Unit3Festivalsandcustoms單元寫作深度指導讀后續(xù)寫教材借鑒1.Ididnotunderstandallofthetraditionalcustoms,butafewmadeadeepimpressiononme.(P30)不是所有的傳統習俗我都了解,但有一些給我留下了深刻的印象。2.Thatisastoryforanotherday,butlet’sjustsaytherewasalotofdancing.(P30)那個話題改日再聊,但是先這么說吧,(那天)舞跳了不少。3.TheCarnivalcurrentcarriedusthroughtheevergrowingseaofpeople,dancingalltheway.(P31)狂歡節(jié)的人潮帶著我們穿過不斷擴張的人海,一路上跳舞不停。4.Iceboxesofsoftdrinksandbeerlinedthenarrowstreets,andthesmellofroastedmeatfilledtheairaswepassedwaveafterwaveofstreetstands.(P31)我們經過一波又一波街頭小攤時,裝著汽水和啤酒的保冷箱排列在狹窄的街道兩邊,空氣中彌漫著烤肉的味道。5.Shefounditatlast:asimplebutbeautifulwatchchainforhisgoldwatch,whichhadbeenpasseddowntohimfromhisgrandfather.(P34)她終于找到了:一條簡潔又美麗的表鏈,和他的金表很配,那只金表是他的祖父傳給他的。6.Withanineoftwentydollarsperweek,lifewashardforthecouple,butJimwantedtobuyaperfectgiftforDella.(P35)這對夫婦每周收入只有二十美元,生活得很艱難,但吉姆想給德拉買一份完美的禮物。7.Accordingtotradition,weshouldcelebratethefestivalbygoingmountainclimbing,buthowmanypeopletodaystillobservethistradition?(P36)依照傳統,我們應該爬山來慶祝這個節(jié)日,但是如今還有多少人仍然遵循這個傳統呢?8.Duringthefivehourtrip,theychattedexcitedlywitheachother,theirmindsfullofthoughtsabouttheirsweethome.(P39)在五個小時的旅程中,他們興奮地聊著天,心中想的都是溫暖的家。教材仿寫1.Thentherewasanexplosionofbrightcoloursandlivelymusic,andthegroupjumpedintoaction.【分析】句子中explosion一詞,本意是“爆炸,爆破”,這里是“噴薄而出”的意思,起到了一種氣氛渲染的作用?！痉聦憽縀verytimetheymet,thewifeanticipatedanexplosion(explode).2.Therewerehundredsofguests,alldressedupinformal,colourfulclothes.【分析】本句中alldressedupinformal,colourfulclothes是獨立主格結構,作狀語?！痉聦憽縏herewerefivesimilarhuts,alllined(line)upfacingthemountain.3.LuoYan’sson,Bofeng,happilytakesabiteofthechickenhisgrandfatherhasselectedforhim.(心理描寫)【分析】此處happily恰當地描述了羅言的兒子博峰的心情——美滋滋地吃著祖父挑的雞肉。【仿寫】去年夏天,他們的孩子們在海灘上快樂地玩耍。Lastsummer,theirchildrenwereplayinghappilyonthebeach.

續(xù)寫進階·技能點撥描寫與“眼睛、嘴”有關的動作I.主題詞匯動詞look看(指注意或有意識地看)see看到(強調看的結果)watch觀察,聚精會神地看gaze凝視,注視stare凝視,盯著看peer仔細看glare怒目而視,瞪著peek偷看,(通過孔隙)窺視scan掃視,瀏覽glance一瞥,瞥一眼glimpse瞥見peep窺視,偷看gape目瞪口呆地凝視lower低垂shut關閉narrow瞇起來roll翻動sip小口喝;抿bite咬spit吐出chew咀嚼taste品嘗swallow吞,咽下eat/consume吃形容詞openmouthed目瞪口呆的tonguetied舌頭打結的mouthwatering垂涎欲滴的II.主題詞塊1.catchsightof看見2.fallon...andon... (目光)落在……3.befilledwith 充滿eintosight 映入眼簾5.lookoutof 朝……外看去6.lookaround 環(huán)顧四周7.stareat 凝視著……8.gazestraightahead 直視前方9.blurone’seyes 模糊某人的雙眼10.fixone’seyeson 盯著,凝視11.wellupinone’seyes 從某人眼里涌出來12.glareat 怒視13.narrowone’seyes 瞇起眼睛14.stealaglanceat 偷看一眼15.raise/liftone’seyes 抬起眼睛16.takeabite 咬一口17.wipeone’smouth 擦嘴18.openone’smouth 張開嘴19.close/shutone’smouth 閉上嘴20.biteherlowerlip 咬她的下嘴唇21.burnone’smouth 燙了嘴22.rinseone’smouth 漱口23.keepone’smouthshut 閉嘴/守口如瓶24.mouthdropped/hungwideopen 張大嘴巴25.pigout/wolfdown/eatlikeawolf 狼吞虎咽26.fill/stuffone’smouthwith... 用……填滿/塞滿嘴巴27.chewone’sfoodwellbeforeswallowingit 細嚼慢咽III.主題句式1.Hereyessparkled/twinkledwithpleasure.她的眼里閃爍著喜悅的光芒。2.Tinahadhereyesshutandbitherlip.蒂娜緊閉雙眼,咬著嘴唇。3.Shelookedherfatherstraightintheeyeandansweredhisquestiontruthfully.她直視父親的眼睛,如實地回答了他的問題。4.Heseemedunwillingtomeetmyeyes.他似乎不愿意與我的目光接觸。5.Hereyesbrimmedwith/filledwithtears.她的眼里充滿淚水。6.Shetriedtositup,hereyesfixedonJean’sface.她試圖坐起來,目光緊盯著瓊的臉。7.Hiseyesscannedtheroomasheentered.他進入時眼睛掃視了整個房間。8.Hereyesdroppedtoherlapassheanswered.她回答時她垂下眼睛看著她的膝蓋。9.Tearsblurredhereyes/vision.淚水模糊了她的雙眼/視線。10.Ifelttearswellingupinmyeyes.我感到淚水在眼里涌出來。11.Hesmiledsuddenly,exposingasetofamazinglywhiteteeth.他突然笑了起來,露出一口潔白的牙齒。12.MymouthstartedwateringwhenIsmelledthefood.聞到食物的香味,我開始流口水了。13.Hestraightenedupandlookedatme,openmouthed.他直起身,目瞪口呆地看著我。14.Emilyabruptlycoveredherwideopenedmouth,feelingasifherheartwouldjumpout.艾米麗突然捂住她張得大大的嘴,覺得心都要跳出來了。IV.情境運用根據以下情境,使用表示“眼部”動作的詞匯和句式,寫一篇80詞左右的短文。情境提示:安妮為減輕父親的壓力,偷偷在外兼職賺錢,卻被爸爸誤解。父親在想到底發(fā)生了什么事。這時安妮進來,告訴了他真相。得知真相后,父親感動得眼淚順著臉頰流下來。Anne’sfathernarrowedhiseyes,wonderingwhathadhappened.Then,heturnedhiseyestothedoorwhenheheardthehandleturning.EyeingAnneein,herfathereyedherupanddown,confused.Thoughherblueeyeswerefulloftears,shekeptaneyeonherfather’sexpression.Annelookedatherfatherstraightintheeyeandtoldhimthetruth.Whenlearningthetruth,hesqueezedhiseyesshutandbithislip,withtearsrunning/rolling/streamingdownhischeeks.

1．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。Martinisahighschoolstudentwhoenjoysthefriendshipwithhisclassmates,butsometimeshewonderswhattruefriendshipreallyis.Oneday,heexpressedhisconfusiontohismom,whosuggestedthatheorganizeateambuildingactivitytoexploretherealmeaningoffriendship.Martin’smomsuggestedthatheorganizeanactivityatschoolthatwouldrequireteamworkandjointsupport.Hismomtoldhimhewouldgetanewbikehealwayswantedasaprizeafterunderstandingthemeaningoffriendship.Martinthoughtthiswasagreatideaanddecidedtotalktohisteacheraboutit.Histeacherwasverysupportiveandgavehimsomevaluableadvice.Withtheteacher’sguidance,Martinbeganplanningtheevent.Hechoseaweekendandinvitedhisclassmatestoparticipate.Hecarefullydesignedtheactivity,preparingvariouschallengestoensureeveryonecouldgetinvolved.Heexplainedtherules,includinghowtodividetasks,municateeffectively,andsupporteachotherwhenfacingchallenges.Heemphasizedtheimportanceofteamworkandhowtobuildtrustandcooperationduringtheactivity.Onthedayoftheevent,Martinandhisclassmatesmovedaroundthecampus,searchingforhiddenmarkers.Theyweredividedintoseveralgroups,eachassigneddifferenttasks.Somehadtosolvepuzzles,whileothershadtopletephysicalchallenges.Sometasksrequiredclosecooperationamongteammembers.Martinnoticedthatsomeclassmatesencouragedeachotherwhenfacingdifficulties,whileotherssharedtheirfindingstobenefitthewholeteam.Together,theyovercameoneobstacleafteranother,andeachsuccessstrengthenedtheteam’scohesion(凝聚力).Amongthechallenges,onewasimpressive.Inthechallenge,theyhadtocrossaropebridgeoverasimulatedriver.Teammembershadtosupporteachothertoensureeveryonecrossedsafely.Martinsawclassmateswhousuallydidn’tinteractmuchtightlyholdingeachother’shands,givingcourageandsupport.Thisscenedeeplymovedhim,makinghimrealizethepowerfulbondoffriendshipwhenfacingchallengestogether.注意：1．續(xù)寫詞數應為150個左右;2．請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Aftertheactivity,Martinsharedtheday’seventswithhismom.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Martindeeplyunderstoodhismom’swords.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。續(xù)寫的詞數應為150左右。Jennywastheonlychildinherhome.Shehadaquarrelwithhermotherthatafternoonandsheranoutofthehouseangrily.Shecouldn’thelpweepingsorrowfullywhenshethoughtofthescoldingfromhermother.Havingwanderedaimlesslyinthestreetforhours,shefeltalittlehungryandwishedforsomethingtoeat,butitwasnotevenpossibleforher,sinceshehadnothingwithher.Shestoodbesideastand(貨攤)forawhile,watchingthemiddleagedsellerbusydoinghisbusiness.However,withnomoneyinhand,shesighedandhadtoleave.Thesellerbehindthestandnoticedtheyounggirlandasked,“Hey,girl,youwanttohavethenoodles?”“Oh,yes...butIdon’thavemoneyonme...”shereplied.“That’snothing.I’lltreatyoutoday,”saidtheman,“ein.”Thesellerbroughtherabowlofnoodles,whosesmellwassoattractive.Asshewaseating,Jennycriedsilently.“Whatisit?”askedthemankindly.“Nothing,actuallyIwasjusttouchedbyyourkindness!”saidJennyasshewipedhertears,“Evenastrangeronthestreetwillgivemeabowlofnoodles,whilemymother,drovemeoutofthehouse.Sheshowednocareforme.Sheissomercilessparedtoastranger!”Hearingthewords,thesellersmiled,“Girl,doyoureallythinkso?Ionlygaveyouabowlofnoodlesandyouthankedmealot.Butitisyourmotherwhohasraisedyousinceyouwereababy.Canyounumberthetimesshecookedforyou?Haveyouexpressedyourgratitudetoher?”Jennysatthere,speechlessandnumbwithshock;sherememberedmother’sfamiliarfaceandweatheredhands.“WhydidInotthinkofthat?Abowlofnoodlesfromastrangermademefeelindebted,butIhaveneverthankedmymumforwhatshehasdoneforme.”O(jiān)nthewayhome,Jennymadeuphermindtomakeanapologytohermotherforherrudenessassoonasshearrivedhome.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數應為150左右；2.請按如下格式作答。Nearingthedoorway,Jennytookadeepbreath._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Agentletouchonherhaircalledhermindback._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。Evenyearsaftergraduatingfromhighschool,IcontinuetomaintaincontactwithLucy.Ourfriendshipremainsunbreakablebecauseshewastheonewhokindlycametomyrescueduringmymostembarrassingmoment.Thisunforgettableincidenttookplaceduringtheopeningceremonyofourschool’sannualsportsday.Onacoolautumnday,studentswereexcitedlygatheredinthestadium.Theopeningceremonywasimportant,lettingeveryoneshowtheirskillsandbeeclosertotheirclassmates.MygymnasticsteamandIpracticedforweekstopreparearoutinewewantedtomakeeveryoneadmireandmakeusfeelproud.Astheceremonyprogressed,theperformancesbeforeours,wereimpressive,andtheaudience’sapplauseandcheersfilledthestadiumwithenergy.Thestandswerepackedwithstudents,teachers,andparents,alleagerlywatchingeachact.Finally,ourteam’snamewascalled,anditwasourturntostepontothefield.Thespotlightshonebrightlyonus,castinglongshadowsontheground,andwecouldfeeltheeyesoftheaudienceonoureverymove.Themusicbegan,andwestartedourroutine.Everythingwasgoingsmoothlyuntildisasterstruckhalfwaythrough.AsIperformedaspin(旋轉),Ifeltmyheadbandslip.BeforeIcouldreact,itfelloffleavingmyhairinamess.Myfaceflushedwithembarrassment,andacoldsweatbrokeoutonmyforehead.Myheartraced,andIcouldfeelmypulsepoundingfiercely.Ifroze,unsureofwhattodonext,mymindblankandmybodyparalyzed(癱瘓的)withfear.Thebrightlightsthathadoncefeltenergizingnowfeltlikeunpleasantspotlightshighlightingmyembarrassment.Icouldseesomestudentspointing,theirfaceswithamixofshockandamusement.Myteammateslookedatmewithconcern,unsurehowtohelp.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數應為150左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。ThenLucy,oneofmyteammates,cameover.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Afterourperformance,IwalkedtowardsLucy.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。IwasveryactiveinsportsandgameswhenIwasinprimaryschool.Iwasgoodatthelongjumpandrunning.Asaresult,IwaschosentorepresenttheschoolinthelongjumpandrelayeventsattheDistrictSportsMeet.Theeventlastedtwodays.Withnopetitionsformeonthefirstday,Icheeredonmyteammatesandwatchedotherathletes.Seeingourteamdowellinvariouseventswasencouraging.Thesuccessesofourteamwerenotjustvictories;theywereasourceofinspiration.Eachtriumph(獲勝)byourathleteswasmetwitharoundofapplauseandshoutsofjoyfromourcheeringsection.Theirachievementsfueledmyownmotivation,andIcouldfeeltheexcitementbuildingwithinme.Iwasreadyformyevents.Onthesecondday,mylongjumpeventwasscheduledfortheearlyafternoon.Ifeltconfident,butwhenIgotthereIrealizedtherewerealotoftalentedathletes.Therewasoneyoungathleteinparticularwhojumpedextremelyfar,wearingspikes(釘子鞋),makingitharderfortherestofus.Iwasverynervous.Attheendoftherace,Itriedmybest,andalthoughIjumpedagooddistance,Itwisted(扭傷)myfoot.Ifinishedfourth,justmissingoutonamedal.Thatwasdisappointing,butIremindedmyselfthatwestillhadachanceinthe8×50mrelay,forwhichIwasassignedtorunthefifthleg.Theracetimearrived.Wefiledintoourassignedspotsandpreparedfortherace.Afteratenseminuteorso,Iheardthestarter’sgungooff.Whenthefirstrunnerstookoff,Iheldmybreathandwatchedourteamrunnerskeepupwiththeothers.Astheygotcloser,Irealizedwewereatleastinsecondplace.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數應為150個左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Myturnarrived,Inervouslytookthebaton(接力棒)andbeganmyrun._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AtlastIlosttherace,butwhenIgottotheend,myteamwasthere,stillcheeringmeon._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。Whenstartingmysixthgradeyear,Iwasnervousaboutmanythings.ButnothingparedtotheproblemthatIgottotheagewheremyvoicestartedchanging.Atfirst,thevoicegettingdeepexcitedme.ButthenIlearnedbeforegettingdeeper,itcancrack(變嘶啞).ThefirsttimeithappenedIwassoembarrassed.Afterthat,Iwasdeterminedtomakesureitwouldn’thappenagain.Atleastnotinpublic.So,exceptforstrategictimesIsaid,“cool”and“yeah”,Ididn’ttalk.Mylogicwas,“IfIdon’tusemyvoice,itcannotcrack.”However,Icouldn’tgowithouttalkingforever.Ineededanewsolution.Ibeganclearingmythroatbeforespeaking,whichactuallyseemedtohelp.Itwasgreatbuttherewasalargerproblem.Iwasmuchmorescaredabouthavingavoicecrackduringclass.MyclasshadmanynewkidsI’dneverspokenwith.Ididn’twanttheirfirstimpressionsofmetobebasedonavoicecrack.Unfortunately,onedaymyconcerncametrue.Itwasabouttwomonthsafterthebeginningoftheterm.OnthedayithappenedeverythingwasthesameasalwaysuntilIgotintotheclassroom.Inoticedthatwehadasubstituteteacher(代課老師)andimmediatelystartedthinkingabouthowhewouldtakeattendance.Ipanicked(恐慌）.SomanythoughtsrushedthroughmymindthatIcouldn’tthinkstraight.IcalmedmyselfdownbytellingmyselfthatIonlyhadtosayoneword“Here”.“Easyenough,right?”Ithoughtsountilmynamewascalled.Ididmyroutine—clearedmythroat,tookabreath,andsaid,“Here.”Theonlyproblemwasthatwhilesayingthis,Ihadtheworstvoicecrackinthehistoryofvoicecracks.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數應為150左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Thewholeclassturnedtolookatme._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Iwasburyingmyfaceintomyarmswhensomeonepattedmyshoulder._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。Iwasnominated(提名)forourschool’sdebateteam.Ijumpedatthechance.WhenIgothomethatday,Ibegantofillouttheapplicationform,tryinghardtoprovehowImetalltheteam’scriteria:strongmunicationskills,teamwork,andagoodunderstandingofcurrentevents.Thenextday,Ihandedinmyapplicationandwaitedwitheagerness.Iwasontenterhooks(如坐針氈),anticipationbuildingupwitheachtickoftheclock.Twoweekswentby,andIreceivedaletterfromtheschoolaboutthedebateteam,whichbeganwith“I’msorryto…”.Assoonastheschoolbusletmeoffthatafternoon,Iracedintothehouse.Mymotherwastypingattheputer.“Mom,”Isaid,myvoicebarelyaboveawhisper,“Ididn’tmakethedebateteam.”Shelookedup,asmileplayingonherlips,thinkingIwasjoking,andplayfullyreachedouttohighfiveme.Butthetearsinmyeyestoldadifferentstory.“No,really,Iwasn’tpicked,”Itoldher,handinghertheletter.Hersmilefaded,replacedbyalookofgenuineconcern.“Oh,sweetheart,I’msorry,”shesaid,surprised.“Theremustbesomemistake.”Shecalledthedebateteamadvisor,butheconfirmedtherewerenomistakesandthedecisionwasfinal.Hearingthat,Ibrokedownandburstoutcrying.Therejectionstung(刺痛)me,especiallywhenIsawfriendscelebratingtheiracceptance.Ifeltcheated,questioningthefairnessoftheprocess.Inmyview,someselecteddidn’tdeserveitasmuchasIdid.Bitternesscrept(潛入)

intomywordsasIplained.“I’mthebestfitfortheteam,”Iprotested.“See,Jenny,plainingwon’tgetyouontheteam.”Momgavemeaseriouslook.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數應為150左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。IstaredatMomandlistenedeagerly.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ididmakeitwhenasecondchancecame3monthslater.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7．閱讀下面材料，根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。InthefrozenwildernessofAntarctica,Dr.DavisMcClaren,aUCLAprofessorrenownedforhisworkinastronomy,wasonthevergeofachievinghislifelongdream.Hewasdeterminedtolocateararemeteorite(隕石)fromMercury(水星),believedtohavelandedsomewhereinthisvast,uninhabitedlandscape.GuidinghimwasJerryShepard,anexperiencedresearcherfromtheNationalScienceFoundation,acpaniedbyateamofsleddogsledbythefearlessandintelligentMaya.Thejourneywaspunishingfromthestart.Bitterwindstoreattheirexposedfaces,whilethebitingcoldfilteredthroughtheirlayersofclothing.Everystepwasharderthanthelast,butDr.McClaren’sexcitementdrovehimforward,hiseyesconstantlyscanningthesnowcoveredhorizon.Jerry,experiencedinthedangersoftheAntarctic,grewincreasinglyuneasy.Hecouldseethesignsofastormgatheringonthedistanthorizon.“Weneedtoturnback.”Jerryurged,hisvoicebarelyaudibleoverthestrongwind.ButMcClaren,blindedbyhisambitionandsoclosetohisgoal,wavedoffthewarning.Nothingwouldstophimnow.Justastheheavysnowbegantofall,McClaren’spersistencepaidoff—hespottedthemeteorite,halfburiedbeneaththeice.Hisheartracedasheshouted,“Ifoundit!”Herushedtowardit,unabletocontainhisexcitement.Butinhisrush,hemisjudgedthefragilegroundbeneathhim.Asharpcrackechoedthroughtheair,andbeforehecouldreact,McClarendroppedintoahiddengap,crashingintofreezingwaterbelow.Thefallwasbrutal.Soakedanddisoriented,McClarengaspedforbreathastheicywaterenvelopedhim.Hislegachedinpain,andpanicsurgedthroughhimasherealizedhecouldn’tmove.Abovehim,Jerryactedswiftly,knowingtheprofessor’ssurvivaldependedonimmediateaction.Theironlyhopelayinthepawsofhistrustedleaddog,Maya.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數應為150個左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Securingaropearoundher,Jerrymandedtheleaddogtogo.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Finally,Dr.McClarenwasfree,buttheragingsnowstormmadethejourneybacktothebaseevenmoredangerous._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________