gè)體名詞（IndividualNouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：boy,cat。

2）集體名詞（CollectiveNouns）：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family,class。

3）物質(zhì)名詞（MaterialNouns）：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：milk,air。

4）抽象名詞（AbstractNouns）：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work,help。二．名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)①物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，為不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞前不能加冠詞a或an來表示量，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要表示“一個(gè)（只，塊，張。。。）”的概念，須加apieceof…,abowlof…,adropof…等。表示“一些，許多”可用：some,any,alittle,little,alotof,lotsof,much,等常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：newsworkweatherpaperfruitbreadwoodairchalk②集體名詞象people,police,trousers,scissors只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。③有的名詞在表示某一詞義時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞，而表示另一詞義時(shí)又是不可數(shù)名詞。Glass,chicken,paper,exercise,orangeroom房間（可）；空間（不）time次(可）；時(shí)間（不）glass眼鏡,玻璃杯（可）；玻璃（不）小結(jié)：根據(jù)以上分析，也就是說，可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)表示的是單位一，它的前面可以接a,an,the,this,that,my,his,her,its,Tom’s等等這些詞。其復(fù)數(shù)則一般要在該詞后加-s或是其它的變化(我們叫規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化)見下文分析:三．名詞的數(shù)的變化可數(shù)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，分為規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化，1．規(guī)則變化直接加-s如：book,penteacherstudent.Etc②加-es以x,s,(t)ch,sh結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞，如：box，glass,watch,match,dish,wish.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，去y變i加-es如：story,country,city,factorydictionaryfamilybaby.注意：以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的則直接加s.如：key,monkey,boy,toy,way,play(戲劇)以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f為v加-es如：knife,leaf,shelf,thief,wife,half.2．不規(guī)則變化1）child---childrenfoot(腳)---feettooth(牙齒)---teeth

mouse(老鼠)---miceman---menwoman---women

注意：與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。如：anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen.但German(德國(guó)人)不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是theBowmans(Bowman的一家)。2）單復(fù)同形如：deer(鹿),sheep(綿羊),Chinese,Japanese

li(厘)，jin(斤)，yuan(元)，twoli，threemu(畝)，fourjin但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:adollar,twodollars.總之，中國(guó)的單位沒有復(fù)數(shù)而國(guó)外的有。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。

如：people(人)police(警察)cattle(牲口)等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以說aperson，apoliceman，aheadof(一頭)cattle。此外，F(xiàn)rench(法國(guó)人)，Chinese，Japanese，Swiss(瑞士人)等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，前面要用the。如：TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。二．代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱主格IweyouSheheitthey賓格MeusyouHerhimitthem形容詞性物主代詞MyouryourHerhisitstheir名詞性物主代詞MineoursyoursHershisitstheirs代詞的分類人稱代詞的主格和賓格

主格：在句中充當(dāng)主語。

賓格：在動(dòng)詞或介詞后面充當(dāng)賓語。物主代詞。包括形容詞性和名詞性的物主代詞。

形容詞性的物主代詞后面必須有名詞，名詞性物主代詞后面不可有名詞，但要注意單復(fù)數(shù)。例：YouhavemoreapplesthanI,buyminearebetterthanyours.(此處的mine指myapples,是復(fù)數(shù))。反身代詞，myself,themselves等.

①特別注意yourself有復(fù)數(shù)形式是yourselves

例：“Enjoy_______(you),”Hesaidtothechildren.此處用yourselves.②反身代詞用于一些固定的短語。如：

hurtoneself,enjoyoneself,helponeselfto,teachoneself,lookatoneselfinthemirror,saytooneself.不定代詞，all,each,every,both,either,neither，none,one,little,few,many,much，other,another,some,any,no。由some,any,no,every等構(gòu)成的合成代詞指示代詞.表示空間和時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)近關(guān)系的代詞包括:this/that(單數(shù)),these/those(復(fù)數(shù))①this,these指在方位上較近的人或物，that,those指在方位上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物例：Thisismyshirt,that’syours.TheseTVsaremadeinChina,thosearemadeinJapan.②that,those常指前面提過的東西,以免重復(fù)例：Theseboxesareheavierthanthoseonthedesk.③剛才提到的事情，在英文中用that例：Hewasillyesterday.I’msorrytohearthat.6．疑問代詞。用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句的代詞常見有：whowhomwhosewhatwhich，通常做主語\賓語\定語\表語例：Whatmakesyouthinklikethat?\做主語\Who(Whom)wereyoutalkingwith?\做賓語\WhichbusdoIneed?\做定語\What’syourfather?\做表語\注意：在口語中，Who和Whom通用，但在介詞后只能用Whom例：Withwhomdidheplaygames?(正)Withwhodidheplaygames?(錯(cuò))二．人稱代詞使用時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)：分清its和it’s:its它的例如:Theclockhasitsface.it’s=itis例如：It’satoyclock.名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞，名詞是單數(shù)，名詞性物主代詞為單數(shù)，反之為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Hisbrotherisasoldier.Mineisadriverandhersisanengineer.Ileftmyclothesonthechair.Where_____his?afriendofhis/mine/yours=oneofhis…friends3.Afriendofhis/mine=oneofhis/myfriends4.冠詞不能和形容詞性物主代詞一起連用例如：amycat(wrong)5.This/that+singlenoun;these/those+pluralnoun.6.Inthedialogue,itcanbeusedtoreferto(this/that),theyreferto(these/those)7.That可用來代替前面提到過的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，those代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞例如：Theweathertodayisfinerthanthatyesterday.TheradiosmadeinBeijingareasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai.三．It的用法1、用以指前文提到的物，有時(shí)也可指不知性別的嬰兒或不確指性別的人例如：Whereisyourbook?Itisoverthere.Thebabyiscrying.ItmaybehungryWhoisknockingatthedoor?ItmustbeLiLei.2.It也可用來表示天氣、時(shí)間、距離等例如：Itisrainytoday.ItwillturnoutfinetomorrowWhatisthetime?Itisnine.Itistenminutes’walkfromhere3、作形式主語或形式賓語，沒有意義例如：Ittakesmetenminutestowalkfromthere.Ifounditveryhardtolearngrammar.4、It/that/one用以指前文提到過的單數(shù)名詞them/those/ones用以指前文提到過的復(fù)數(shù)名詞四．結(jié)論1、that,those后常跟介詞短語（that/those+介詞短語）前文是不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)只能用that替代2、one/ones前常有形容詞、冠詞、數(shù)量詞、等修飾。3、it指前文提到的那個(gè)名詞五．other/another必背:Eachother,(兩者)互相oneanother（三者或以上）相互oneafteranother一個(gè)接一個(gè)fromonetoanother從一個(gè)到另一個(gè)theotherday不久前的某一天（用于過去時(shí)）Another另一個(gè)，泛指眾多中的一個(gè)，another+單數(shù)名詞，“再，又”Another+數(shù)詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)，相當(dāng)于：數(shù)詞+more+名詞復(fù)數(shù)六．不定代詞1．Both,allBoth（兩者）都all（三者或以上）都①both表兩者都，all表三者都②Both+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；all+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞③both,all+of+人稱代詞賓格；of不能省④allboth作副詞時(shí)，位置在主動(dòng)詞后，行為動(dòng)詞前2．Neither,none,nooneneither(兩者)都不，none(三者或以上)都不，noone沒人3．each,every,either,anyEach:（兩者或以上）每一；可作代詞、形容詞、副詞every:（三者或以上）每一的，僅作定語Either:(兩者之間)任何一個(gè)作代詞、形容詞、副詞any:（三者或以上）任何一個(gè)，作代詞，形容詞三．形容詞一．形容詞的位置1．形容詞在句中be后常作表語2．在名詞前叫定語，一般形容詞用“的”。二．名詞化的形容詞The+(adj):表一類人或物。作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)Therich,thepoor,theold,theyoung等三．表語性形容詞1．只作表語、不能作定語置于名詞前但可作后置定語,沒有比較級(jí)的變化,不用very修飾。這樣的形容詞多以a開頭：alone,afraid,asleep,awake,able,ill,well等例：①Thebabyisasleep.Asleepingbaby.Don’twakeupthebabyasleep②Theoldmanisalone.Asingleman.Alonelyman.注意：smell聞起來,taste嘗起來,seem似乎,look,sound,聽起來，feel感覺也跟形容詞。2．這些表語性形容詞可作狀語Themanlivesaloneinasmallhouse四．形容詞的變化1．形容詞有時(shí)是名詞加y變的sun-sunny,,wind-windy,snow-snowy,rain-rainy,cloud-cloudy,health-healthy,luck-lucky,noise-noisy;2．有時(shí)又是名詞加ful變成形容詞use-useful,care-careful,wonder-wonderful,beauty-beautiful,forgetful,help-helpful,hope-hopeful3．有時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)，過去分詞和形容詞一樣worry-worried,frighten-frightened,frustrate-frustrated,fry-fried五．形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法①、比較級(jí)＋than…②、the+比較級(jí)+of+the+two…兩個(gè)當(dāng)中比較…的一位③、the+最高級(jí)+of(in)+三者或以上…④、as+形容詞原級(jí)+as…⑤、notso(as)+原級(jí)+as…⑥、the比較級(jí)，the比較級(jí)：越….就越…⑦、比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)：越來越….⑧、oneofthe最高級(jí)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)六．①A=B.A+be/V.+as原級(jí)+asB.和②A<B.A+benot+as/so原級(jí)+as+B.①A=B.A+be/V.+as原級(jí)+asB.例：1)ForeignlanguageisasimpotantasChinese.外語和漢語一樣難。2)Wedidasbadlyasthey.我們做得和他們一樣差。3)HethrowsashighasI.他扔得和我一樣高。②A<B.A+benot+as/so原級(jí)+as+B.例：1)Thisbookisn’tas/soimpotantasthatone.這本書沒那本重要.=Thisbookislessimportantasthatone.2)Ididn’tswimas/sowellasmybrother.3)Shedoesn’tgetupas/soearlyasI.她沒有我起得早。四．副詞副詞（在句中有時(shí)用在動(dòng)詞后面或前面）它的規(guī)則變化是形容詞后加lyhelpful-helpfully,careful-carefully,quick-quickly,quiet-quietly,happy-happlily,noisy-noisily,lucky-luckily,heavy-heavily,widely,easy-easily只有三個(gè)去e加ly的terrible-terribly,true-truly,possible-possibly形容詞和副詞一樣的late-late,early-early,long-long,much-much,fast-fast,far,alittle,much,deep-deep.例：1)Heislate.Hecomesverylate.2)Ourschoolisquitefar.Theyjumpedtoofar.二．常見副詞的用法區(qū)別㈠e(cuò)ither,also,too,neither㈡before,ago㈢hard,hardly㈣too,very,much㈤nomore,nolonger㈥howoften,howsoon㈦As+副詞+as…/notso(as)…as㈧Already/yet/ever㈨Sometime,sometime,sometimes㈠Either/also/too:也例：1、Marylikescollectingstamps.Ilikecollectingstamps,too2、Shealsowentclimbinglastweek.3、Johnsondidn’tcomeinthemorningandshedidn’tcomeintheafternoon,either.結(jié)論：Too用于肯定句，放句尾，用逗號(hào)隔開。also放在助動(dòng)詞后，行為動(dòng)詞前。Either用于否定句，放句尾，用逗號(hào)隔開。㈡Before/ago例：1．IhaveheardabouttheUFObefore.2．IhadheardabouttheUFOtenyearsbefore.3．IheardabouttheUFOtenyearsago.結(jié)論：一段時(shí)間+ago：用于過去時(shí)一段時(shí)間+before:用于過去完成時(shí)Before:用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過去時(shí)㈢Hard/hardly例：1、Shewasverytiredafteraday’shardwork.2、Diamondisakindofhardstone.3、Itwasraininghardoutside.4、Sheworkedhardthananyothergirlinherclass.5、Hecanhardlyreadorwritehisname.6、Thereishardlyanyfoodleftinthefridge.㈣Very,too,much例：1.Theboxisveryheavy.2.Theboxistooheavy.3.Ilikemyschoolverymuch.4.Thisboxismuchheavierthanthatone.結(jié)論：Very只用于修飾形容詞或副詞verymuch用于修飾動(dòng)詞Too修飾形容詞時(shí),帶否定意思㈤Nomore/nolonger例：1.Themannolongerliveshere.Hehasgoneabroad.2.Hehasnolonger(nomore)playedfortheNationalTeam.3.Shesaidnomoreaboutitaftersheheardthat.4.Ihavenomoretimeforholidays.結(jié)論：Nolonger時(shí)間上“不再”只作狀語Nomore數(shù)量上“不再”可作狀語、賓語、定語㈥Howlong,howsoon,howoften例：1.Howlongwillthefilmlast?----Abouttwohours.2.Howsoonwilltheyfinishthecomposition?----Inanhour.3.Howoftendotheygoshopping?----onceamonth.結(jié)論：Howlong:多久，對(duì)一段時(shí)間提問Howsoon:對(duì)“in+一段時(shí)間”提問Howoften:對(duì)頻率副詞提問：twiceaweek,everyotherday等三．形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)(1).比較級(jí)加er,最高級(jí)加est,如：fast-faster-fastest,short-shorter-shorest,long-longer-longest(2).以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾時(shí)變y為i加er,est,如：heavy-heavier-heaviest,empty-emptier-emptiest,early-earlier-earliest,hungry-hungrier--hungiest,easy-easier-easiest,tidy-tidier-tidiest.(3).以e結(jié)尾的加r,st,nice-nicer-nicest,wide-wider-widest,fine-finer-finest,late-latest(4).雙寫的有：big-bigger-biggest,thin-thinner-thinnest,fat-fatter-fattest,wet-wetter-wettest,hot-hotter-hotter,red-redder-reddest,(5).部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)的單詞比較級(jí)加more,最高級(jí)加most。careful-morecareful-mostcareful,friendly-morefriendly-mostfriendly,,favourite-morefavourite-mostfavourite,interesting,difficult,dangerous,popular,different,useful,forgetful,wonderful,beautiful注意：所有由形容詞加ly變來的副詞比較級(jí)加more,最高級(jí)加most.slowly-moreslowly-mostslowly,loudly-moreloudly-mostloudly,heavily,quickly,quietly,carefully(6).不規(guī)則變化:good(well)-better-bestmany(much)-more-mostill-worse-worstfar-farther-farthestbad(badly)-worse-worstfewfew-fewer-fewestlittle-less-least注意：1)比較級(jí)前只用alittle,much,even修飾。2)形容詞最高級(jí)必須加the,副詞加不加都行。例：Theyarethefarthestofus.(形容詞)Theyjumped(the)farthestofus.(副詞)五、動(dòng)詞一．動(dòng)詞包括連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、實(shí)意動(dòng)詞。其中，常見的系動(dòng)詞包括Be,look,smell,taste,sound,feel,become,get,turnkeep,seem.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞包括及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞.助動(dòng)詞包括do,does,did,isam,are,was,were,have,has,had,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞包括can(could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare(dared),shall(should),will(would)等.二．常用動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語1、look,see,watch,readLook:vi.看（動(dòng)作）lookat/like/after/up/down/over/outof/into.See:vt.看見（結(jié)果）seeafilmWatch:vt.觀看(動(dòng)作)watchTV,watchamatchRead:vt.看（書，報(bào)等文字的東西）例：1)._____out!Acarisflyingtowardyou.2).Theboylikestositbyand______theothersplayballgames.3).Canyou____abirdinthetree?____,it’sbehindtheleaves.4).Heoften____magazinesinthelibraryafterlunch.5).He_____intotheholebuthecouldn’t_____anything.2.Spend,take,costSbspend(s)timeormoney(in)doingsth./onsth.Ittakessb.timetodosth.Sth.cost(s)sb.timeormoneyItcostssb.timeormoneytodosth.例：1).She____twodollarsonthebook.Thebook____heronlytwodollars.Andit___herfiveminutestoreaditthrough.2).It’ll___ushalfanhour_____there.Soit’shalfanhour’swalk.3).It____menothingtomakethetrip.Itwasfree.4).Ispenttwohours____sortingoutthedocuments.5).Plantingthetrees____themtwodays.3.Take,bring,fetch,carryTake:TaketheboxthereBring:BringthatboxhereFetch:Goandbringtheboxforme例：1).Please____theballtotheteacher’soffice,willyou?2).Whocan___somechalkfortheteacher?3).Youmust____yourcompositionbackwhenyoucomeherenexttime.4).Noonecan____thenewspaperoutofthelibrary.5).Ourshopdoesn’tletpeople____foodin.6).You’dbetter___yourumbrellawhenyouleave.7).Heforgot____histextbookagain.Theteacherwasveryangry.4.Puton,wear,dress,takeoff,tryonPuton:穿上（動(dòng)作）反意詞：takeoff；wear穿著（狀態(tài)）Dressoneself:給（某人）穿衣tryon:試穿例：1).Itisgoingtorain.You’dbetter______yourraincoat.2).Thegirllikes_____herselflikeaboy.3).TodayMr.Li_____aredT-shirtandapairofwhitetrousers.4).Youcan_____thehatbeforeyoudecidetobuyit.5).He_____hisshoesandcrossedtheriver.6).Thebabyistooyoungto______himself.7).Itiscoldoutside._____yourcoatwhenyougoout.5.Borrow,lend,keepBorrow:借進(jìn)borrowsth.Fromsb.(短暫性動(dòng)詞)Lend:借出lendsthtosb(短暫性動(dòng)詞)Keep:延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞HowlongcanIkeepthebook?例：1).He_____somebooksfromthelibrarybeforetheendoftheterm.2).MayI_____yourbike,please?---sorryI____ittoLily.3).HowlongcanI____thebook?4).Youcan____itfortwodays.6.Lookfor,find,findoutLookfor:尋找（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）Ican’tfindmybike.Haveyouseeit?Don’tlookforitanymore.Thepolicemanhastakenitaway.Find:找到（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）IhavelookedformykeyeverywherebutIstillcan’tfindit.Findout:找出查明（通過調(diào)查研究找到事實(shí)的真相）Theteacherfoundoutwhobrokethewindow.7.Turnon/turnoff/turnup/turndownTurnon:開（燈，自來水等）Turnoff:關(guān)Turnup:開大Turndown:關(guān)小8.Say,speak,talk,tellSay:vt說“什么”saysth.tosb./Sayitagain.Speak:vi講話，講（語言）speakEnglish;learntospeakTalk:vi/noun談話，談?wù)摚╝bout,with,to）Tell:告訴（雙賓語）tellsbsth/tellsthtosb/tellsbtodo/tellsb.nottodotellastory/tellthetime例：1).He_____hewasinClassOne./He____mehewasinClassOne.2).Hewillgiveathreeminutes’____atthebeginningoftheclass.3).Theoldmancan_____sevenlanguages.4).We_____aboutthelanguageoftheInuittribeintomorrow’sclass.5).Canyou____itagain?Ididn’thearyouclearly.6).Wouldyoupleaseaskhim_____loudernexttime?9.Getto,arrive,reach到達(dá)Getto:IwillwritetoyouassoonasIgettoNewYork.Arrivevi:arriveat/inAgroupofBritishvisitorsarrivedatourschoolyesterdaymorning.Reach:vtWhenhereachestheschool,hewilltelephoneus.注意：There/here/home:放在get,arrive后不用to,at,inIgothomeverylatelastnight.Theyarrivedtherethreeminuteslatersotheydidn’tseethesunrise.10.Listen/hearListen聽,不及物，常與介詞to連用例：Ilistenedcarefully,butheardnothing.Hear聽到及物后直接跟賓語；Hear聽說后跟賓語從句hearfromsb收到某人的來信例：Jim'smotherhaven'theardfromhimforalongtime.hearof聽說例：Haveyouheardofthenews?11.Forget/leaveforget忘了某物例：Iforgottotellyouaboutit.leave把某物忘在某地例：Kateleftherkeytoherroomathome.puton/wear/dressputon穿上（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）例：It'scoldoutside.Pleaseputonyourcoat.wear穿著（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）例：Lucyiswearingabluesweatertoday.dress打扮，給...穿衣服①dresssb./oneself給某人（或自己）穿衣服

②getdressed穿好衣服

③dressup打扮穿上盛裝”例：Sheoftendressesupinaredskirt.be,become,get,turn,seem,feel,sound,look,taste,smell,keep1).Linkverbs+adj:Themooncaketastesdelicious.2).Linkverbs+like:looklike,feellike,tastelike3).Linkverbs在疑問句和否定句中：Themooncakedoesn’ttastedelicious.Doesthemooncaketastedelicious?4).Lookat…為行為動(dòng)詞注意下列兩句句子的區(qū)別：ThelittledoglookedhopefullyatmeThelittledoglookedverysad.Pass/pastPass:vt經(jīng)過，過去式為：passedPast:adj/prep例1：1)Hewasthefirstonetopassthefinishingline.2)Hepassedthefinalexam.3)Hewasfirstpastthefinishingline.4)Thewordpassedisthepastformof“pass”.例2：1)WhenI___bytheshop,Isawsomeretiredladiesdancingwaltz.2)Pleasebuymeahandkerchiefwhenyougo___thesupermarket.3)Theoldmenliketothinkaboutsomething____whiletheyoungmenliketolookahead.4)Theexamissohardthatfewstudents_____it.15.Across/cross/crossing/ThroughAcross:介詞橫穿，穿過Cross：動(dòng)詞穿過crossthestreet=goacrossthestreetCrossing:十字路口Through：（從物體中間穿過，如穿過森林，高樓林立的城市，窗戶等）16.Asleep,sleepy,sleepingAsleep:是表語形容詞，在句中放在be動(dòng)詞之后；它不能放在名詞之前，如：我們不可以說：Lookattheasleepbaby.(asleep應(yīng)改為sleeping)例：1)Shewasfastasleep；Icouldn'twakeherup．她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。

2)Theoldmanhasfallenasleep．那個(gè)老人睡著了。

請(qǐng)注意:beasleep是指“睡著”的狀態(tài)，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fallasleep。Sleeping:是定語形容詞，它放在它所修飾的名詞之前，如thesleepingbaby。如果放在verb“tobe”之后（Heissleeping)，sleeping不是形容詞，而是動(dòng)詞，issleeping是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例：

Whoisthatsleepingman？那個(gè)在睡覺的人是誰？

Keepaneyeonthesleepingbaby．照看好那個(gè)在睡覺的嬰孩。

Letsleepingdogslie．莫惹事生非。

sleeping一詞有構(gòu)詞能力，它能和另一些詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞。如：sleeping-bag（睡袋）；sleeping－car（臥車）；sleeping-pill（安眠藥）

Sleeping有一近義詞，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表語，又可作定語。作表語時(shí)，means“困倦”、“想睡覺”，用作定語時(shí)，means：“貪睡”、“寂靜的”。例：Thechildrenfeelsleepy；putthemtobed．孩子們困了，把他們放到床上睡吧。17.job\workjob是可數(shù)名詞，work是不可數(shù)名詞，一般表示抽象意義的工作，可用apieceofwork修飾。例：1)Heisdoinganinterestingjob.2)Heisdoinginterestingwork.18.workhard/hardwork/hardworkingHardwork:名詞例：1)Hardworkandhisintelligencemakehimapopularpersoninhisworkplace.2)ShefinallybecomesthebeststudentthroughhardworkWorkhard:動(dòng)詞，不及物。如跟賓語，可用介詞at例：1)Thefinalexamisonitsway.Heisworkinghardtopassit.2)HeworkssohardatEnglish.Hardworking:形容詞例：WeChinesearehardworkingpeople.六．不定式

不定式和動(dòng)詞象一對(duì)姐妹一樣親密，本不該拆開來講，可是篇幅有限，只能讓他們分開了。不定式的構(gòu)成非常簡(jiǎn)單，告訴我是什么？對(duì)！是to+動(dòng)詞原形。當(dāng)然啦，to有時(shí)也可以不帶。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以擔(dān)當(dāng)除謂語外的任何句子成分。那什么時(shí)候可以不帶to呢?Listentomecarefully.

一.不定式省to有四種情況：

1.使役動(dòng)詞let,have,make等后接不定式如：Lethimgo!讓他走!

2.wouldrather，hadbetter后如：Youhadbetterstayathome.你最好呆在家里。

3.Why.../whynot...后如：WhynothaveagoodrestonSunday?為什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?

4.感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,lookat,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作賓補(bǔ)

如：Isawhimdance.我看見他跳舞。

5.注意：這種情況在被動(dòng)句中可千萬不可省to喲！如：Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.變成被動(dòng)句：Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.

二.不定式的特殊用法：

1.It與不定式：動(dòng)詞不定式可以做主語，但如果動(dòng)詞不定式太長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕的，那么我們就可用形式主語it代替，而把真正主語(即不定式)放于句尾。

如:ItisnotdifficultformetostudyEnglishwell.(對(duì)我來說學(xué)好英語是可能的。)不定式還可以充當(dāng)句子的賓語，但有些動(dòng)詞，如find，think，believe等，

語法上不能接受不定式作賓語，只有用it作形式賓語，從而把動(dòng)詞不定式置于句尾。這樣的不定式可繼續(xù)充當(dāng)其賓語的作用。

如:Ifounditdifficulttofallasleep.我發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡。

2.還有一點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞不定式，還可用在how，when，where，what，which等疑問代詞或副詞之后，與其共同作賓語。如：Idon'tknowhowtouseacomputer.我不知道怎樣使用電腦。

3.too...to...和enough...to：too...to表達(dá)"太...以致于不能..."。

enough...to表達(dá)"足以..."。這兩個(gè)詞組的用法用兩個(gè)例子就可以說清楚了。

例：Theboxistooheavyformetolift.這個(gè)箱子太沉了，我提不動(dòng)。

Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.他到上學(xué)的年齡了。也就是說，他的年齡足夠七．冠詞一．不定冠詞a或an1．以元音音素（而不是元音字母）開頭的單詞前用an.

例：①There’san“h”intheword“hospital”

②Englishisausefullanguage.

③Hewillcomebackinanhour.2．泛指某一類事物中的一個(gè)，但不具體說明是哪一個(gè)。例：

①She’s