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適用專業(yè)：050201英語語言文學(xué)

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一、GapFilling選詞填空（從列表的單詞中選擇合適的詞完成段

落/非Cloze選擇填空）（30題，每題1分，共30分）

WORDLIST

cautioustrulydistinguishedcopiesfaringtold

anotherrespectableeradiscouragingvary

reapnumbersflockingworthmatchclaim

invokedthatcontrastperformresistant

restgentlergeneroustranslationsingle

imperialismhungerenthusiastic

Theworldis]gettingsmaller.Americansareembracing,indeeddriving,

anew2ofglobaltradeandrecreationaltravel,jet-settingfromone

internationaltimezoneto3;wearecommunicatingacrossbordersbye-mail,

surfingtheWebforforeignnewsand4toseeforeignfilms.Itstandsto

reasonthatAmericanpublishingmustalsobeprimedto5theculturalbounty

ofavastworldlileraiure,quicklyandconipelentlyiranslaledintotheEnglish

language.Right?Well,notexactly.

Truthbe6thefiguresfortranslationsfromforeignlanguagesintoEnglish

are7.Ofallthebookstranslatedworldwide,only6%---andthatis

consideredtobea8estimate——aretranslatedfromforeignlanguagesinto

English.By9,almost50%aretranslatedfromEnglishintootherlanguages.

Inatypicalweek,atleasthalfofthetop-10bestsellersonAinFranceand

Germanyarebooksin10;ontheU.Ssite,arecentscanshowednota11

foreignnameonanextendedlistof24topsellers.Andthat'sparforthepastdecade.

Somemidlisttitlesshow12sales,butmoreoftenthannotittakes

validationonthelevelofaNobelPrizetoratchet13upintothesolid

five-figurerange.Itispossibletoarguethattranslations14onmoreorlessthe

samelevelassimilarEnglishtitles.KnopfsenioreditorGeorgeAnderoupointsout

thatKwasiBoachiis“afirst,quiteliterarynovel,soifonecouldbeassuredofselling

7,000copiesofsuchabook,evenifitweren'tintranslation,Ithinkitwouldbe15

doing."Nevertheless,thereisnogettingaroundthefactthatsalesoftranslationinthis

countrydonot16salesofEnglishtitlesabroad.WhyareU.S.readersand

publishersso17toliteratureintranslation?Somechalkituptocultural

18.Severalwriters19thereisacertainarroganceonthepartofBritish

andAmericanpublishinghouses,whichconsideranythingpublishedinanother

languagetobeautomatically2().Englishis,inpracticalterms,themost

importantlanguageintheworldtoday,andwhetherimperialismis21ornot,

thatrealityhasacertaineffectonAmericanpublishing.Still,manytargetaless

pragmatic,moreculture-specifickindofsolipsism."Americaisjustfrighteningly

differentfromthe22oftheworld,“saysBarbaraEpler,editor-in-chiefofNew

Directions."WearereallyDisneylandedbeyondbelief.,,TranslatorPeter

Constantine\takeonthesituationis23.“WeinAmericaarealittlebit

24—publishersarecautiousaboutwhattheybringoutHerethepublicdoes

notseemtohavethe25fbrtranslationthattheEuropeanmarkethas.”

Itisdifficulttosaywhetherthingshavechangedmuchinrecentyears

opinions26,andstatisticsarehardtocomeby.DrenkaWillen,asenioreditor

atHarcourtbelievesthatthere'sbeenanupturninthepastsevenoreightyears,with

evenpoetryintranslation27better.RobertWeil,executiveeditoratW.W.

Norton,isdownright28aboutforeigntranslations.<4Sofewpublishersare

involved29youcanpublishtheworkofsuperboverseaswriters.It'san

embarrassmentofriches.We,asAmericanpublishers,ignore30worksthat

canbeverycommercial.Butyouhavetoknowwhatyou'redoing.^^

二、Proofreadinganderrorcorrection改錯題(15題，每題2

分，共30分）

Thefollowingpassagescontain15errors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsa

maximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Correctthe

errorsandwritetheanswersonYOURANSWERSHEETinthefollowingway.

Forawrongword,writethecorrectoneonYourAnswerSheet.

Foramissingword,writethemissingwordwitha,(AsignbeforeitonYourAnswer

Sheet.

Foranunnecessarywork,writetheunnecessarywordwithadeletinglineoniton

YourAnswerSheet.

Example

WriteonyourAnswerSheet.

二、ProofreadingandErrorCorrection.

31.Aan32.never_33.exhibit

PassageA

People'sattitudetowarddrugsvariesfrompersonto

person.Someregarditasmiraculous;othersthinkof(31)

themasdangerous.Thenwhatisthesensiblealtitude

towarddrugs?Ithinkthefirstthingtothinkisthe(32)

differencebetweendrugsandwonderdrugs.The

antibioticscanreallytreatcertainbacterialdiseases.(33)

Ontheotherhand,themajordiseasesthreatening

Americanstodayarecancer,stroke,highblood

pressure,coronarydisease,etc.Againstthem,the

doctor'sbagoftricksislimited.Hehaswonder(34)

drugs.Sothefirstimportantlessonisnottoexpect

toomanyfromdrugs.Ifyoucanacceptthefact(35)

thatthewaragainstmanyofourmostdevastating

diseasesis,atbest,aholdingoperationmorethan(36)

aninevitabletriumph,theywilldoagreatdealto(37)

easeyourownlifeaswellasthatofyourdoctor.

Toomanypatientsexertgreatpressureondoctors

todescribeforeverysymptom,evenwhensuch(38)

treatmentisunwarrantedordangerous.

Unfortunately,themedicalprofessionisguiltyin(39)

takingpart,toacertainextent,inthewrongful

action.Thepatientwhodemandsashotofpenicillin

foreverysniffleandsneezemaybegivenaninjection

byareluctantphysicianbecauseheiscertainthat

ifhedoesnot,thepatientwillnotsearchuntilhe(40)

findsadoctorwhowill.

PassageB

Theterms“attachment"and“bonding“arcoftenused

interchangeably,eventhoughtheyhadsimilarimplications.(41)

However,theyhavequitedistinctivemeanings.Bonding

actuallyreferstotheparent'stietotheinfhntandthoughtto(42)

occurinthefirsthoursordaysoflife.Attachment,incontrast,

referstotherelationshipbetweeninfantsandprimarycare-

givers,whodevelopsgradually.Parenttoinfantbonding(43)

hasbeenarguedtooccurquitesuddenly,especiallyupon

firstcontactwiththeinfantimmediatelyafterbirth.Thereis

nosoimplicationinthetermattachment.Aswithanyvital(44)

relationship,therecanbenoattachment.Rather,the

infanl-caregiverrelationshipbuildsovertime.Ilevolves

throughseriesofcharacteristicphases,witheachphase(45)

drawingontheonebefore.Infact,newborninfantsarenotyetcapableofattachment,

sincetheyhavelittleabilitytodistinguishonepersonfromanotherandnoconceptof

apermanentobject.Becauseattachmentreferstoarelationshipandnotsimplyan

experienceoftheparent,itisinappropriatetosaythatanattachmentrelationshiphas

formeduntilthesecondhalfyear.Eventhentherelationshipisnotfullyformedor

fixed.ItcontinuestoevolvetowardwhatJohnBowlbycalleda“partnership"during

55.wide

Anegativeresultofglobalizationistheoftheinequalitybetweenthehighly

educatedandthelesseducated,betweenurbanandruralincomes,andbetweencoastal

andinlandprovinces.

56.long

Astechnologyhasdevelopedandknowledgeofthehealthaspectsofvarious

chemicalshasincreased,thelistofairpollutantshas.

57.prosper

WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary

everyday“fblks"who,withincreasingandleisure,createdamarketforart

ofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.

58.capable

Throughtheface-to-faceexchange,thetwodelegationshadabetterunderstandingof

eachother'sintentionsand.

59.abound

ButhehadstillatintervalsakindlistenerinMrs.Philips,andwas,byher

watchfulness,mostsuppliedwithcoffeeandmuffin.

60.certain

Amidsttherisinganddestabilizingfactorsintheworldeconomy,the

financialcrisisintheUnitedStatesisspreadingandtheinternationalfinancialmarket

hasseenincreasingvolatility.

四、ReadingComprehension閱讀理解（30題，每題2分，共60

分）

TextA

WhenDenisHennequintookoverastheEuropeanbossofMcDonald'sin

January2004,theworld'sbiggestrestaurantchainwasshowingsignsofrecoveryin

AmericaandAustralia,butsalesinEuropeweresluggishordeclining.Oneexception

wasFrance,whereMrHennequinhaddoneasterlingjobasheadofthegroup's

FrenchsubsidiarytosellmoreBigMacstohiscompatriots.Histaskwastoreplicate

thissuccessinall41oftheEuropeancountrieswhereanti-globalisers,favourite

enemyoperates.

SofarMrHennequinisdoingwell.LastyearEuropeansalesincreasedby5.8%

andthenumberofcustomersby3.4%,thebestannualresultsinnearly15years.

Europeaccountedfbr36%ofthegroup'sprofitsandfbr28%ofitssales.December

wasanespeciallygoodmonthascustomerstooktoseasonalmenuofferingsinFrance

andBritain,andtoapromotioninGermanybasedonthegameofMonopoly.

MrHennequin'srecipefbrrevivalistobemoreopenabouthiscompany's

operations,tobe“l(fā)ocallyrelevant"，andtoimprovetheexperienceofvisitinghis

6,400restaurants.McDonald'sisblamedfbrmakingpeoplefat,exploitingworkers,

treatinganimalscruelly,pollutingtheenvironmentandsimplyfbrbeingAmerican.

MrHcnncquinsayshewantstoengageinadialoguewiththepublictoaddressthese

concerns.

Heintroduced“opendoor”visitordaysineachcountrywhichbecamehugely

popular.InPolandalonesome50,000visitorscametoMcDonald'sthroughthe

visitors'programmelastyear.TheNutritionInformationInitiative,launchedlastyear,

putdetailedlabelsonMcDonald'spackagingwithdataoncalories,protein,fat,

carbohydratesandsaltcontent.Thedetailsarealsoprintedontray-liners.

MrHcnncquinalsowantspeopletoknowthat“McJobs”,thelow-paidmenial

jobsatMcDonald'srestaurants,aremuchbetterthanpeoplethink.Butsomeofhis

effortshavebackfired:lastyearhesparkedacontroversywiththeintroductionofa

“McPassport“thatallowsMcDonald'semployeestoworkanywhereintheEuropean

Union.Politiciansaccusedthefirmofaploytomakecheaplabourfromeastern

EuropemoreeasilyavailabletoMcDonald'smanagersacrossthecontinent.

Tostayintouchwithlocalneedsandpreferences,McDonald'semployslocal

bossesasmuchaspossible.ARussianisrunningMcDonald'sinRussia,thougha

SerbisinchargeofGermany.Thegroupbuysmainlyfromlocalsuppliers.Four-fifths

ofitssuppliesinFrancecomefromlocalfarmers,forexample.(SomeoftheFrench

fannerswhocampaignedagainstthecompanyinthelate1990ssubsequently

discoveredthatitwas,infact,buyingtheirproduce.)Andithirescelebritiessuchas

HeidiKlum,aGermanmodel,aslocalbrandambassadors.

InhispreviousjobMrHennequinestablisheda“designstudio,,inFranceto

spruceuphiscompany'sdrabrestaurantsandadapttheinteriortolocaltastes.The

studioisnowmastermindingimprovementseverywhereinEurope.Healsosetupa

“fbodstudio”,wherecooksdevisenewrecipesinresponsetolocaltrends.

GivenFrance'sreputationasthemostanti-AmericancountryinEurope,itseems

oddthatMcDonald'srevivalinEuropeisbeingledbyaFrenchman,usingideas

cookedupintheFrenchmarket.ButFranceisinfactthecompany'smostprofitable

marketafterAmerica.ThemarketwhereMcDonadsisweakestinEuropeisnot

France,butBritain.

“FixingBritainshouldbehispriority,saysDavidPalmer,arestaurantanalystat

UBS.Almosttwo-thirdsofthe1,214McDonald'srestaurantsinBritainarc

company-owned,comparedwith40%inEuropeand15%inAmerica.Thecompany

suffersfromIhevolatilityofsalesatitsownrestaurants,butcanrelyonsteady

incomefromfranchisees.Soitshouldsellasmanyunderperformingoutletsas

possible,saysMrPalmer.

M.MarkWiltamuth,ananalystatMorganStanley,estimatesthatEuropean

company-ownedrestaurantsmarginswillincreaseslightlyto16.4%in2007.Thisis

stilllessthaninthelate1990sandbelowAmerica's18-19%today.Butitismuch

betterthanbeforeMrHennequin'sreign.Heisalreadybeingtippedasthefirst

Europeancandidatefbrthegroup'stopjobinIllinois.Nobodywouldcallthata

McJob.

61.Theword“sterling"inline3ofParagraphAmeans.

A.difficult

B.menial

C.terrible

D.excellent

62.WhichofthefollowingstatementsontheaccusationofMacDonaldisNOT

TRUE?

A.Ittendstomakepeoplefat.

B.Itsoperationsareveryvague.

C.Ittendstoexploitworkers.

D.Ittendstotreatanimalscruelly.

63.WhichofthefollowingmeasurestakenbyDenisHennequinproducedundesired

result?

A.”FoodStudio^scheme.

B.”O(jiān)penDoor"visitordays.

C.The<tMcPassport^^scheme.

D.TheNutritionInformationInitiative.

64.WhatdidDenisHennequindosoastorespondlolocaltrends?

A.setupa“FoodStudio,,.

B.establisheda"DesignStudio^.

C.hiredcelebritiesaslocalbrandambassadors.

D.employedlocalbossesasmuchaspossible.

65.ofMcDonald'srestaurantsinAmericaarecompanied-ownedandthefigure

ismuchlowerthanthatinBritain.

A.40%B.15%C.50%D.16.4%

66.AfterJanuary2004,McDonaldwasmakingimprovementfollowingaperiodof

slumpinAmericaandAustralia,butsalesinEuropewere.

A.increasingB.dramaticallyupgradingC.decliningD.blocking

67.ThemostprofitablemarketforMcDonald'sis

A.EuropeanmarketB.AmericanmarketC.FrenchmarketD.Chinesemarket

TextB

Washington,it'sahigh-stakes,multibillion-dollarindustrywithtightdeadlines,

demandingclientsandlivesatrisk.Anymiscommunicationcouldcauseadeep

financiallossordeath.Somepeopleintheindustryworkinwarzoneswhileothers

havecozyhomeoffices.uThestakescanbehuge,“saidLillianClementi,^There's

tonsoftimepressure."Thebusinessislanguage.Andit'sbooming.

Thenumberofjobsfortranslatorsandinterpretersdoubledinthepast10years

whiletheirwagessteadilygrewbefore,duringandaftertherecession.Jobsare

expectedlogrow46percentbetween2012and2022,accordingtoiheLabor

Department,makingitoneofthenation'sfastestgiowingoccupations.Duringa

periodofstagnatingwagesacrossthelabormarket,thelanguage-serviceindustrywith

its50,000jobsisabrightspotinthejobsoutlook.

ClementiisaFrenchtranslatorwhoworksincorporatecommunicationsfrom

herhomeinArlington,Va.Clementiisroutinelyontightdeadlinestosubmit

translatedmaterial.OneofClementi'sformerclients,aFrenchcompany,routinely

sentherlegaldocumentstotranslateattheendofFrance'sworkday-aboutmiddayon

theEastCoast.Clementitranslatedthematerialandemailedittoanothertranslatorin

Australiatodouble-checkit.ThentheAustraliantranslatorsentthetranslated

documentsbacktoFrancebeforethecompany'sofficesopenedthenextdayinParis.

“Ithadliterallygonearoundtheglobe,“saidClementi,whotranslatesFrenchinto

English."Thishasbeengoingonforeverinthisinduslry."Insomecases,aproper

translationorinterpretationisvital.Ifauser'smanualfbrmedicalequipmentisnot

translatedwell,itcouldleadtoconfusionduringanemergency.Soldiersinconflict

areasrequireexcellentinterpreterstospeakwithcommunitymembers.

Multinationalcorporations,U.S.demographicchangesandtheInterneteconomy

raisetheneedfortranslatedandlocalizedinformation.Companiesincreasinglywant

theircontenttailoredtothetongueofthetown,evenbetweendialectsofthesame

language.Forinstance,trousersinLondonarepantsinMiami.Andofcourse,words

likepopandsodacanvarybytheneighborhoodorregion.uAsmorepeoplehave

accesstotheworldwideeconomy,thal'sgoingtodrivemorecommerce,andthat's

goingtodrivemorelanguageservices,"saidBillRivers,executivedirectorofthe

NationalCouncilforLanguageandInternationalstudiesintheWashingtonregion.

Translators,andinterpreters,relativeimmunitytothenation'seconomic

downturnalsohighlightsthegrowingdemandformultilingualspeakersinan

increasinglyglobalizedeconomy,expertssaid."Goodtranslatorswhospecializeina

particularsubjectandbecomereallygoodatitcanmakesix-digitfiguresannually,

saidJiriStejskal,spokesmanfbrtheAmericanTranslatorsAssociation."The

professionaltranslatorsandinterpretersarcprettyhappyrightnowbecausethe

economyisgoodandthsjobsarethere."Theestimatedvalueofthelanguage-service

industryworldwide,includingtechnologylanguageservices,thisyearwillbeabout

$37.2billion,accordingtoCommonSenseAdvisory,amarketresearchfirmin

Boston.That's6.2percentincreasefrom2013.CommonSenseAdvisorypredictshe

industrywillbeworth$47billionby2018.

68.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheindustryof

language?

A.Ithasstrictdeadlines.

B.Itsclientshavehighrequirements.

C.Themistakesincommunicationmaycauseseverefinancialloss.

D.Peopleinthisindustryallhavecozyhomeoffices.

69.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2abouttranslatorsand

interpreters?

A.Jobsfortranslatorsandinterpretersarclikelytoreduceafter2022.

B.Thewagesoftranslatorsandinterpreterswerenotaffectedbytherecession.

C.Thewagesoftranslatorsandinterpretersremainsinanunchangedhighlevel.

D.Thejobsoutlookshowsnooptimism.

70.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlined

sentenceinparagraph2?

A.Thedevelopmentoflanguage-serviceindustrywithits50,000jobsalwayskeepsin

stepwiththatofthewholelabormarket.

B.Thewholelabormarketseriouslyrestrictsthegrowthoflanguage-serviceindustry

withits5(),()(X)jobs.

C.Thelanguage-serviceindustrywhichcreates50,000jobsstandoutinaperiodof

stagnatingwagesacrossthelabormarket.

D.Thelanguage-serviceindustrydevelopsrapidlythoughthejobsoutlookacrossthe

wholelabormarketisdepressing.

71.Accordingtoparagraph5,howmuchcananexcellentandprofessionaltranslator

earnannually?

A.Morethanfivethousand.B.Morethantwentythousand.

C.Lessthanfivethousand.D.Almostfivethousand.

TextC

PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainingtobeawizardattheHogwartsschoolofmagic

couldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.Whereverin

theworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20th,hisfollowerswillflocktogettheir

pawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof“HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix”.

Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextra

staffandbiggertrucks.Relatedtoys,games,DVDsandothermerchandisewillbe

everywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania.

YetMr.Potter'sworldisacuriousone,inwhichthingsareoftennotwhatthey

appear.Whileanexcitablemedia(herebyincludingTheEconomist,happytosupport

suchafineexampleofglobalization)ishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling's

fifthnovel,aboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishers(Scholasticin

AmericaandBritain'sBloomsburyinEnglishelsewhere)haveorganizedisareading

byMsRowlinginLondon'sRoyalAlbertHall,tobebroadcastasalivewebcast.

Hollywood,whichownseverythingelsetodowithHaiTyPotter,saysitisdoing

evenless.Incredibleasitmayseem,theguardiansofthebrandsaythat,toprotectthe

Potterfranchise,theyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Well,relativelylow.

MsRowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrothers,partofAOLTime

Warner,givingthestudioexclusivefilm,licensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturn

forwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500,000.Warnerlicensesother

firmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimages,fromwhichMs

Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen-ifyou

believeBritain'sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksets

thestageforafilm,whichboostsbooksales,whichliftssalesofPotterproducts.

Globally,thefirst(burHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55

languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice.

Thisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasure,especiallyasMsRowlinghaslong

demandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.Inlinewithher

wishes,Warnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycareful,atleastbyHollywood

standards,aboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.Itimposedtoughconditionson

Coca-Cola,insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncans,andisnowin

theprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammeevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoon

beconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall.

ThedealwithWarnerliesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.There

arcnoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto“OrderofthePhoenix”;noryetfbr

“HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban”,thefilmofthethirdbook,whichisdue

outinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMsRowling'screationisadifferentsortof

commercialproperty,onewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypical

Hollywoodmarketingblitz,saysDianeNelson,thestudio'sglobalbrandmanagerfor

HarryPotter.Itisvital,sheadds,thatwithmoretocome,readersofthebooksarenot

alienated.<fcTheevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmfbrtheproperty

byfansisnotwaning?'

72.Whentheauthorsays"therewillbenoescapingPottermania"，heimpliesthat

A.HarryPotter'sappealfbrthereadersissimplyirresistible

B.itissomewhatirrationaltobesocrazyaboutthemagicboy

C.crazeaboutHarryPorterwillnotbeoverinthenearfuture

D.Hogwartsschoolofmagicwillbethebiggestattractionworldover

73.MsRowling'sreadinginLondon*sRoyalAlbertHallismentionedtoshow.

A.publishersarereallyadventurousinmanagingthePotter'sbusiness

B.businessesinvolvedwithPotteraremovingalonginanunusualway

C.themediaarepromotingPottermaniamoreactivelythanHollywood

D.businessesareactuallymorecrediblethanmediainPotter'sworld

74.Theauthorbelievesthat.

A.Britain'sSundayTimesrichlistisnotveryconvincingasitsounds

B.TimeWarner'smanagementoflicensesisabitover-commercialized

C.otherfirmsmayproducegoodsusingHarryPotterimagesatwill

D.whatMsRowlinggotinreturnforherofferingtoWarnerisarealbargain

75.Paragraph5intendsmainlytoshowWarner's.

A.determinationtopromotePotter

B.consistenceinconductingbusiness

C.highregardfbrMsRowling'srequest

D.carefulrestrictionsonlicensingtoCoco-Cola

76.Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat.

A.productsofPotterfilmshavebroughtenormousprofitstoWarner

R.currentHollywood'smarketingofPottermaydamageitspotential

C.readerscouldgettiredofMsRowling'swritingssoonerorlater

D.WarnerwillmaintainthesamestrategywithPotterinfuture

TextD

Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromone

generationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferences,however,canbefound

betweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocess,bothare

concernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworld,andbothemployan

experimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbe

verifiedbyrepetition.Science,atleastintheory,islessconcernedwiththe

practicalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallaws,

butinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.The

varyinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuch

practitionersaschemists,engineers,physicists,astronomers,carpenters,potters,and

manyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirements,socialstatus,vocabulary,

methodology,andtypesofrewards,aswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessional

goals,contributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesof

scientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"science

havemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions.

Indeed,theconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovations

andthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementin

industrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrial

civilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.Fundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthe

fieldsofmechanics,chemistry,astronomy,metallurgy,andhydraulicsweredeveloped

beforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengine,for

example,wascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthe

physicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations.

Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceand

technology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponents,buttoday

manypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeople,

sciencemaybeperceivedasaserene,objectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternal

lawsofnature,whereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodern

worldnowseemtoihemtobeoutofcontrol.

Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessential

conditionofadvanced,industrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnological

changehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseem

toappearalaratethatincreasegeometrically,withoutrespecttogeographicallimits

orpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystems,

frequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceived

asbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess.

77.Scienceis,astheauthorargues,similartotechnologyinthat.

A.itinvolvesalongprocessofchange

R.itfocusesonthecasualaspectsofthematerialworld

C.itresortstoexperimentsasanexclusivemethodofresearch

D.itisconcer