ForeignizationandDomesticationinEnvironmentalDescriptionofZhangGuruo’sVersionofTessoftheD'UrbervillesAbstract:Thedomesticationandforeignizationtheory,originatingfromalectureofFriedrichSchleiermacher,wasformallyproposedlaterbyLawrenceVenutiin1995inhisbook,TheTranslator’sInvisibility-Ahistoryoftranslation.Sincethen,domesticationandforeignizationhaslongbeenundercontinuousdiscussions.Asfordomestication,itrecommendsafluenttranslationwhichistominimizetheforeignnessofthesourcetextstotargetreaders,whileforeignizationistomaintaintheoriginalflavoroftheoriginaltexts.Thisthesis,basedonthetheory,aimstohaveananalysisontheChineseversionofThomasHardy’sTessoftheD’UrbervillestranslatedbyZhangGuruo,whohasmadegreatinfluenceonChinesetranslationhistory.WhilepaststudiesonZhang’stranslationarealittlegeneral,thisthesisattemptstoconductamorespecificanalysisonitsenvironmentaldescriptionstofindoutZhang’spreferenceonadoptionsofdomesticatingandforeignzingmethodsintranslation.AfteranalyzingZhang’stranslationinlexicallevel,syntacticallevelandculturallevel,itmakesaconclusionthat,makingfulluseoftheuniquecharacteristicsofChineseitself,thetranslationmethodthatZhangGuruoadoptspertainstodomesticatingtranslationnotonlyinthewayinwhichlanguageworks,butalsointhewayinwhichitisrelatedtothesociety,customs,andart.Keywords:foreignization;domestication;TessoftheD’Urbervilles;environmentaldescription從歸化異化角度看張谷若之《德伯家的苔絲》譯本中的環(huán)境描寫摘要：歸化與異化理論來源于弗里德里?！な┤R爾馬赫的一次演講，并在之后由勞倫斯·維努蒂正式在其1995年出版的《譯者的隱形—翻譯史論》中提出。自從該書出版以來，有關(guān)歸化異化理論的研究討論持續(xù)不斷。歸化，作為一種翻譯方法，偏向于翻譯的流暢度以達(dá)到減弱譯文中對(duì)于目標(biāo)語讀者來說的的非本土氣息；而異化，則相反，力求保留源語言文本中的外國(guó)情調(diào)。從該理論出發(fā)，本文對(duì)托馬斯·哈代的《德伯家的苔絲》的張谷若譯本進(jìn)行研究。張谷若對(duì)中國(guó)的翻譯歷程做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，因此也受到了大量的分析。由于對(duì)于該譯本的分析研究大多范圍寬泛，本文力圖劃定更細(xì)致的范圍，從該本中環(huán)境描寫的角度出發(fā)，從詞匯，句法，文化三個(gè)水平探討張谷若在翻譯中對(duì)于歸化與異化的偏向性。通過分析，本文得出結(jié)論，張谷若充分利用中文特色特點(diǎn)，不僅在語言層面上，更在文化層面上，展現(xiàn)了其屬于歸化理論的翻譯風(fēng)格。關(guān)鍵詞：異化；歸化；德伯家的苔絲；環(huán)境描寫ContentsAbstract ⅰ摘要 ⅱIntroduction 11Literaturereview 21.1DefinitionofForeignizationandDomestication 21.1.1DefinitionofForeignizationandDomesticationAbroad 21.1.2DefinitionofForeignizationandDomesticationinChina 31.2PreviousStudiesonZhangGuruo’sVersionofTessoftheD'UrbervillesundertheForeignizationandDomestication 32Theoreticalbasis:ForeignizationandDomestication 62.1Foreignization 62.2Domestication 73AnanalysisonadoptionofForeignizationandDomesticationinZhangGuruo’senvironmentaldescriptionsofthetranslation 83.1AbriefintroductiononZhang’stranslation 83.2ForeignizationandDomesticationinlexicallevel 83.3ForeignizationandDomesticationinsyntacticallevel 103.4ForeignizationandDomesticationinculturallevel 11Conclusion 12Bibliography 13Acknowledgements 15IntroductionTranslation,inLawrenceVenuti’scomprehension,is“aprocessbywhichthechainofsignifiersthatconstitutesthesource-languagetextisreplacedbyachainofsignifiersinthetargetlanguagewhichthetranslatorprovidedonthestrengthofantargetlanguagewhichthetranslatorproducesonthestrengthofaninterpretation,”(citedfrom:LawrenceVenuti,1995:17)[1],wasonceregardedasaprocessoftranscodingofonelanguagetoanother,butnowitisnotonlyamereliteraltransmissionbetweenlanguagesbutalsoaculturaltransferandinteraction.Aftertheargumentin1990sbetweenSusanBassnettandAndreLefevere,bothtranslationtheorists,inConstructingCultures,asthehottopicbeingdiscussedandstudiedforcenturies,twostrategiesdealingwithtranslation—literaltranslationandfreetranslation,latercalledforeignizationanddomesticationinculturallevelbyLawrenceVenuti—changedauthorities’focusfromthelinguisticleveltothecultural.Andthebirthofthetwoforms—foreignizationanddomestication,impactsthestudyoftranslationsogreatthattheyaresowidelyappliedeitherintranslationortranslationcritique.ThomasHardy,beingadistinguishedBritishnovelist,hasproducedfamousworkslikeTessoftheD’UrbervillesandJudetheObscure,whichmadehimawell-knownfigureandanexcellentnovelist.TheexposureofhisworktoChinabeganin1910s,andinlate1920s,thereweretranslationsofhisworkcomingout,ofwhichZhangGuruo’scontributiontothetranslationofTessoftheD’Urbervilleswasoneofthemostfamous.SomanystudieshasbeenmadeonZhang’sversionofTessoftheD’Urbervilles,andthereisaconsensusamongscholarsthatZhang’stranslationofthisbookshowspreferenceonDomesticatingTranslation,whenForeignizingTranslationisalsonotneglectedthoughtnotsooftenbeingusedcomparedwiththeformer.However,althoughsomanystudieshasbeenmade,mostarealittlebitgeneral,morespecificonesonspecialpartsofthisbookarerarelyseen.Therefore,inthisthesis,it’sattemptedtoplacemoreimportanceonamorespecificaspectofthebook—theenvironmentaldescription—soastoachieveadeeperlevelresearchonadoptionofDomesticationandForeignizationinZhang’stranslationofHardy’sTessoftheD'Urbervilles.1Literaturereview1.1DefinitionofForeignizationandDomesticationFordecades,studiesonchoosingforeignizationanddomesticationastwocommonesttranslatingtheorieshavebeenexperiencingcontinualandintensediscussions.However,thisresearchupsurgeseemsnotlikelytocooldown,instead,itwillforcertainproceedonthebasisofthoseinnumerateandvariouscontributionstothistopichavingbeenmadebypreviousscholars,andsodoesthisthesis.DefinitionofForeignizationandDomesticationAbroadGermantheologianandphilosopherFriedrichDanielErnstSchleiermacher,inalecturein1813,proposedsuchanopinionondifferentmethodsoftranslation:“thereareonlytwo.Eitherofthetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardshim;orheleavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim”(citedfrom:LawrenceVenuti,1995:20).[2]Thefirstmethod,inSchleiermacher’sview,isapatternofrepresentingdifferencesbetweenculturalandlinguisticpointsoftwolanguages,sendingreadersaboard,whilethesecondis,instead,anemphasisontargetculture,withloyaltytoit,bringingtheauthorhome.ForVenuti,Foreignizationreferstotranslationintheforeigntextsthatismarginalinthetargetculture,signifyingthedifferenceofthosetextsexcludedbywhatprevailsinthatculture.AndDomesticationmeansthestrategyoftranslation,replacingsource-languagefeatureswithtarget-languageonesinordertoobtainakindoffluentexpression,withthereferencetoEugeneAlbertNida,“thetranslatormustbeapersonwhocandrawasidethecurtainsoflinguisticandculturaldifferencessothatpeoplemayseeclearlytherelevanceoftheoriginalmessage.”(EugeneAlbertNidaandJandeWaard,1986).[3]ComprehensionofthetwotheoriesoftranslationhasaswellbeenexpressedbyMarkShuttleworthandMoiraCowie.Inbook,DictionaryofTranslatonStudies,domesticationdesignatesthetranslationstrategiesinwhichatransparentandfluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizetheforeignnessoftheSourceText(ST)forTargetText(TT)readers,whilethelatter(Foreignization)referstothetypeoftranslationinwhichaTargetText(TT)deliberatelybreakstargetconventionsandhenceretainssomethingoftheforeignnessoftheSourceText(ST).[4]OthertermsofForeignizationandDomesticationhavealsobeenproposedduringlastyears.“ProspectiveTranslation”and“RetrospectiveTranslation”advancedin1922byJohnPercivalPostgate(citedinMarkShuttleworth&MoiraCowie,1997:133,146)[5].Andlater,aftermorethan10decades,onthebasisofFriedrichSchleiermacher’sargument,LawrenceVenuti,inhisbookTheTranslator’sInvisibility:Ahistoryoftranslation,whichwaspublishedin1995,forthefirsttimeinthetranslationfield,proposedthetwoterms--“ForeignizingTranslation”and“DomesticatingTranslation”.Sincethen,definitionsfromdifferentscholarsofthetwotermshavegraduallyappeared,and,ascanbeseen,aresimilartoeachother.1.1.2DefinitionofForeignizationandDomesticationinChinaConceptsofForeignizationandDomesticationastranslatingtheoriesinChinadoesnotcompletelycomefromtheWest.DatingbacktoHanDynasty,termstoexpresssimilarmeaning--“Wen”and“Zhi”--havealreadyexisted.(ChenFukang,2000:8)[6]Andaftersometime,itdevelopedintotheLiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation,whichwasequilibratedbythemonkXuanZangandwascomplimentedbyLiangQichaothathecarriedoutthecombinationofthetwotranslationmethodssowellthatnoonehadeverdonebetterinthisworkthanhim”Lateron,“guihua”(inChinese)and“yihua”(inChinese)wereproposedandrecordedintoModernChineseDictionary.Besides,takeLuXunforinstance,thoughhavingnotgivingthedefinitions,cleardistinctionsbetweenthetwotranslatingtheorieshavealreadybeenmade--“beforetranslating,thetranslatorhastomakeadecision:eithertoadapttheoriginaltextortoretainasmuchaspossibletheforeignflavoroftheoriginaltext”.(citedinLuoXinzhang,1984:315)[7]AlthoughwiththosedifferentversionsofexplanationsonForeignizationandDomestication,whetherathomeorabroad,similaritiesalwayslieamongthemthatDomesticationpreferstargetlanguageandcultureinlargerextentwhileForeignizationshowsmorepreferenceonthesourcelanguageandculture.1.2PreviousStudiesonZhangGuruo’sVersionofTessoftheD'UrbervillesundertheForeignizationandDomesticationBeingoneofthegreatmastersandrepresentativepersonagesinEnglishnovelsandpoems,ThomasHardy,haswrittenoutoneofhismasterpieces--TessoftheD'Urbervilles(1891).Foritsbeautifulcontentandthewritingstylefullofaestheticart,thisnovel,afteritspublication,hasbeentranslatedintovariouslanguages.InChina,ScholarZhangGuruotranslateditintoChineseasearlyas1935.Sincethen,studiesontheversionofthatbookneverstopthestepandsomeofthemwillbeshowninthispartofthethesis.In2006,XiaNingstudiedZhang’sversionofthisbookwiththefocusontheusingofForeignizingTranslation.Xiaanalyzeshistranslationfromtwolevels--languageandculture.ExcerptsoftheoriginalbookandtranslationXiaselectsarelike:Andaseachandallofthemwerewarmedwithoutbythesun,soeachhadaprivatelittlesunforhersoultobaskin.(ThomasHardy,1978,50)[8]和暖的太陽(yáng)，從外面照耀在他們?nèi)w里頭個(gè)個(gè)人的身上，同時(shí)她們每人心里，也各自有個(gè)小小的太陽(yáng)，暖意融融。（張谷若譯,1935,11）[9]Ihavebeenwatchingyoufromoverthewall--sittinglikeIm--patienceonamonument，andpoutingupthatprettyredmouthtowhistlingshape...(ThomasHardy,1997,51)[10]我瞧你坐在那兒，撮起那鮮紅的嘴唇兒，噗阿噗地吹一陣，又偷偷地自己罵一陣，永遠(yuǎn)也吹不出個(gè)調(diào)子來，你就好像一個(gè)石碑上不耐煩的女神(1)一樣。（張谷若譯,2003:73）[11]注釋：(1)石碑上不耐煩的女神，原文Im--patienceonamonument，系由莎士比亞的《第十二夜》里第2幕第4場(chǎng)第116行Patienceonamonument（石碑上的忍耐女神）變來。[12]AnalyzingZhang’susing“verbose”expressionandannotation,Xia’sthesisconcludesthatZhang’smethodofForeignizationintranslationrepresentsnotonlyonthelanguagelevelbutalsoontheaspectofculturaldifferences.Exceptanalysisofthesingletranslatingmethod,takingbothtranslatingtheoriesastheviewpoint,Xiaagainpublishedapaperin2011named“OntheTranslationStrategiesinZhangGuruo’sTranslationofTessoftheD'Urbervilles”.Thistime,Xiaextendsherattentiontoboththeoriesratherthanone--Domesticationinlexicalchoice,syntaxandgrammaraswellasdialogues,andForeignizationinallusionsandcomplementofinformation--bycomparingwithotherversionsofthatbook,suchasSunZhili’sandSunFali’s,examplesarelike:TitleTranslation:OriginaltitlesByZhangGuruo(1984)BySunFali(1993)BySunZhili(2001)TheMaiden白璧無瑕處女純真少女TheWomanPays癡心女人懲罰女人吃虧TheRally旗鼓重整新生振作精神SentenceTranslation:‘ThreeleahstogetoneRachel,’hewhispered.(Hardy,1992:202)譯文一：“三個(gè)利亞都為的是一個(gè)拉結(jié)呀，”他打著喳喳說。注：《舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》第28章里說，一撒叫雅各到他外祖家里，娶他母舅拉班的女兒之一為妻。第29章里說，雅各到了拉班家，拉班有兩個(gè)女兒，利亞和拉結(jié)。雅各愛拉結(jié)，為拉班工作了7年，愿得拉結(jié)為妻。但拉班卻先妻以利亞，于是他為得到拉結(jié)，又工作了7年。（張谷若譯，1984：175）[13]譯文二：“三個(gè)利亞，討得一個(gè)拉結(jié)?！笨巳R爾小聲說道。注：據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》第29章，雅各為了娶意中人拉結(jié)為妻，不得不先娶拉結(jié)的姐姐利亞。（孫致禮譯，2001：129）[14]Incomparison,XiamoredeeplystudiesusingofthetwotheoriesinZhang’stranslation.Andmorecomprehensiveconclusionsisdrawnthatboththeoriesareessentialinthetranslation,andimportancedependsonwhichkindofparttheyareusedfortranslating.AsamestudywasalsomadebyZhangZhaoxia,whopublishedthethesisin2010.AfteranalyzingZhangGuruo’stranslation,herthesisfinallycametoaconclusionthatthetranslatortranslatedTessoftheD'Urbervillesbothusingthetwomethods,whileForeignizationwasmoreusedinculturetranslatingandDomesticationinlinguisticparts.Asforexcerptsintheses,Zhangrepresentedherselectioninthreelevels--words,grammar,andculture:Theagedandlichenedbrickgablesbreathedforth‘stay!’Thewindowssmiled,thedoorcoaxedandbeckoned,thecreeperblushedconfederacy.(ThomasHardy,1997)[15]那些年深日久，長(zhǎng)滿青苔的磚砌山墻，都輕柔地吐出“別走”的字句，窗戶都微微含笑，門戶都甘言引誘，舉手招呼，長(zhǎng)青藤也都因?yàn)榘抵型\，滿面出現(xiàn)赧顏。（張谷若譯，2003）[16]Havingthenaturalfeelingofatradesmanatfindingthatajobheshouldhavebeencalledinforhadbeenunskillfullybotchedbyhiscustomersamongthemselves,hewasdisposedtosayno.(ThomasHardy,1997)[17]他剛一聽這些話，心里只覺得，本來應(yīng)該請(qǐng)自己做的一件差事，卻叫主顧們胡來亂鬧，茍且了事，這種買賣人的心理，本來使他想要回答說不一樣。（張谷若譯，2003）[18]“Wasitnotprovednineteenhundredyearsago--ifImaytrespassyourdomainalittle?”（ThomasHardy,1997）[19]“讓我來班門弄斧，說一句你們那一行的話吧：這種并行不悖的事實(shí)，不是一千九百年以前就有人證明過了嗎？”（張谷若譯，2003）[20]SincesomanystudieshasbeenmadefocusingongeneraladoptionofForeignizationandDomesticationinZhang’stranscript,inthisthesis,moreemphasiswillbeplacedonthetranslationondetaileddescriptionontheenvironmentratherthanontheoveralloriginalmanuscript,whichtriestoseeZhang’sunderstandingoftheusageinamoredeeperlevel,representedindetaileddescriptions.2Theoreticalbasis:ForeignizationandDomestication2.1ForeignizationForSaintJerome,whoproposedakindofmodeoftranslation,nowbeingcalledtheJeromemode,whichistypicallyexemplifiedintheBiblethattranslatingshouldbedonewiththeutmostfidelity.However,differentfromconcepttoday,theearlyconceptoffidelityreferredtointerlineartranslation,whichmeantthetranslationwastobewrittenrightunderwordstobetranslated,whileatpresent,thekernelofitisthequalityofbeingfaithful.Inthelecturein1813,anargumentwasproposedbyFriedrichSchleiermacher.Hementionedthatthewayoftranslationinforeignizationstylewasonewayoftranslatingthatwasto“l(fā)eavetheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardshim”(LawrenceVenuti,1995:20).[21]Itissuchamethodthatinwhichdistinctionsoftwolanguagesintheculturalandlinguisticaspectsaretobemanifestedandhighlightedsothatreadersaresurroundedbyforeignflavor.Theform“foreignization”wasfirstformallycomeupwithbyLawrenceVenuti.AsVenuti(1995)suggested,foreignizingtranslationequaledtoatranslationmethodinwhichdifferencesintheforeigntextwerepresentedandemphasized.However,itwasachievedonlythroughnothingbutpreventingtheculturalcodesfromtheusualwayitworkinginthetargetlanguage,sothatexperienceofreadingtextsweredeflectedenoughfromthenativecustomarymodetoanalienforeignreadingmode.[22]AccordingtoDictionaryofTranslationStudies(1997),foreignizingtranslation,alsocalledminoritizingtranslation,iswrittentobeatermusedbyVenuti(1995)todesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.[23]Referringtothedictionary,suchastrategywouldentailnotonlyafreedomfromabsoluteobediencetotargetlinguisticandtextualconstraints,butalsowhereappropriatetheselectionofanon-fluent,opaquestyleandthedeliberateinclusionofSLREALIAorTLARCHAISMS[24];thecumulativeeffectofsuchfeatureswouldbetoprovideTLreaderswithan“alienreadingexperience”(LawrenceVenuti,1995:20)[25].2.2DomesticationQuintusHoratiusFlaccus,knownasHoraceinEnglishisaleadingRomanpoet.AmodeoftranslationhasbeenonceputforwardbyHoraceandnowiscalledtheHoracemodewhichpredatedtheJeromemodebuthadbeenovershadowedbyitformorethanadecade.Onmanyoccasions,Horacehaseverquoted“'fidusinterpres'wasnotfaithfultoatext,buttohiscustomers,andtheywerehiscustomersonlyinHorace'stime.A'fidus'translatororinterpreterwasonewhocouldbetrusted,whogotthejobdoneontimeandtothesatisfactionofbothparties.Todoso,hehadtonegotiatebetweentwoclientsandtwolanguages,ifhewasaninterpreter;orbetweenapatronandtwolanguagesifhewasatranslator.”(SusanBassnett,AndréLefevere,1998:3)[26]Andthenegotiationhere,againstthefaithfulnesstraditionallyadoptedbysomanytranslators,isthecentralconcept.FriedrichSchleiermachermentionedthedomestication-styletranslationinhislecturein1813thatatranslatorcould“l(fā)eavethereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim”(citedfrom:LawrenceVenuti,1995:20).[27]Itisastyleoftranslationputtinganemphasisontargetculture,withloyaltytoit,bringingtheauthorhome.AccordingtoLawrenceVenuti(1995),whofirstlyformallycameupwiththeform“domestication”,suggestedthedomesticatingtheoriesastheoriesrecommendingfluenttranslating,andbyproducingtheillusionoftransparency,afluenttranslationmasqueradedastruesemanticequivalencewhenitinfaceinscribedtheforeigntextwithapartialinterpretation,partialtoEnglish-languagevalues,reducingifnotsimplyexcludingtheverydifferencethattranslationwascalledontoconvey.[28]AccordingtoDictionaryofTranslationStudies(1997),domesticatingtranslationissuggestedtobeatermoftranslationfieldusedbyVenuti(1995)todescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparentandfluentstyle,inscribingculturalvaluesandlinguisticscustomsofthetargetlanguageintheforeigntextsinainvisibleway,wasadoptedsoastoeliminateasmuchaspossiblethestrangenessintheoriginaltextsfortargetlanguagereadersandmakereadersfeellikehomewhenrecognizingfamiliarculturalcodes.3AnanalysisonadoptionofForeignizationandDomesticationinZhangGuruo’senvironmentaldescriptionsofthetranslationFollowingtheoriesofvariousauthoritiesandscholars,anelaborateanalysiswillbemadeonZhangGuruo’stranslationofTessofD’Urbervilles.Inthispart,thisthesiswillfirstlyhaveanintroductiononZhang’stranslation,andthenwillanalyzetheadoptionofforeignizationanddomesticationinenvironmentaldescriptionsinthreelevels—lexical,syntacticalandculturallevels.3.1AbriefintroductiononZhang’stranslationDedicatedtotranslatingBritishliterature,in1930sZhangfinishedthetranslationofTessoftheD’UrbervillesandTheReturnoftheNative,afterwhichanothertranslationofworkbyThomasHardy,JudetheObscure,wasaccomplishedin1958.Forviewsontranslating,Zhangdiscussedthistopicinthreeessays—“OnTranslatingIdiomaticOriginalsintoIdiomaticTargetLanguage”(《地道的原文，地道的譯文》)(1980),“EssaysontheTranslationTechniques”(《譯藝譚》)（1985）and“MyCareerasaTranslator”(《談我的翻譯生涯》)(1989).Zhang’sunderstandingontranslatingcanbegenerallysummedupintofouraspectsthatagoodtranslatorshouldtaketheprinciplesaswellasthetargetlanguagereaders’acceptabilityintoaccount,combinetranslatingwithacademicresearchesandviewtranslatingasbothascienceandanart.Zhang’sfreshideasontranslationhasbroughtnewaspectsfortheoristsatthattimeandhasbeenstrengthenedbyhisnumeroustranslatingworksperseveringinworkingwithhisthoughtsontranslation,whichlaterhasbroughtgreatimpactontranslationstudies.3.2ForeignizationandDomesticationinlexicallevelWithreferencetoVenuti(1995:20),foreignizingtranslationis“astrategicculturalinterventioninthecurrentstateofworldaffairs,againstthehegemonicEnglish-languagenationsandtheunequalculturalexchangesinwhichtheyengagetheirglobalothers.”[29]HestatesthatforeignizationisinoppositiontodomesticationthathaslongdominatedtheAnglo-Americanculturalwhichpursuesfluenttranslating,anditisawayoftranslatingwhichemphasizethelinguisticdifferencesbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Inliterarytranslation,translatingofnouns,adjectives,etc,isoneofthemostimportantparts,sincewordsalwaysimpressreaderssomuch.Therefore,thispartwillfocusonthetranslatingofdifferentcategoriesofwordsintheenvironmentaldescriptionsofthetranslation.Nouns:“OnaneveninginthelatterpartofMayamiddle-agedmanwaswalkinghomewardfromShastontothevillageofMarlott,intheadjoiningValeofBlakemore,orBlackmoor.”(ThomasHardy,1891:4)[30]Shaston-----沙氏屯Marlott----馬勒村Blakemore/Blackmoor----布蕾谷/布萊谷Placenamesareperfectexamplesforanalyzingthestyleoftranslationinthispart.Asmentionabove,Zhangadoptsamethodwhichbridgesthedifferencesbetweenthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguagesothattargetlanguagereaderscanhaveaclearunderstandingofthewords.InZhang’sversion,waysofnamingoftheseplacesaresofamiliartoChinesereaders,whichiswellrepresentedintheadoptionofplacenamedfullofChinesecharacteristicslike“屯”,“村”andalsotheuseof“谷”intranslationof“Blakemore”and“Blackmoor”toindicatethatitisavalleyratherthansomethingelse.DomesticationcanbemoreclearlyseenifZhang’stransationiscomparedtoSunFali’sversion,inwhich“Blakemore”istranslatedinto“布萊克穆爾”，representinganobviousforeignizingtranslatingmethod.Analyzingfunctionsofthoseadoptionsoftwomethods,comparedwithSun’sversionthatismoreforeignizing,maintainingtheflavorofforeignculture,Zhang’stranslationsoundsmoredomesticandnaturaltoChinesereaders,butit,atthesametime,obliteratestheforeignnessofthesourcelanguagetotargetreadersandsomehowlosesapartofHardy’sworks’flavor.Adjectives:“ThevillageofMarlottlayamidthenorth-easternundulationsofthebeautifulValeofBlakemore,orBlackmoor,aforesaid,anengirdledandsecludedregion,forthemostpartuntroddenasyetbytouristorlandscape-painter,thoughwithinafourhours'journeyfromLondon.”(ThomasHardy,1891:9)[31]“前面說過的那個(gè)美麗的布蕾谷或者布萊谷,是一處群山環(huán)抱.幽深僻靜的地方,雖然離倫敦不過四個(gè)鐘頭的路程,但是它的大部分,卻還不曾有過游歷家和風(fēng)景畫家的足跡.馬勒村就在它東北部那片起伏地帶的中間.”（張谷若,1984:21）[32]DomesticatingtranslationstylecanbeseenfromZhang’stakingfulladvantagesofChinesefour-letteridioms.Forinstance,“群山環(huán)繞”and“幽深僻靜”inthissentenceareselectedandusedinordertodepictasceneoftraditionalChineseclassicalinkpainting.Ononehand,itmakesthetranslationmoreclosetoChineseaesthetics,sothatthescene,translatedinthedomesticatingmethod,ismoreattractiveforChinesereadersthanbeingtranslatedinaforeignizingway.Ontheotherhand,becauseoftheinevitabledifferencesexistinginaestheticsofsourcelanguageandtargetlanguagecultures,itiseasytofallintoover-domesticating.3.3ForeignizationandDomesticationinsyntacticallevelEnglishisalanguagethatattachesgreaterimportancetolanguagestructure.However,differentfromit,Chinesepaysmoreattentiontothemeaning.ChineselinguistWangLisuggestedinChineseGrammarTheory(1984:35):“Asfarassentencestructureisconcerned,WesternlanguagesareruledbylawwhileChineselanguagesareruledbyman”[33],therefore,EnglishsentencesarealwayslongerthanChinesesentences,sincemeaningcanbeexpressedthroughoneEnglishsentenceaslongasnogrammarmistakesaremade.Thesesyntacticalfeaturesofbothlanguagesarewellrepresentedinthesamepartofprevioussection:“ThevillageofMarlottlayamidthenorth-easternundulationsofthebeautifulValeofBlakemore,orBlackmoor,aforesaid,anengirdledandsecludedregion,forthemostpartuntroddenasyetbytouristorlandscape-painter,thoughwithinafourhours'journeyfromLondon.”(ThomasHardy,1891:9)[34]“前面說過的那個(gè)美麗的布蕾谷或者布萊谷,是一處群山環(huán)抱.幽深僻靜的地方,雖然離倫敦不過四個(gè)鐘頭的路程,但是它的大部分,卻還不曾有過游歷家和風(fēng)景畫家的足跡.馬勒村就在它東北部那片起伏地帶的中間.”（張谷若,1984:21）[35]InHardy’sbook,“thevillageofMarlottlayamidthenorth-easternundulationsofthebeautifulValeofBlakemore,orBlackmoor”,thestemliesinthebeginningofthissentencewithmodifyingpartsfollowing.InZhangGuruo’sversion,thispartwasplacedintheendofthesentence—“馬勒村就在它東北部那片起伏地帶的中間”,showingreadersthecoreofthesentenceinChinesecustomarymode.Inaddition,theoriginalsentencehasobviouslyamorecompactstructurethanZhang’stranslation,whichiscomposedofseveralshortsentences.Itcanalsoberepresentedinanotherexample:“Heleantbackagainstthehives,andwithupturnedfacemadeobservationsonthestars,whosecoldpulseswerebeatingamidtheblackhollowsabove,inserenedissociationfromthesetwowispsofhumanlife.”(ThomasHardy,1891:27)[36]“他把身子往后靠在蜂窩上,仰著臉兒觀察起天上的星星來;那些星星凄清的光芒,正在一片一片蒼蒼的穹窿上,閃爍搏動(dòng),恬然泰然,把下界那兩個(gè)象草芥的渺小生命,置于度外,不理不睬.”（張谷若,1984:50）[37]Zhang’sstyleofdomesticatingtranslationcanbeclearlyseeninthissentenceinwhichZhangbreaksthestructureoforiginalsentenceandrestructuresitusingmoreshortbalancedsentencestobuildatarget-language-friendlysentence.3.4ForeignizationandDomesticationinculturallevelInculturallevel,geography,climate,historyofdifferentcountriesvariesalot,thusresultingtodifferentculturalpeculiarities.Peopleofdifferentculturehavedifferentfeelingstowardscertainthings,forinstance,whilethegoatsymbolizesthedemonintheWest,itmeansdocilityintheEast.Andsuchdifferencessometimescannotbebridgedbytranslation.Chinesewordlike“陰陽(yáng)”and“五行”cannotbecompletelyunderstoodbyWesterners.Therefore,inliterarytranslation,theculturalconnotationisanaspectrevealingpartsofthetranslators’principles.“Nick-knock,nick-knock,wentthecradle;thecandle-flamestretcheditselftall,andbeganjiggingupanddown;thewaterdribbledfromthem