【課前熱身】單選題1.Aculturalobjectusuallyreferstoanitemislooselyrelatedtoaparticularculture.B./C.oneD.whoseB./C.oneD.whose2.Aculturalcelebrationusuallyreferstoaneventthetraditionsofaparticularpeopleorplacearecelebrated.A.thatB.whoseC.whichD.where3.Florenceisprobablyaplacewherehistoryesalive,bringingyoubacktoatimeart,cultureandsciencewerebeingreborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.inthat4.ThewayMexicanstelltimeactuallyhasactuallyallowedmetolivefarmoreintherightnowthanIeverdidbefore.Whichoneofthefollowingchoicesiswrong!A.thatB.inwhichC.whichD./5.Themedicalstaff,wereexperienceddoctorsfromShanghai,werewarmlyweledattheairport.A.mostofthemB.mostofthatC.mostofthoseD.mostofwhomastudyturnsout,BeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS)technologycanbetterrecordbirdsmigrationroutes,restinglocationsandinformationabouthowtheyfly.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhetherD.As單句語法填空1.Thelessonfromthestoryisclear:oneshouldneverbeoverconfident.Butthisisbynomeanstheonlymessagecanbefoundoutaswedigdeeperintothefable.2.Teenagergirls’monproblemistrulypresentedinInsideOut2,thoughthefilmitselfisonlyacartoon.Observersagreethatthefilmexhibitsanalarmingsituationtomoreattentionshouldbepaid.3.Thesettlementishometonearly1000people,mostoflefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.翻譯1.街口的小店提供各種各樣的生活必需品，價格在10元到100元不等。(range)2.孩子們不禁欽佩這位科學家，他為保護環(huán)境做出了巨大貢獻。(contribute)【知識梳理】一、定語從句:定語從句包括限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句兩種。定語從句中關系代詞和關系副詞的作用，是把作定語的從句和主句中被修飾的先行詞連接在一起，而且在從句中充當一個句子成分。在本章中，將先講述定語從句的定義，種類及各種關系代詞的用法，之后講解各種關系副詞的用法以及由as引導的定語從句，最后總結(jié)使用定語從句需注意的事項，進一步幫助學生們學會正確使用定語從句。典型例句:1.Thisistheteacherwhooftentellsjokes.這就是那個常講笑話的老師。2.ThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.想去長城的人在這里簽名。3.Water,whichisaliquid.hasmanyuses.水是一種液體，有很多用途。定語從句概述定語從句的定義在復合句中，用于修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。引導定語從句的詞稱為關系詞。關系詞包括關系代詞who(賓格whom,所有格whose),that,which和關系副詞where,when,why等。TheboywhoiswearingablackcoatboughtaniPodyesterday.穿著黑色外套的男孩昨天買了一個iPod.Thenoodlesthat/whichmymothercookedweredelicious.我媽媽煮的面條很好吃.TheschoolwhereIlearnedjudowasverylarge.我學習柔道的學校非常大。Irememberthedaywhenourbandwasformed.我記得我們樂隊成立的日子Idon'tknowthereasonwhyshegotsoangrythismorning.我不知道她今天早上為什么那么生氣。說明:這幾個例子中，先行詞分別是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。加下劃線的部分為定語從句。處在先行詞和定語從句之間的who，that和which是關系代詞，where，when和why是關系代詞.定語從句的種類定語從句可以為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。學習時要明確兩者的意義和區(qū)別。1.限定性定語從句限定性定語從句又稱為限制性定語從句，它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的主語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意義。限定性定語從句和主句的關系十分密切，書寫時不可用逗號分開。如果關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語，關系代詞通常可以省略。Doyouknowthegirlwhojustcamein?你認識剛才進來的那個女孩嗎?Shanghaiisacity(that)I'vealwayswantedtovisit.上海是一座我一直想要去游覽的城市。Hersistermarriedaman(who/whom/that)shemetonaplane.她的姐姐嫁給了一個她在飛機上認識的人。ThetimewhenIfirstmetMr.Whitewasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.第一次見到懷特先生的時候，我正處于一生中非常艱難的時期。2.非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句又稱為非限制性定語從句，它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。這種從句與主句的關系不是很密切，書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that引導，關系詞不可以省略。Theoldwoman,wholivesonherown,hasacatforpany.那位老婦人一個人住，有一只貓作伴。LoriisgoingtomarryMark,whomshedoesnotlove.羅麗準備嫁給馬克，可她并不愛他。Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,isaverybeautifulcity.中國的首都北京是一座非常美麗的城市。3.限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句與先行詞關系密切(刪掉后影響整個意思的表達)與先行詞關系不密切(是一種補充說明，刪掉后不影響整個意思的表達)不用逗號隔開一般使用逗號隔開可用關系代詞that不可用關系代詞that關系代詞可以省略(that，who，which在從句中擔任賓語時可以省略)關系代詞不可以省略關系代詞可以替代(whom作賓語可用who或that替代)關系代詞不能替代讀時不停頓讀時停頓，用降調(diào)只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分?？梢孕揎椫骶浠蛑骶涞囊徊糠郑藭r一定有逗號分開，只能由which或as引導。關系代詞的用法在定語從句中，關系代詞起著連接主句與從句、指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關系代詞在從句中作何種成分。先行詞在從句中作主語在從句中作賓語在從句中作定語指代人who/thatwhom/who/thatwhose指代物which/thatwhich/thatwhose/ofwhich1.關系代詞who和whom的用法兩者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差別。who在定語從句中作主語或賓語；whom在定語從句中作賓語。在限制性定語從句中，作賓語時，二者可以互換，也可省略。Heisthemanwholivesnextdoor.他就是住在隔壁的那個男子。Theman(who/whom)wesentthepresenttoisadoctoroflaw.我們寄給他禮物的那個人是位法學博士。關系代詞whom在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，從句常由“介詞+whom”引出，此時不能用who代替，且whom不能省略。IhavemanyfriendstowhomIamgoingtosendpostcards.我有很多需給他們寄賀卡的朋友。一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that，另一個宜用who.Theboythatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryhard.昨晚你遇見的那個男孩是個學習非常努力的組長。在therebe開頭的句子中，宜用who.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyourfather.有個年輕人想要見你父親Therearemanyoldmenwhoareagainstthisplan.有許多老人反對這個計劃Therewasakingwhowaskindtohispeople.有一位國王，他對他的臣民很仁慈。2.關系代詞whose的用法關系代詞whose是關系代詞who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。當whose指代物時，相當于ofwhich。whose引導的定語從句既可以是限定性定語從句，也可以是非限定性定語從句。DoyouknowPeterwhosefatherhappenstobeworkinginyourpany?=DoyouknowPeter?Hisfatherhappenstobeworkinginyourpany你認識彼得嗎?他的父親恰巧正在你們公司工作。Thetouristwantedtobookaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.=Thetouristwantedtobookaroomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.=Thetouristwantedtobookaroom.Theroom'swindowfacessouth.這位游客想要預訂一間窗戶朝南的房間WewenttoseeourteacherMissStyles,whosehusbandlosthislifeintheearthquake.我們?nèi)タ赐宋覀兊睦蠋熕固査剐〗?，她的丈夫在地震中喪生了。Xi'an,whosewallsremainasgoodasbefore,isoneofthefewcitieswithcitywalls.西安是少數(shù)幾座有城墻的城市之一，它的城墻保持得和以前一樣好。3.關系代詞that和which的用法兩者都可用于指代物，但使用場合存在差別。1.在限定性定語從句中指代物時，which和that一般可以通用Thenewhousethat/whichIhavejustboughtisaboutsixmilesaway.我新買的房子在大約6英里以外。Theyplantedsometreesthat/whichdidn'tneedmuchwater.他們種了一些不需要太多水的樹。2.限定性定語從句中只用that而不用which的情況A.主句已有疑問句who或which時Whichofthecarsthatareinfrontofthehotelbelongstoyou?旅館前面的小汽車中哪輛屬于你?Whoisthemanthatissittingbythelake?坐在湖邊的男人是誰?B.先行詞既有人又有物時Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.他談到了他訪問過的學校和老師Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.撞倒一位老人的那輛自行車和騎車人都被送到了警察局。C.先行詞為all,much，few,little,something，everything,anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時It'seasytodotherepair.Allthatyouneedisahammerandsomenails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部東西是一把錘子和一些釘子。Wehaven'tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.我們沒有太多能向你們提供的東西。I'dliketotellyousomethingthatwillmakeyousurprised.我想告訴你一件會使你感到驚奇的事D.先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenusedagainstpollution.這是用來防止污染的最好的辦法PollyisthemostdirectyoungwomanthatIhaveevereacross.波莉是我所見到的最直爽的年輕女性。E.先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時Thisisthethirdtimethattheyhavemet.這是他們第三次見面。ThefirsttimethatLestersawthefilm,hemadeuphismindtobeeadirector.萊特斯第一次觀看那部電影時，就下定決心要成為一名導演。先行詞有thevery，theonly,thesame，any,few,little,no,all,oneof等詞修飾時ThisistheveryroomthatIsleptinthatevening.這正是我那天晚上睡過的房間。LiMingistheonlyonethatwantstobeateacher,李明是惟一一個想當老師的人。Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.我們惟一能夠做的，就是給你一些錢。G.有兩個定語從句，其中一個關系代詞已用which，另一個宜用thatEdisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.愛迪生建了一家工廠，生產(chǎn)過去從未見到過的東西。3.只用which而不用that的情況A.引導非限定性定語從句時只用which而不用that(正)Thefish,whichIboughtthismorning,isveryfresh.(誤)Thefish.thatIboughtthismorning.isveryfresh.我今天早上買的魚很新鮮。Myhouse,whichIboughttwoyearsagohasgotalovelygarden我兩年前買的那幢房子，帶一座漂亮的花園。Jimpassedthedrivingtest,whichsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice吉姆通過了駕駛考試，這使得辦公室里的每一個人都很驚訝。注意:在非限定性定語從句中，有時關系代詞是指代整個句子，而不是指代一個單詞，本句中which指代“吉姆通過了駕駛考試”這件事。Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,which.ofcourse.madetheothersenvyhim.海倫對始最小的兒子比對其他孩子好得多，這當然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。說明:本句中，which指代“海倫對她最小的兒子比對其他孩子好得多”這件事。Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,mostofwhicharesoldabroad這家工廠每年生產(chǎn)50萬雙鞋，大都銷往國外。補充:which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/alittleof等詞修飾。London,whichisthecapitaloftheUK,isaverybeautifulcity英國的首都倫敦是一座非常美麗的城市。B.在限定性定語從句中，關系代詞前有介詞時只用which而不用thatIwasputinapositioninwhichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant我被置于一個要被迫接受低人一等現(xiàn)實的境地。Thisisthehotelinwhichyouwillstay.=Thisisthehotel(which/that)youwillstayin.這就是你將要住的旅館。說明:在這句話中，介詞i放在了句子的后面，那么關系代詞既可以用which，也可以用that，還可以省略在限定性定語從句中，如果有兩個定語從句，其中一句的關系詞是tat，那么另一句的關系詞就需用whichLetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopen.讓我給你看看我從新開放的圖書館借來的小說。4.關系代詞which和that的用法總結(jié)which和that在定語從句中作關系代詞的主要區(qū)別which①可用于非限定性定語從句中，代替物、整個句子或主句中的一部分②可用于介詞之后，構(gòu)成“介詞+which”that不能用于上述兩種情況【例題精講】1.MsChanceryistheteacher.A.IlikeherbestB.IlikebestCthatIlikeherbestD.whomlikebest2.IsthisthecalculatoryouborrowedfromJane?A.oneB.theonewhatC.theoneD.which3.Ihaveboughtthesamedresssheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what把下列每對句子合并成含有定語從句的主從復合句1.Themagazineismine.Hehastakenitaway.2.Thestudentswillnotpasstheexam.Theydonotstudyhard.3.Thewomanisourgeographyteacher.Yousawherinthepark.4.Idon'tknowthereason.Youquarreledwithhim.5.Hereisthegirl.Herbrotherworksinthisshop.6.Hewantedtoknowthereason.Iwaslateforthereason.7.Iwanttotalktotheboys.Theirhomeworkhaven'tbeenhandedin.8.Heusedtoliveinabighouse.Infrontofitgrewmanybananatrees.9.Thelabisnotfarfromhere.Thechemistoftendoesexperimentsthere.10.Weshallrememberthedays.Westudiedtogetherthen.【鞏固練習】用適當?shù)年P系代詞填空1.Weneedfriendscanhelpus.2.ThemanyousawyesterdaywasadoctorfromBeijing.3.ThisisastoryaboutamunistfighternameisLiuHulan.4.Thisisourclassroom,windowsfacethesouth.5.Hereisabookwillgivealotofusefulknowledge.6.Thisisthesongwelikebest.7.ThisistheroomLaoLiuoncelivedin.8.Doyoustillrememberthedayonhejoinedthearmy?9.Theearth,weallknow,movesaroundthesun.【當堂測試】A.關系詞填空1.Istillrememberthedayswespenttogether.2.Istillrememberthedayswestayedtogether.3.Thisisthefactorywevisitedlastyear.4.Thisisthefactoryweworkedlastyear.5.Isthisthereasonheexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?6.Isthisthereasonhewaslateforthemeetingoflastweek?7.I'veneverreceivedsuchanicegiftyoupresentedtome.8.We'llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.9.IshallneverforgetthoseyearsIlivedinthecountrywiththefarmers.10.Theexaminationthestudentsaretestedonthesamequestionsisnottoodifficultforthem.11.TheVoiceofChinahassetupastagesomepeoplecanrealizetheirdreams.12.Andthereareshootinggamesyoucanletoutyourangerandfrustration.13.Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesinmunityactivitiestheycangainexperienceforgrowth.14.Apanyprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.15.ThisbookisspeciallywrittenforthestudentsnativelanguageisnotEnglish.B.語法填空1.TheInternethasnowbeethefirstplacethemajorityofpeopleturntoforinformation.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)2.Heusedthedonatedfundandhisownmoneytopaythe50poundsperchildtheBritishgovernmentrequired.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)3.Mr.Stoneisagreateducatorneverstopsinspiringhisstudentsandhisfellowworkerstobebetterindividuals.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)4.Tablereadisnottheonlyeffectivepracticehelpsstudentsimprovetheirspeaking.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)5.Lilytoldmeeverythingsheknew.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)6.Thebuildingwearelookingatusedtobeahospital.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)7.Wolvesarehighlysocialanimalssuccessdependsuponcooperation.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)8.Thisisthereasonhegavemeforhisbeinglate.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)9.IwillneverforgetthedaysIspenttravellingwithmygrandparents.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)10.ThenursewetalkedaboutcanspeakEnglishfluently.(用適當?shù)脑~填空)C.完成句子1.ThisisthefilmI'veseensinceIcametoHuazhou.這是我來化州后看的第一部電影。2.這就是那位全國知名的科學家。Thisisthescientistalloverthecountry.(whose)3.比爾說他在中國參觀的第一個地方是故宮博物院。BillsaidthatwasthePalaceMuseum.4.我永遠不會忘記發(fā)生在我的童年里的那個意外事件，它給我留下了很深的印象。(that引導定語從句)NeverwillIforgettheaccident,whichleftadeepimpressiononme.5.我們學校有豐富多彩的旨在擴大我們視野的課外活動。Therearecolorfulafterclassactivitiesinourschool.【課后鞏固】Directions:pletethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.goodB.giftsC.extremelyD.effortsE.appreciatingF.foundationG.temporaryH.essentialI.concentrateJ.optimisticK.importantlyWhatmakespeoplehappyanddepressed?ThelatestWorldHappinessReportprovidestheanswer.Happinessesfromrecognizingand1whatyouhave.Materialthingsbringyou2joy.Thinkaboutmaterial3thatgiveyouhappinessatthattimeandyouwillfindyouhavelostinterestinthem.Deepandlongtermhappinessesfromintangiblethings.A(n)4elementofhappinessisthemaintenanceofgoodinterpersonalrelationships.It'svitalthatwehavefamilyandfriendswecanrelyon.Butthemostimportantsourceofhappinessisgiving.Doing5deedsonaregularbasiswillmakeyou6happy.Healthisanotherimportantsourceofhappiness.Asiswellknown,ahealthybodyisthe7ofeverything.Butstayinghealthyrequires8.Youneedahealthydietandregularexercise,whichwillhelpyoureducestressandanxiety,thusmakingyoupositiveand9.Thefinalingredienttoyourhappinessistogetenoughsleep.Teenagers'habitofgoingtobedlateandgettingupearlymakesthemlacksleep,whichputstheminabadmoodandaffectstheirabilityto10andslowdowntheirgrowth.Sotobehappy,youneedtogeteighthoursofsleepeverynight.Keeptheminmindandtakeaction.Setouttowardhappiness.Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Whatdoyouknowaboutfashion?Thefashionindustry,whichhasbeeoneofthemost1oftheplanet,ishavingamomentofpunishment.Butwhichchangesmakeadifference,andwhichonesjust2inthewash?infact,thefashionindustryissecondonlytotheoilindustry,themostenvironmentallyunfriendlyindustry.Afriendofmine3anantiqueclothesstoreinthenorthofLondon.Businesshasbeengoodformanyyears,whichmakesheracquirealargefortune.Everyfewweeks,shevisitsavaststorehouseontheedgeofthecitytogothroughpilesofclothing.Mostofitis4,butifyouknowwhatyouarelookingfortherearerawdiamonds.Thestorehousehasalonghistory.Itwasonceaclearinghouseforthelowqualitywoolscraps(碎料)thatwereusedtomakecheapclothingforthe5inVictorianBritain.Acenturyon,6haschanged.Nowadays,itisfullofmoderndayinferiorproducts,all7cheapclothingmadeforthemassesaroundtheworld.Exceptthatthisstuffisgoingtobeburnedorburied,notbeingreused.Theitemsaretheproductsofanindustrythat.inthepast30years,hasbeeoneofthemostsuccessfulandalsomost8ontheplanet.Knownasfastfashion,ithasfilledourwardrobes(衣桓)withcheapandcheerfulclothes.Butafterthreedecadesofcontinuousgrowth,themodelisin9withfundamentalenvironmentallimitsandthereiswidespreadagreementevenfromwithintheindustrythatitistimeto10.Otherwise,“Fastfashion”createsamountainofunsellable,cheapclothi