專題18閱讀理解（說明文）

刷大題、提能力

1.（云南師范大學附屬中學2023年高三試題）

Lately,ifsfeltliketechnologicalchangehasenteredanincrediblespeed,panieslikeOpenAIandGooglehave

unveilednewArtificialIntelligencesystemswithincrediblecapabilities,makingwhatonceseemedlikescience

fictionaneverydayreality.It'sanerathatisraisingbig,existentialquestionsforusall,abouteverythingfromthe

futureofhumanexistencetothefutureofhumanwork.

4"Thingsarechangingsofhst,“saysErikBrynjolfsson,aleading,technologyfbcusedeconomistbasedat

StanfordUniversity.Ashenotes,thisnewwaveoftechnologicalchangelookslikeitcouldbeprettydifferent.

Unlikebefore,experiencedandskilledworkersbenefitedmostlyfromAItechnology.Inthisnewwave,it'stheless

experiencedandlessskilledworkerswhobenefitthemost."Andthatmightbehelpfulintermsofclosingsomeof

theinequalitythatprevioustechnologiesactuallypromoted,9,Brynjolfssonsays.Soonebenefitofintelligence

machinesis-maybe-theywillimprovetheknowhowandsmartsoflowperformers,therebyreducinginequality.

Butit'salsopossiblethatAIcouldlowertheprofitoftheexperienced,smart,orknowledgeableones.AIcould

reduceinequalitybybringingthebottomup,anditcouldalsoreduceinequalitybybringingthetopandmiddle

down.

Ofcourse,asErikput,it'salsopossiblethatAlcouldendupincreasinginequalityevenmore.Forone,itcould

maketheBigAIpanies,whichownthesepowerfulnewsystems,wildlyrich.Itcouldalsoempowerbusiness

ownerstoreplacemoreandmoreworkerswithintelligentmachines.Anditcouldkilljobsforallbutthebestofthe

bestinvariousindustries,whokeeptheirjobsbecausemaybethey'resuperstarsorbecausemaybetheyhave

seniority.

TheeffectsofAI,ofcourse,arestillverymuchbeingstudiedandthesesystemsareevolvingfast-sothisis

justanassumption.Thismachineintelligencecouldupendmuchofthepreviousthinkingonwhichkindsofjobs

willbeaffectedbyautomation.

1.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"theknowhowandsmarts“meaninparagraph2?

A.Experienceandintelligence.B.Skillsandpotential.

C.Abilitiesandexperience.D.Outlookandtalents.

2.WhowillgainmoreinthisnewAIera?

A.Theseniorwithhighrank.B.Thenewwithlittleexperience.

C.Thelearnedwithgreatcredit.D.Thepoorwithpracticalskills.

3.WhichstatementwillErikprobablyagreewith?

A.ThefastdevelopmentofAIwillpromotethedivisionofinequality.

B.ThebestofallwalksoflifewillsurvivethepetitionagainstAIsystems.

C.GiantAIpanieswillbethewinnerinthefutureworldofnewAIsystems.

D.Lowerrankworkerswithlittleknowledgeareboundtobeabandonedbyemployers.

4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.TheFastGrowthoftheWorldB.TheInfluenceoftheInequality

C.TheImpactoftheAISystemD.TheFutureoftheAIGeneration

【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C

【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了經(jīng)濟學家Erik就OpenAI等新興人工智能公司所觸發(fā)的新人工智能

對人類未來可能產(chǎn)生的影響的研究。

1.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“Inthisnewwave,ifsthelessexperiencedandlessskilledworkerswhobenefitthe

most."（在這股新浪潮中，經(jīng)驗不足、技術(shù)含量較低的工人受益最大。）可知，智能機器的一個益處就是提

升較低的工作表現(xiàn)者的經(jīng)驗和智力，從而推斷出劃線短語theknowhowandsmarts在句中意為“經(jīng)驗和智力”,

和A項“經(jīng)驗和智力”意思相同。故選A項。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Inthisnewwave,it'sthelessexperiencedandlessskilledworkerswhobenefitthe

most."（在這股新浪潮中，經(jīng)驗不足、技術(shù)含量較低的工人受益最大。）可知，在新的人工智能時代受益最

多的是經(jīng)驗不足的新人。故選B項。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Ofcourse,asErikput,ifsalsopossiblethatAlcouldendupincreasinginequality

evenmore.Forone,itcouldmaketheBigAIpanies,whichownthesepowerfulnewsystems,wildlyrich."（當然，

正如Erik所說，人工智能最終也有可能進一步加劇不平等。首先，它可以讓擁有這些強大新系統(tǒng)的大型人

工智能公司變得非常富有。）可知，Erik贊同的觀點是巨型人工智能公司將成為未來新人工智能系統(tǒng)世界的

贏家。故選C項。

4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Soonebenefitofintelligencemachinesis—maybe—theywillimprovetheknowhow

andsmartsoflowperformers,therebyreducinginequality."（因此，智能機器的一個好處是---也許它們將

提高低績效者的專業(yè)知識和智慧，從而減少不平等。）及第三段“Ofcourse,asErikput,ifsalsopossiblethatAl

couldendupincreasinginequalityevenmore.^^（當然，正如Erik所說，人工智能最終也有可能進一步加劇不

平等。）及最后一段"TheeffectsofAI,ofcourse,arestillverymuchbeingstudiedandthesesystemsareevolving

fast-sothisisjustanassumption.”（當然，人工智能的影響仍在研究中，這些系統(tǒng)正在快速發(fā)展---所以這

只是一個假設(shè)。）可知，本文主要通過人工智能對工作者和加劇了社會不平等兩個方面講述了人工智能的影

響，C項“人工智能的影響”符合題意。故選C項。

2.（20232024學年湖南省名校大聯(lián)考英語試題）

PFASarefoundinnonstickpans,waterprooffabricsandfoodpackaging.They'recalledforeverchemicals

becauseoftheirabilitytostickaroundandnotbreakdown.Now,usingabitofheatandtworelativelymonpounds,

researchershavedegraded（降解）thechemicalinthelab.

WhilesomescientistshavefoundrelativelysimplewaysofbreakingdownselectPFAS,mostdegradation

methodsrequireharshprocessesusingintensepressure-insomecasesover22megapascals-orextremelyhigh

temperatures-sometimesupwardsofl,000℃一tobreakthechemicalbonds.

WilliamDichtel,fromNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston,andhisteamexperimentedwithtwosubstances

foundinnearlyeverychemistrylab;sodiumhydroxide（氫氧化鈉）,alsoknownaslye,andasolvent（溶齊［|）called

DMSO.TheteamworkedspecificallyonagroupofforeverchemicalswhichcontainalargepercentageofPFAS.

WhentheteambinedchemicalswiththelyeandDMSOat120℃andwithnoextrapressureneeded,the

carbolicacid（竣酸）felloffthechemicalsandbecamecarbondioxide."Whathappenednextwasunexpected,"

Dichtelsaid.Thelossoftheacidhelpeddegradethechemicalsintofluorideions（氟離子）andsmaller

carboncontainingproducts,leavingbehindnoharmfulbyproducts.

“It'saneatmethod;it'sdifferentfromothersthathavebeentried,1'saysChrisSales,anenvironmentalengineer

atDrexelUniversityinPhiladelphiawhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy."Thebiggestquestionishowthiscouldbe

adaptedandscaledup.Understandingthismechanismisjustonestepinundoingforeverchemicals,"Salessaid.

Thisprocesswouldn'tworktodealwithPFASintheenvironment,becauseitrequiresaconcentratedamount

ofthechemicals,butitcouldonedaybeusedinwastewatertreatmentplants,wherethepollutantscouldbefiltered

outofthewater,concentratedandthenbrokendown.

5.WhatcanwelearnaboutthepreviouswaystobreakdownPFAS?

A.They*reecofriendly.B.They'vebeenwidelyused.

C.They'redifficulttooperate.D.They'reregardedasuseless.

6.Whatdidtheteamdointheirexperiment?

A.Theyexperimentedwithdifferentsolvents.

B.Theytriedtwoverymonsubstances.

C.Theytestedeverygroupofforeverchemicals,

D.Theyexposedchemicalstoextremetemperatures.

7.Whatmadetheresearchersmostsurprisedintheirexperiment?

A.Environmentallyfriendlyreactionsoccurred.

B.Thecarboxylicacidbecamecarbondioxide.

C.Noextrapressurewasneededforthetrial.

D.ThelyeandDMSOcouldworkat120℃,

8.WhatcanweinferfromChrisSales*words?

A.ItisdifficulttodealwithPFASintheenvironment.

B.Thismechanismwillsoonbeusedintheenvironment.

C.Themethodwillbeappliedtodifferentkindsofchemicals.

DMoreresearchisneededbeforethemethodiswidelyused.

【答案】5.C6.B7.A8.D

【導語】本文是一篇說明文。美國埃文斯頓西北大學的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的方法來分解那些難以分解

的PFASo

5.Co推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“…mostdegradationmethodsrequireharshprocessesusingintense

pressure-insomecasesover22megapascals-orextremelyhightemperatures-sometimesupwardsof

l,000℃一tobreakthechemicalbonds”可知，以前的那些分解方法需要高壓高溫，因此很難操作。

6.Bo細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“…andhisteamexperimentedwithtwosubstancesfoundinnearlyevery

chemistrylab:sodiumhydroxide（氫氧化鈉）同soknownaslye,andasolvent（溶齊（J）calledDMSO”可知，William

Dichtel團隊使用了兩種很常見的物質(zhì)。

7.Ao細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的《Whathappenednextwasunexpected,'Dichtelsaid.Thelossoftheacid

helpeddegradethechemicalsintofluorideions（氟離子）andsmallercarboncontainingproducts,leavingbehindno

harmfulbyproducts.”可知，他們沒預(yù)料到會有非常環(huán)保的化學反應(yīng)發(fā)生。

8.Do推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Thebiggestquestionishowthiscouldbeadaptedandscaled

up.Understandingthismechanismisjustonestepinundoingforeverchemicals,*Salessaid.“可知，ChrisSales認為

想要廣泛地應(yīng)用這個方法還需要很多研究。

3.（江西省宜豐中學2023年高三試題）

Somepeoplesaythattheplanetisgettingsmaller,thattherearefewplaceslefttoexplore,andthattheageof

explorationwillbeoversoon.

Iwouldargueinsteadthattherehasneverbeenagreaterneedtoexplore.Thafsbecausethestageforall

explorationisthenaturalworld,andnatureisexperiencingarapiddecline.Itisbyexploringthatweunderstand

andwhenweunderstandwedevelopanappreciationforwhatisfound.Ultimately,onlythethingsweappreciate

areworthprotecting.

Asthegoldenageofexplorationweakens,sodoestherichnessoflifeonEarth.Itisn?tjustthattherearefewer

blankareasonthemap;itisthatwildplacesandspaceshavebeenprogressivelycarvedup（瓜分）.Visitingthe

OkavangoDeltaorKalahariDesert,forexample,nolongerimpliesaselfsupportedexpedition.Fieldstationspop

upinimportantnationalparksandremotesensingbysatellitebeesmonplace.

Inthenextcentury,Ibelievewewillneedlargerandwilderareas.Wewillneedthewilderness,notjustforthe

protectionofit,butbecauseitisanimportantpartoftheecosystemsfromwhichwegainournecessitieslikeclean

water,foodandmaterials.Ifwesucceed,thenexpeditions-brieftravelsintothewildthatseektoanswer

questions,monitorpopulations,andinspireaction——willhavearenewedsenseofpurpose.Moreimportantly,they

greatlyhelpthepublicexperience,understandandappreciatenature.

Basedonmyownresearchexpeditionwhichaimstounderstand“edgeeffects”-howthechangesin

temperatureatforestedgesimpactanimals,Ifinditimportantthattoday'sscientistscontinuetospendtimeinthe

field.Itisherethattheybegintounderstandhowseeminglyunrelatedenvironmentalinteractionsinfluencetheir

studysystem.Sometimes,ifsdifficulttoknowwhichisimportanttomeasureuntilyoustandoutthereontheforest

edge.

Itistheyounggenerationthatisthemainforcetoleadthenextwaveofexpeditions.Themeasureoftheir

successwillbewhethertherearestillwellpreservedwildplacesforexpeditionsinthefuture.Theirleadershipis

needednow,morethanever.

9.Whafsthepurposeofthistext?

A.Tosuggestunderstandingnaturebykeepingexploring.

B.Toadvisepeoplenottotraveltounknownplaces.

C.Toinformusaboutthereducedbiodiversity.

D.Tocallonthepublictosupportthestudy.

10.WhatcanweknowabouttheexpeditioninwildspacesfromParagraph3?

A.Itisdifficultforexplorerstomakeprogress.

B.Itismoreaccessiblewiththehelpoftechnology.

C.Itpromotesthedevelopmentofsatellitetechnology.

D.Itrequiresexplorerstotakesufficientheavyequipment.

11.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“popup“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Appearunexpectedly.B.Closetemporarily.

C.Developquickly.D.Differgreatly.

12.Whatdoestheauthorrealizeafterhisresearchexpedition?

A.Thesignificanceofscientists5fieldtrip.

B.Thedifficultyofcarryingoutfieldwork.

C.Theneedtoexpandtheedgesofforests.

D.Theinfluenceofhisstudyontheenvironment.

【答案】9.A10.B11.A12.A

【導語】本文是說明文，文章主要介紹了科學家實地探索來了解自然的重要性。通過探索，人們才能理解

并欣賞值得保護的東西。

9.推理判斷題o通讀全文，尤其是第二段"Iwouldargueinsteadthattherehasneverbeenagreaterneedto

explore.Thafsbecausethestageforallexplorationisthenaturalworld,andnatureisexperiencingarapiddecline.

Itisbyexploringthatweunderstandandwhenweunderstandwedevelopanappreciationforwhatisfound.

Ultimately,onlythethingsweappreciateareworthprotecting.（相反，我想說的是，從未有過更大的探索需求。

這是因為所有探索的舞臺都是自然界，而自然界正在經(jīng)歷迅速的衰退。正是通過探索，我們理解了，當我

們理解了，我們就會對所發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西產(chǎn)生欣賞。最終，只有我們欣賞的東西才值得保護。戶和第四段“Ifwe

succeed,thenexpeditions——brieftravelsintothewildthatseektoanswerquestions,monitorpopulations,and

inspireaction-willhavearenewedsenseofpurpose.Moreimportantly,theygreatlyhelpthepublicexperience,

understandandappreciatenature.（如果我們成功了，那么探險隊----短暫的野外旅行，尋求回答問題、監(jiān)測種

群并激勵行動——將有新的目標感。更重要的是，它們極大地幫助公眾體驗、理解和欣賞自然。廣可推知,

文章的寫作目的是建議通過不斷探索來了解自然。故選A。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中"VisitingtheOkavangoDeltaorKalahariDesert,forexample,nolongerimplies

aselfsupportedexpedition.Fieldstationspopupinimportantnationalparksandremotesensingbysatellitebees

monplace.（例如，訪問奧卡萬戈三角洲或卡拉哈里沙漠，就不再意味著自力更生的探險。在重要的國家公園

里都會出現(xiàn)野外觀測站，利用衛(wèi)星進行遙感也會變得很普遍。）”可推知，在技術(shù)的幫助下，野外探險更加容

易到達，故選B。

11.詞句猜測題。劃線詞組上文講到"VisitingtheOkavangoDeltaorKalahariDesert,forexample,nolonger

impliesaselfsupportedexpedition.（例如，參觀奧卡萬戈三角洲或卡拉哈里沙漠,不再意味著自力更生的探險

可知，野外探險不再是自力更生的探險，因此推斷劃線詞組所在句子“Fieldstationspopupinimportant

nationalparksandremotesensingbysatellitebeesmonplace.”的意思是：在重要的國家公園里出現(xiàn)了野外觀測

站，衛(wèi)星遙感變得司空見慣。說明在在技術(shù)的幫助下，野外探險容易了，可知第三段中帶下劃線的部分的

意思是“突然出現(xiàn)"，故選A。

12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Basedonmyownresearchexpeditionwhichaimstounderstand"edgeeffects^^

——howthechangesintemperatureatforestedgesimpactanimals,Ifinditimportantthattoday?sscientists

continuetospendtimeinthefield.Itisherethattheybegintounderstandhowseeminglyunrelatedenvironmental

interactionsinfluencetheirstudysystem.Sometimes,ifsdifficulttoknowwhichisimportanttomeasureuntilyou

standouttherecmtheforestedge.（根據(jù)我自己的研究考察，目的是了解“邊緣效應(yīng)”---森林邊緣溫度的變化

如何影響動物，我發(fā)現(xiàn)今天的科學家繼續(xù)花時間在這個領(lǐng)域是很重要的。正是在這里，他們開始理解看似

無關(guān)的環(huán)境相互作用如何影響他們的學習系統(tǒng)。有時候，在你站在森林邊緣之前，很難知道哪個是重要的

測量值。戶可推知，作者在研究探險之后意識到了科學家實地考察的意義。故選A。

4.（2023年湖南省婁底市名校聯(lián)考信息卷）

InJanuary,2021,theicemakingworkonthe“IceRibbon”,alandmarkvenuefortheBeijingWinterOlympics,

waspleted.

IntheWinterOlympics,whereracescanbewonorlostbyasmalltimegap,tinyimperfectionsintheicecan

makeallthedifferences."It'snotjustahunkoficelikeyou'dnormallythinkof,likeicecubessittinginyour

freezer/toldKennethGolden,aU.S.mathematicianwhostudiesthestructuresofice."It'samuchmore

fascinatingandplexsubstancethanpeoplewouldnormallythink.”

Thefirststepforbuildinganyicerinkistopurifythewatertoremovedissolvedsolidslikesaltsandminerals.

Suchimpuritiesdon'tfitintheregularhexagonal（六邊形的）structureoficethatformsaswaterfreezes.Thepurer

thewater,themoreconsistenttheicesurface.

Inadditiontotheneedforexcellenceintherawmaterialsoficemaking,technologyisalsoveryimportant,As

oneofthemostadvancedtechnologiesforwintersportsvenues,acarbondioxidecoolingtechnologyhasbeen

appliedonalargescalefortheBeijingWinterOlympicGames.CO2,isnotnewwhenitestoicemaking.However,

ithasbeengraduallyreplacedbythemanmaderefrigerant,likeFreon.

Withincreasingattentiontowardclimatechange,theoldrefrigeranthaseintouseagain.Asanelementofthe

atmosphere,CO2,doesn'tdamagetheozonelayer.AlthoughCO2isagreenhousegas,itsgreenhouseeffectismuch

lowerthanthatofothersyntheticrefrigerants.TheWinterOlympicsvenuesadoptedCO2insteadofFreonasa

refrigerantinicemaking,whichwillreducecarbondioxideemissionsgreatly.

“WebelievethesetechnologicalinnovationswillbringBeijing2022tospectatorsallovertheworldinamore

impressiveway."toldGaoBofromtheMediaOperationsDepartmentoftheBeijingOrganizingmitteeforthe

2022OlympicandParalympicWinterGames.

13.Whatistheresultofimpuritiesinwaterforicemaking?

A.Thewaterisn'tabletofreezepletely.

B.Thequalityoftheicewillbeaffected.

C.Theicesurfacewillbemoreconsistent.

D.Ifslikelyforathletestofallontheice.

14.WhyhasCO2coolingtechnologybeenappliedfortheWinterOlympicGames?

A.It'sthemostadvancedtechnologyforicemaking.

B.CO2ismoreefficientthanotherrefrigerants.

C.CO2ismoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanFreon.

D.CO2hasalreadyexistedintheatmosphere.

15.WhatisGaoBo'sattitudetoCO2beingappliedtoicemaking?

A.Unclear.B.Opposed.C.Doubtful.D.Favorable.

16.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheBeijingWinterOlympicGamesAreing

B.BeneathOlympicIce

C.TheUseofRefrigerantsinOlympicGames

D.TheStructureofIce

【答案】13.B14.C15.D16.B

【導語】本文是說明文。主要介紹了北京冬奧會在制冰的原料和技術(shù)上的精益求精，既要保證冰的純凈又

要保證其環(huán)保。

【詳解】1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“Suchimpuritiesdon'tEtintheregularhexagonalstructureofice

thatformsaswaterfreezes.Thepurerthewater,themoreconsistenttheicesurfaced這種雜質(zhì)不適合于水結(jié)冰時

形成的常規(guī)六邊形結(jié)構(gòu)。水越純凈，冰面越穩(wěn)定。）”可知，這些雜質(zhì)不適合水結(jié)冰時形成的規(guī)則的六邊形結(jié)

構(gòu)。水越純凈，冰面就越堅固，即水中的雜質(zhì)會使冰的質(zhì)量受到影響。故選B。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段中的"Asanelementoftheatmosphere,CO2doesn'tdamagetheozone

layer.TheWinterOlympicsvenuesadoptedCO2insteadofFreonasarefrigerantinicemaking,whichwillreduce

carbondioxideemissionsgreatly（作為大氣中的一種元素，二氧化碳不會破壞臭氧層。盡管二氧化碳是一種溫

室氣體，但其溫室效應(yīng)遠低于其他合成制冷劑，冬奧會場館在制冰過程中采用二氧化碳代替氟利昂作為制

冷劑，將大大減少二氧化碳的排放。）”可知，二氧化碳冷卻技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于冬奧會是因為二氧化碳比氟利昂更

環(huán)保。故選C。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的"WebelievethesetechnologicalinnovationswillbringBeijing2022to

spectatorsallovertheworldinamoreimpressiveway（我們認為這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新將以一種更令人印象深刻的方式

將北京2022年冬奧會帶給全世界的觀眾。y可知，高博認為這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新將以一種更令人印象深刻的方式

將北京2022年冬奧會帶給全世界的觀眾。由此可推斷，高博對二氧化碳用于制冰持支持態(tài)度。故選D。

4.主旨大意題。通讀全文并結(jié)合文章第一段“InJanuary,2021,theicemakingworkonthe"IceRibbon^^,a

landmarkvenuefortheBeijingWinterOlympics,waspleted.（2021年1月，北京冬奧會標志性場館"冰絲帶"的

制冰工程竣工。）”可知，本文主要介紹的是北京冬奧會的冰及在制冰的原料和技術(shù)上的高標準，故Beneath

OlympicIce（奧運會冰的秘密）適合作本文的標題。故選B。

5.（廣東省深圳市羅湖區(qū)部分學校20232024學年高三試題）

Anyonecanbelateahandfuloftimes,buttobethepersonwhoisalwayslatethafsanart,afrustratingart.Or,a

sideeffectofyourpersonalitytraits,scientistshavefound.

Sowhatisitthatcausessomepeopletoconstantlymisstrains,makeittotheweddingjustafterthebride's

shownupandregularlyannoytheirfriends?Andwhyisitsohardforustofixit?”Thereareallsortsof

punishmentsforbeinglate,andtheparadoxisthatwearelateevenwhenthosepunishmentsandconsequences

exist."saidJustinKruger,asocialpsychologistatNewYorkUniversity.

Oneofthemonestreasonswhypeoplearefrequentlylateisthattheyfailtoaccuratelyjudgehowlongatask

willtakesomethingknownastheplanningfallacy（謬誤）.Researchhasshownthatpeopleonaverage

underestimatethetimetopleteataskbyasignificant40percent.

Anothertraitisthatforeverlateersaremorelikelytobemultitaskers.Ina2003studyrunbyJeffContefrom

SanDiegoStateUniversityfoundthatoutof181subwayoperatorsinNewYorkCity,thosewhopreferred

multitaskingweremoreoftenlatefortheirjob.Thisisbecausemultitaskingmakesithardertohavetheawareness

ofwhatyou'redoing.Contealsodiscoveredthereisapersonalitytypethafsmorelikelytobelate.Whilehighly

strung（緊張不安），achievementorientedTypeAindividualsaremorepossibletobepunctual.TypeBindividuals,

however,whoaremorelaidback（漫不經(jīng)心），haveahigherchancetobelate.

Admittedly,knowingallofthisdoesn'tnecessarilyhelpfixtheproblem.Butscientistsarestartingtoworkon

strategiesthatcanslowlyimproveourpunctuality.Forpeoplewhoconstantlyunderestimatetasks,breakingdown

anactivityintodetailedstepscanhelppeopleestimatehowlongsomethingwilltakemoreaccurately.Asforyour

personalitytype,unfortunately,thereisn'tmuchyoucandotochangethat.Butacceptingthatyouneedtostruggle

foritmayjusthelp.Acceptance,afterall,isthefirststeptochange.

17.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“paradox“meaninparagraph2?

A.Strategy.B.Argument.C.Solution.D.Puzzle.

18.Whatisapossiblefeatureofforeverlateers?

A.Theyplantospendmoretimeonatask.

B.Theytacklemorethanonetaskatatime.

C.Theysufferfromconcentrationdifficulties.

D.Theyhavehighexpectationsforachievements.

19.Whichadvicecanbegiventopeoplewhoarealwayslate?

A.Learntoacceptwhoyouare.B.Changeyourpersonalitytype.

C.Divideataskintosmallerones.D.Keeptothetimetableaccurately.

20.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Timemanagementcontributestosuccess.

B.Lateersshouldbeseverelypunished.

C.One'salwaysbeinglateislinkedtopersonality.

D.Changingpersonalityhelpsimprovepunctuality.

【答案】17.D18.B19.C20.C

【導語】本文為一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了遲到的原因可能能與性格特征相關(guān)，并提出了一些相應(yīng)的策

略。

17.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段劃線詞paradox前文的內(nèi)容“Thereareallsortsofpunishmentsforbeing

late（對于遲到，有各種各樣的懲罰）”和后文的內(nèi)容“wearelateevenwhenthosepunishmentsandconsequences

exist.（即使存在懲罰和后果，我們?nèi)匀粫t到）”可知，前文提出遲到了會有相應(yīng)的懲罰，后文提出即使受到

懲罰，但我們還是會遲到，故此處的劃線詞與D項“令人費解的事、難題”意思相近，遲到了會受到懲罰，

令人費解的就是即使有懲罰，我們?nèi)匀粫t到，故選D。

18.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段"AnothertraitisthatforeverlateersaremoreHkelytobemultitaskers.（永遠遲

到的人的另一個特點可能是多重任務(wù)的）“可知，永遠遲到的人的特點可能是一次要處理很多任務(wù)，是多重任

務(wù)的，故選B。

19.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段"Butscientistsarestartingtoworkonstrategiesthatcanslowlyimproveour

punctuality.Forpeoplewhoconstantlyunderestimatetasks,breakingdownanactivityintodetailedstepscanhelp

peopleestimatehowlongsomethingwilltakemoreaccurately.（對于那些經(jīng)常低估任務(wù)的人來說，將一項任務(wù)分

解成詳細的步驟可以幫助人們準確地估計這項任務(wù)花的時間。）”可知，對于那些經(jīng)常遲到的人，他們可以將

任務(wù)分解成一些小任務(wù)，從而更好的估計任務(wù)所花費的時間，故選C。

20.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段"Anyonecanbelateahandfuloftimes,buttobethepersonwhoisalwayslate

thafsanart,afrustratingart.Or,asideeffectofyourpersonalitytraits,scientistshavefound.（任何人者可B能遲至U

幾次，但要成為一個總是遲到的人，這是一門藝術(shù)，一門令人沮喪的藝術(shù)。或者，科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是你性

格特征點副作用。）”以及后文對遲到人的特征的分析可知，本文主要介紹遲到可能是與性格相關(guān)的，故選C。

6.（廣東省深圳市羅湖區(qū)部分學校20232024學年高三試題）

Nexttimeyou'rehavingtroublesolvingatrickypuzzle,consideraskinganearbybumblebee.

AnewstudyinthejournalPLOSBiologyfindsthatbumblebeescanlearncertainbehaviorsfromeachother,

suggestingthesesocialinsectshaveacapacityforwhatwehumanscall“culture.”

Inthepastcoupleofdecades,agrowingbodyofevidencehasshownthatanimalslikechimpsandbirdsshow

behaviorsoflearning.Ifwhattheylearnlastsforalongtime,itturnsintoatradition.Andcultureismadeupof

multipletraditions."'Bumblebees,though,havesomeofthemostplexbehavioralabilities,nobody'sreallythought

tolookatcultureinsuchinsectsandgenerallyassumethey'remostlydrivenbyinbornfactorsinstead,saysAlice

Bridges,abehavioralecologistatAngliaRuskinUniversityinEngland.

Toprovethemwrong,Bridgesbuiltapuzzlebox,whosebaseheldthereward:adropofsupersweetsugar

water.Theboxwasdesignedwitharotating（旋轉(zhuǎn)）topthatcanberotatedbypushingeitheronaredtabclockwise

orabluetabanticlockwise.Somebeesweretrainedtopushtheredtabtogetthesugarwaterwhileotherspushed

theblueone.Then,thesetutorbeeswereplacedinsidedifferentcolonies（蜂群），alongwiththepuzzleboxes.

Theexperimentultimatelyplayeditselfout.Incolonieswherethetutorbeehadoriginallylearnedtopushthe

redtab,theotherbeesinthecolonyusuallypushedtheredtab.Incolonieswherethetutorbeewastrainedtopush

thebluetab,theirfellowbeesalsotendedtodothesame.Incontrast,inthecontrolgroupswithouttutors,thebees

sometimeslearnedhowtoopentheboxes,butmostofthemwoulddoitonceortwiceandthenneveragain.4tThey

perhapshadn'tquitemadethelinkbetweentheirbehaviorandthereward,Bridgessupposes.

“Manyofusconsiderourselvestoberatherspecial...becausewehaveculture,wecanlearnandwe'resocial,

Bridgessays."Butnowitturnsoutthateventhebeealsohasculture,whichisanunfbrtabletruth:humanculture,

oncethoughtunique,doesnotemerge4outoftheblue'buthasobviouslybuiltondeepevolutionaryfoundations.

21.Whatispeople'smonattitudetobumblebeeshavingculture?

A.Positive.B.Indifferent.C.Interested.D.Doubtful.

22.WhydoesBridgesplacetrainedbeesinsidedifferentcolonies?

A.Totesttheirlearningcapabilityinnewsettings.

B.Toseeiftheywillspreadthesecretoftheboxes.

C.Toevaluatetheirrulingpowerinvariousgroups.

D.Toobserveiftheywillsharetheirfoodwithpeers.

23.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningthestudy?

A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Implicationsonculturalorigins.

C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Suggestionsforfuturedirections.

24.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.HumanCultureIsLosingItsUniqueness

B.Bee'sBehaviorBuildsonBiologicalFactors

C.CultureMayBePresentAmongBumblebees

D.Animals'EvolutionMayStartFromColonies

【答案】21.D22.B23.B24.C

【導語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大黃蜂具有人類所說的文化的能力。

20.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“"Bumblebees,though,havesomeofthemostplexbehavioralabilities,nobody's

reallythoughttolookatcultureinsuchinsectsandgenerallyassumethey'remostlydrivenbyinbornfactors

instead,saysAliceBridges,abehavioralecologistatAngliaRuskinUniversityinEngland.（英國AngliaRuskin大

學的行為生態(tài)學家AliceBridges說：“盡管大黃蜂有一些最復(fù)雜的行為能力，但沒有人真正考慮過這種昆蟲

的文化，通常認為它們主要是由先天因素驅(qū)動的?？芍?，人們通常認為大黃蜂的文化是由先天因素驅(qū)動

的，對大黃蜂具有文化持有懷疑的態(tài)度。故選D。

21.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五