2022屆上海市高三下學(xué)期5月英語(yǔ)模擬測(cè)試卷08考生注意：1.考試時(shí)間120分鐘，試卷滿分140分。2.本次考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懀ǚ沁x擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。3.答題前，務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫(xiě)準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)和姓名。I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1. A.Bycar. B.Onfoot. C.Bybus. D.Bybike.2. A.Apoliceman. B.Apostman. C.Adoctor. D.Ateacher.3. A.Hedidn’tsleepwelllastnight. B.Hedidtoomuchworklastnight. C.Hewenttobedlatelastnight. D.Heworkedlatewithhiswork.4. A.Themanhasjustmissedhisflight. B.Theplaneisdelayedduetobadweather.C.Theplanewillleaveat9:14. D.Thedeparturetime

isunknown.5. A.Offeringasuggestion. B.Startinganargument. C.Stoppingafight. D.Correctingamistake.6. A.Applyforadiscount. B.Readtheagreement. C.Fillintheapplicationform. D.Buyacertainproduct.7. A.ThewomanwastootiredtoseetheTVprogramme. B.ThemanmissedpartoftheTVprogramme. C.BothofthespeakersfoundtheTVprogrammeboring. D.ThemanregrettedwastingtimeontheTVprogramme.8. A.Selectthedata. B.Revisethereport. C.Collectmoredata. D.Presentthereport.9. A.Gotobedearlier. B.Learnhowtobeattentive. C.Spendmoretimeoutdoors. D.Takeherjobmoreseriously.10. A.Hefeelssorryforthestudents. B.Heisstronglyagainstthepunishment. C.Heapprovesoftheprofessor’saction. D.Heoffersanoptiontostopcheating.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11. A.Volunteerworkandstudy. B.Workandrelaxation. C.Adventuroustripandproject. D.Culturalstudyandlocalvisiting.12. A.Itofferswaystolearnanewlanguage. B.Ithelpsbroadenyourhorizons. C.Itguaranteesyoutoearnmoney. D.Itmighttakeyoutounusualplaces13. A.Volunteeringinforeigncountries. B.Waystospendaworkingholiday.C.Greatplacesforaworkingholiday. D.Theconceptofaworkingholiday.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14. A.Committed. B.Flexible. C.Independent. D.Agreeable.15. A.Theyeasilygetwoundedwhendoingexercise. B.Theyfeeluncomfortablewhentheyareobserved. C.Theyareseriousabouttheirexerciseplan. D.Theyaresuitabletotakeupco-operativesports.16. A.Tohelppeopleunderstandwhatpersonalitytypetheyare. B.Toexplainhowpersonalcharacteristicsaffectexercisehabits. C.Toidentifythedangersofdoingthewrongtypeofexercise. D.Todescribedifferenttypesofexercisesavailableatpresent. Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17. A.Studentopinionsonabiologyprogram. B.Thepresentsituationofbiologyeducation. C.Thetreatmentandstatusofbiologyprofessors. D.Thequalityofbiologylaboratoryequipment.18. A.Incapableteachingstaff. B.Inaccessiblelaboratory. C.Insufficientbudget. D.Unmotivatedstudents.19. A.It’sunsuitableforcomplexexperiments. B.It’stoocomplicatedtouse. C.It’smorethansatisfactory. D.It’smuchbetterthanexpected.20. A.Theprofessorsshouldbemoredevotedtotheprogram. B.Someprofessorsmaygoelsewheretoteach. C.Someprofessorscan’tgetbudgetoconductexperiments. D.Theprofessorsaren’tacademicallyrecognized.SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

MusicFestivalinMontrealEverySundayafternooninthePlateausection(高原地區(qū))ofMontreal,thousandsofpeopleofallages,nationalities,andeconomicbackgroundsgatherattheJacquesCartierMonumentinMontRoyalParktoplayinstruments,singanddance.Thisweeklyjoyfuleventiscalledthe“Tam-tam”—aname(21)_________(refer)toanAfricandrum—andhasbecomeaninstitutionamongMontreal’sbohemians(放蕩不羈的文化人).ThePlateauisoneofCanada’smostraciallyvarieddistrictswhereFrenchandEnglisharebothspoken,unliketherestofFrench-speakingMontreal.Manyartists,musicians,andwritersinhabitthisareaduetothecheaprentofapartmentsandstudios.Inthesixties,itbecameknown(22)_________thebohemianareaofMontreal,andthestoresbegansellingclothing,musicandbooks(23)_________satisfiedthetastes.MontRoyalParkis(24)_________manyoftheseartistsandmusicianswouldmeetinthesixtiestohavelunchorjustspendanafternoontogether.Musiciansbroughtinstruments,andeventuallyimpromptu(即興的)performanceofjazzgotstarted,(25)_________(attract)poetswhorecitedtheirworkstothemusicbeingperformed.Wordgotoutaboutthesegatherings,anditappealedtoevenmorepeopleuntilitwasdecidedthatthesegatheringswouldhappeneverySundayafternoon.Notonly(26)_________peoplehaveagreattimeatthesegatherings,butitwasalsoanexcellentopportunityformusicians(27)_________(schedule)furthermeetingsinordertocooperateonmusicalprojects.Tam-tam(28)_________(become)asortofMontrealinstitutionalready,whichisdrawingthousandsofpeopleeveryweekandrepresentingfreedomandcreativity,owingto(29)_________impromptunature.Theeventbeginsaroundnoonandendsatsunset.EveryoneisinvitedtoattendaTam-tamwithaninstrument,(30)_________thehoststhinkthecrowdparticipationcanmakeTam-tamaspecialoccasion.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.vacant B.raised C.acknowledges D.quotedE.alerts F.colonial G.housed H.formerI.recommendations J.requests K.reviewsMuseumsRethinkWhattoDowithTheirAfricanArtCollectionsRecently,adiscussionishappeninginmuseumsaroundtheworldoverthevolumeofAfricanartintheircollections.OfficialsinGermanyandtheNetherlandshaveannouncedplanstoreturnartandartifacts(j￡W)takenfromAfricaduringthe31________period.AndmoremuseumstaffaremeetingonthetopicacrossEurope.Accordingtothemostcommonly32________figuresfromUNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization),90%to95%ofsub-Saharanculturalartifactsare33________outsideAfrica.ManyweretakenbyforcelongagoandendedupinmuseumsacrossEuropeandNorthAmerica.AttheAfricaMuseuminBelgium,directorGuidoGryseelssays85percentofthemuseum’scollectioncomesfromtheCongo—thesiteofBelgium’s34________colonyinCentralAfrica.Fordecades,Congoleseleadershaveaskedfortheseobjectstobereturned.Mostoftheir35________andthosebyAfricancountriestoothermuseums,havebeenrefused.ButrecenteventsinEuropehave36________thepossibilityofreturnsatamuchlargerscale.InadditiontotheplansannouncedinGermany,lastyearFranceconductedastudyofhowmuchAfricanartFrenchmuseumsareholdingandmade37________aboutwhattodowithitThestudyrecommendedthereturnofawiderangeofobjectstakenbyforce.Thesuggestiongotmixed38________inFrance,wherethereareatleast90,000Africanitemsinmuseums.InFrance,somepeoplehavesuggestedreturnscouldleaveshelves39________inFrenchmuseums.GdeileFromont,aFrenchhistorianofCentralAfricanart,saysthat’snotgoingtohappen.Onewayofthinkingaboutit,shesays,isthatmoreAfricanartcangoondisplay.However,GuidoGryseelsoftheAfricaMuseuminBelgium40________thatattitudesarechanging.Hesayshe’sindiscussionwiththeCongotoreturnworks.III. ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.TherehavebeenmanytimesduringmytravelswhenI’veneededsomethingrepaired,frombrokenzipstomemorycardsthathavelostdata.FromIndiatoEthiopia,Ihavehad__41__troubleinfindingmenderstorepairwhatisbroken.Butinrichcountries,suchitemswouldoftenbe__42__andreplacedwithnewones.Nowtheideathatsomethingthatworksfineshouldbereplacedisnowsodeeply-rootedinour__43__thatfewpeoplequestionit.Weareincreasinglyconvincedbymanufacturersto__44__replaceaproduct.Theearliestexamplemaybetheso-called“l(fā)ightbulbscheme”,inwhichagroupofcompaniessignedanagreementthat__45__eachothertoselllightbulbswithalongerthan1,000-hourlifespan(壽命),eventhoughbulbslastingmorethan100,000hours__46__.Theresultwasthathouseholdsneededtoreplacetheirbulbsregularly,greatly__47__theconsumermarket.Thiswayofsellingmoreproductsbydesigningproductsthat__48__fail,cannotberepaired,orhaveasetlifespanisknownas“plannedobsolescence(報(bào)廢)”.However,itisnotjustawayfor__49__toincreaseprofits,manypoliticiansbelieveittobeasocietalnecessity.Duringthe1930sDepressionintheUS,itwasseenasawaytogetthe__50__movingagainbyurgingpeopletobuymorestuff.Bythe1950s,ithadbecomethedominantpracticeinlarge-scaleproductionwiththingsnolongerbuiltto__51__.Cleveradvertisingpersuadedpeopletoshop.Consumerculturewasborn.Someindustries,suchasfashion,relyheavilyon“plannedobsolescence”,withitemsbeingmadetolastasingleseasonorless.Otherindustriesare__52__fashiontobringoutproductsthatwillsoonappeardated.Forexample,__53__lifespansareprogrammedintochips(芯片),sothatprinterswillstopworkingafterapresetnumberofpages.__54__,someconsumersarestartingtohitback,advisingpeopleontheInternethowtofindandremovetheprinterchip.Theybegantakingapartcomputersandotherequipment,gettingaroundthecopyrightprotection.Peoplelikethemarecontributingtoa__55__oftheconsumerculture.Insteadofbeingdrivenbyit,theychoosenewproductsbasedonhowlong-lastingtheyareandhoweasytheyaretoberepaired.Perhaps,“plannedobsolescence”willbegintoseeitsend.41. A.real B.much C.little D.big42. A.workedout B.thrownaway C.fixedup D.boastedabout43. A.industry B.culture C.product D.route44. A.permanently B.fundamentally C.sensibly D.frequently45. A.forbade B.reminded C.allowed D.instructed46. A.failed B.existed C.flashed D.boomed47. A.shrinking B.distributing C.stabilizing D.expanding48. A.miserably B.barely C.deliberately D.slightly49. A.opponents B.manufacturers C.delegates D.immigrants50. A.employment B.fashion C.politics D.economy51. A.last B.transfer C.collapse D.tempt52. A.exploiting B.following C.deserting D.entitling53. A.decent B.additional C.valid D.limited54. A.Therefore B.Besides C.However D.Anyway55. A.shift B.knowledge C.rise D.successSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhaveread.(A)Forthousandsofyears,themostimportanttwobuildingsinanyBritishvillagehavebeenthechurchandthepub.Infact,untilaplacehasachurchandapub,itisnotreallyconsideredacommunityworthyofaname.Traditionally,thechurchandthepubareattheheartofanyvillageortown,sinceitiswherethepeoplegathertosocializeandexchangenews.TheyareinstitutionsattheheartofBritishsociety.Afterall,theword‘pub’isactuallyshortfor‘publichouse’.Asaresult,Britishpubsareoftenoldandwellpreserved.Manyofthemhavebecomehistoricsitesthattouristsvisit.OneofthemostfamousexamplesisthepubinthecityofNottinghamcalled‘YeOldeTriptoJerusalem’,whichdatesbacktotheyearAD1189andisprobablytheoldestpubinEngland.ItwasthesameyearinwhichKingRichardtheFirstcameintopower,wholedtheFirstCrusadeintotheHolyLand,towardsJerusalem.ManyBritishpubshaveoldnamesreferringtogovernors,suchasTheKing’sHeadorTheQueenVictoria,butofcoursethisdoesn’tmeantheyareonlyforkingsandqueens.Pubshavealwayswelcomedpeoplefromallclassesandpartsofsociety.Onacoldnight,thepub’slandlordorlandladycanalwaysfindawarmplaceforyoubythefire.Thereisalwayshonestandheartyfoodandplentyofdrinkavailableatanaffordableprice.That’showitusedtobe,butthereareworryingsignsthatthingsarebeginningtochange.Economicdownturns,governmentalfinancialmeasures,andculturalchangesarecausingmanypubstogooutofbusiness.Peopledonothavealotofsparemoneytospendonbeer.Ontopofthat,in2007smokingwasbannedinallpublicindoorspaces,includingpubs,whichmayalsohaveaffectedthenumbersofcustomersgoingtopubssincethen.Thisdeclineishappeningdespitethefactthatpubsarenowallowedbylawtostayopenafter11pm.Previously,with11pmasclosingtime,customerswouldhavetodrinkquitequickly,meaningtheysometimesgotmoredrunkthantheywouldifallowedtodrinkslowly.ThisBritishhabitofdrinkingisknownas‘bingedrinking’,anditcauseslong-termhealthproblemsforindividualsandproblemswithviolentcrimeforcommunities.TheUKgovernmentistryingtofindwaysofdiscouragingbingedrinking,andregularlyspendsmoneyontelevisioncommercialstowarnpeopleoftheproblemsofdrinkingtoomuch.56.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Britishpubsarepreservedwellmainlytoattracttouristsfromalloftheworld.B.Britishpubsarequitepopularandaccessibletopeoplefromallwalksoflife.C.MostBritishpubsaregoingoutofbusinessbecauseofeconomicandculturalbans.D.MostBritishpubshavetoshutdowntoadjustthemselvestomeetthesmokingban.57.WhydidtheUKgovernmentallowpubstostayopenafter11pm?A.Tostimulatecustomerstospendmoreondrinks.B.TohelpBritishpubssurviveeconomicdownturns.C.Toencouragemoresensiblewaysofdrinkinginpubs.D.TogetridofviolentcrimeinmostpartofBritain.58.Theterm“bingedrinking”inparagraph5wouldbemostlikelytodescribe___________________.A.drinkingtoomuchandtooquickly B.socialproblemsrelatedtoBritishpubsC.anewlong-termdrinkingapproach D.problemscausedbydrinkingtoomuch59.Whatwillmostprobablybecoveredintheparagraphthatfollowsthelastinthepassage?A.Differentmethodstowelcomenewcustomerstopubs.B.Variousadvertisementsencouragingpeopletoquitdrinking.C.Thecampaignsandstrategiestosupportthetraditionalpubs.D.Trendsofmigratingbackfromthemodernwinebarstooldones.(B)WelcometotheonlineMacmillanDictionaryoftheBUZZWORDofthemonth.Wordentry–JOMOJOMO

isanacronym(首字母縮略詞)standingfortheexpression

____________,anditsimplyreferstothegratifyingfeelingyougetwhenyoubreakawayfromthe(realorvirtual)activitiesofyoursocialgroupandspendtimedoingexactlywhatyoumostwanttodo.JOMO

isoftendescribedasaresistagainstthehyper-connectedsocietywelivein,wheretechnologypushesbothsocialandprofessionalactivityconstantlyinourfaces,sothatit’svirtuallyimpossibletobehappilyunawareofwhateveryoneelseisdoing.Thisoftenforcesusintospendingtimeinwayswhichwewouldn’tnecessarilyhavechosen.

JOMO

then,isaboutsteppingoffthesocial

fashionandreconnectingwithwhatreallymakesushappy.Background–

JOMOTheconceptofJOMO

firstappearedin2012,itsearlyuseoftencreditedtobloggerAnilDashwho,havingtowithdrawfrombothon-andofflineactivityforaperiodafterthebirthofhisson,realizedthathe’denjoyedhimselfgreatlyanddidn’tfeelhe’dmissedoutonanythingatall.JOMO

isaplayontheearlieracronym

FOMO

,meaning“fearofmissingout”,whichisusedtodescribethefeelingofanxietythatpeopleexperiencewhentheydiscover,oftenviasocialmedia,thatthey’veletgoonasocialeventorotherpositiveexperience.Theexistenceofexpressionslike

JOMO

suggestthat,althoughwe’reunlikelytoresisttechnologycompletely,themoredeeplyweimmerse(沉浸)init,themorewe’rebeginningtoevaluateitsholdonus.Othernewlycreatedcombinedwordsreflectingthis

zeitgeist

include

ringxiety,theconstantneedtocheckyourphoneormistakenlythinkingit’sringing,

phubbing,therelatedconditionofbeingimpoliteinsocialsituationsbycheckingyourphone,tablet,etc.,

and

infobesity,continuousaddictiontodigitalinformationinawaywhichaffectsyourabilitytoconcentrate.60. Whichofthefollowingphrasescanbeputintheblank(inthe4thline)? A.JustOppositeMyOpinion B.JoyofMissingOut C.JumpoffMentalObstacle D.JustifyOurMainObjective61. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisastateofJOMO? A.Youarebusywithareport,soyoudon’thavetoattendastaffmeeting. B.Youarenotfeelingwell,soyouareallowedtoleavetheworkearlier. C.Youreceivedadinnerpartyinvitation,butyoupreferredtostayhome. D.Youweretiredoutafterwork,butyouheardyourfavoritesongontheradio.62. Theword“zeitgeist”(inthelastparagraph)probablyrefersto______. A.amixedorunfavorablefeelingtowardtechnology B.atrendtousenewwordsrelatedtotechnologyC.thefearofnegativeinfluenceoftechnologyonpeopleD.thelackofabilitytousetechnologyproperly(C)ArareholehasopenedupintheozonelayerabovetheArctic,inwhatscientistssayistheresultofunusuallylowtemperaturesintheatmosphereabovethenorthpole.Thehole,whichhasbeentrackedfromspaceandthegroundoverthepastfewdays,hasreachedrecorddimensions,butisnotexpectedtoposeanydangertohumansunlessitmovesfurthersouth.Ifitextendsfurthersouthoverpopulatedareas,suchassouthernGreenland,peoplewouldbeatincreasedriskofsunburn.However,oncurrenttrendstheholeisexpectedtodisappearaltogetherinafewweeks.Lowtemperaturesinthenorthernpolarregionsledtoanunusualstablepolarvortex(極地漩渦),andthepresenceofozone-destroyingchemicalssuchaschlorine(氯)intheatmosphere–fromhumanactivities–causedtheholetoform.“Theholeisprincipallyageophysicalcuriosity,”saidVincent-HenriPeuch,directoroftheCopernicusAtmosphereMonitoringService.“Wemonitoredunusualdynamic(動(dòng)態(tài)的)conditions,whichdrivetheprocessofchemicaldepletionofozone.ThosedynamicsallowedforlowertemperaturesandamorestablevortexthanusualovertheArctic,whichthentriggeredtheformationofpolarstratospheric(平流層的)cloudsandthecatalytic(催化的)destructionofozone.”TheholeisnotrelatedtotheCovid-19shutdownsthathavedramaticallycutairpollutionandreducedgreenhousegasemissions.ItisalsotooearlytosaywhethertheunusuallystableArcticpolarvortexconditionsarelinkedwiththeclimatecrisis,orpartofnormalstratosphericweathervariability.Peuchsaidtherewerenodirectimplicationsfortheclimatecrisis.Temperaturesintheregionarealreadyincreasing,slowingthedepletionofozone,andtheholewillstarttorecoveraspolarairmixeswithozone-richairfromlowerlatitudes.Thelasttimesimilarconditionswereobservedwasinspring2011.WhileaholeovertheArcticisarareevent,themuchlargerholeintheozonelayerovertheAntarctichasbeenamajorcauseforconcernformorethanfourdecades.Theproductionofozone-depletingchemicalshasbeendramaticallyreduced,underthe1987MontrealProtocol(蒙特利爾協(xié)議),butsomesourcesappearstilltobefunctioning--in2018,unauthorizedemissionsweredetectedfromsomeareas.Newsourcesofozone-depletingchemicalswerenotafactorintheholeobservedintheArctic,saidPeuch.“However,thisisareminderthatoneshouldnottaketheMontrealProtocolmeasuresforgranted,andthatobservationsfromthegroundandfromsatellitesarecentraltoavoidasituationwheretheozone-destroyingchemicallevelinthestratospherecouldincreaseagain.”Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheunderlinedword“depletion”?A.replacementB.consumptionC.increaseD.productionAccordingtothepassage,scientistsareconcernedabouttheholebecause______.A.itisexpectedtobeathreattothemankindB.thenewholeiscausedbyairpollutionandgreenhousegasemissionsC.itmayencouragefurtherscientificresearchandenvironmentalawarenessD.itwarnsusofanoncomingclimatecrisisWhatcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.TheholeovertheArcticsharesthesamecausesastheoneovertheAntarctic.B.Humanactivitiesarehighlyresponsibleforproducingozone-destroyingchemicals.C.TheMontrealProtocolhassuccessfullypreventednewemissions.D.SomenewillegalemissionsaretoblamefortheholeovertheArctic.Thebesttitleforthepassageisprobably______.A.Record-sizeHoleOpensinOzoneLayerabovetheArcticB.ActionsUrgentlyNeededforaNewHoleinOzoneLayerC.EnvironmentalDisasterandInternationalCooperationD.HowaHoleinOzoneAffectsourLifeonEarthSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Thesequestionsmaywellgetclearerandclearerduringtheprocessofacademicwriting.B.Theintroductionshouldfunctionasthehookwhichdrawsthereaderinandholdshisattention.C.Itisaformalskill,whichrequiresprecisionandaccuracy,andisperfectedbycontinuousanddedicatedpractice.D.Ifoneishesitanttoanswerevenoneoftheaforementionedquestions,onehadbetternotwriteatall!E.Itmaytakeoneaconsiderableperiodoftimetoknowtheskillsofacademicwriting,evenlongafterhis/hercollegegraduation.F.Itisatime-consumingactivityanddemandspatienceandperseverance.Theartofacademicwritingisnoteasytomaster.(67)_____________________________________Academicwritingistheskilfulexpositionandexplanationofanargument,whichthewriterhascarefullyresearchedanddevelopedoverasustainedperiodoftime.(68)__________________________________Butthejoyofreadingandsharingwithothers,one’ssuccinctlycomposedpieceofargument,isincomparable.Beforebeginningtowrite,thewritermustaskhimselfafewquestions–WhyamIwriting?WhatisitthatIintendtosharewithothers?Whatpurposewillmywritingserve?HaveIreadenoughaboutthetopicorthemeaboutwhichIamgoingtowrite?(69)________________________________________Becauseacademicwritingisaseriousactivity–itmakesonepartofasharedcommunityofreadersandwriterswhowishtodisseminateandlearnfromwell-arguedpiecesofwriting.Thestructureofanargumentativeessayshouldtaketheformof–Introduction(whichshouldbearoundtenpercentoftheentireessay),Body(itshouldconstituteeightypercentofthepiece)andtheConclusion(again,tenpercentoftheessay).(70)______________________________________Thebodyshouldincludecogentandcoherentlylinkedparagraphsandtheconclusionshouldre-statetheargumentandofferasubstantialendingtothepiece.IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Whenwewakeupfeelingsleepyandwithdarkcirclesundereyes,manyofusoftenthink:“I’mgoingtogotobedearliertomorrow!”Buthoweverdeterminedweare,chancesarethatwedon’tsticktoourpromise. Thisbehavioriscalled“bedtimeprocrastination（拖延癥）”. AccordingtoastudycarriedoutbyagroupofhealthpsychologistsatUtrechtUniversityintheNetherlandsin2014,bedtimeprocrastinationisacommonproblem.Intheirstudy,53percentofthe2,400participantssaidtheydidn’tfollowtheirsleepschedule,delayingitatleasttwiceaweek. It’sfoundthattheydelayedbedtimenotbecausetheylikedtostayuplate,buttheycouldn’tstopdoingotherunimportantthings,whichwerekeepingthemupinthefirstplace. “Peoplewhogenerallyhavetroubleresistingtemptationsandstickingtotheirintentionsarealsomorelikelytodelaygoingtobed.”FloorKroese,apsychologistatUtrechtUniversity,furtherexplainedtoHuffPost. Yet,accordingtoscientists,lackofself-controlisnottheonlythingtoblame.Ourbodyclockalsoplaysanimportantrolewhenitcomestobedtime.Inordertochecktheinfluenceofthebodyclockonsleep,psychologistsatUlmUniversityinGermanystudiedthesleeppatternsof108peopleinFebruary.Itwasfoundthatthosewhogetuplatearemorelikelytopostponetheirbedtimethanthosewhowakeearlyeverymorning. “Theintentiontogotobedearlierisnotenough,”JanaKuhnel,apsychologistatUlmUniversity,concludedinPopularScience.“Biologicalprocessesneedtosupportthisintention.” Peoplealwaysthinkthatbedtimeprocrastinationisn’tabigproblem,butasKroesetoldPopularScience,“thechoiceswemakethataffec