Part6ElectricalAutomationSyntheticTechnology6.1WirelessLightingControlSystems6.2WindPower6.3PowerSystemAutomation6.4IntroductionstoOptimalControlSystems6.5IntelligentRobots

6.1.1語言現(xiàn)象——科技英語新詞(sci-techneologism)

科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展給人類帶來了不同層面的沖擊，如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)的科技新詞不斷沖擊著我們的視覺與聽覺神經(jīng)。6.1WirelessLightingControlSystems隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，語言作為傳遞信息的工具，也加速發(fā)展，大量科技新詞(sci-techneologism)隨之涌現(xiàn)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，每年進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)語料庫的新詞和新意達(dá)1500—1600個(gè)。1990年以來反映當(dāng)年熱門主題的年度詞匯中：1993年的“informationsuperhighway”(信息高速公路)，1994年的“cyber”(網(wǎng)絡(luò))，1995年的“web”(網(wǎng)絡(luò))，1997年的“millenniumbug”(千年蟲)，1998年的“e-”(作前綴表示“電子”)，2010年的“app”中，科技是絕對的主題。

1．科技英語新詞的來源

各種來源的新詞語從形式意義上看都不外乎兩種途徑：新詞新義與舊詞新義。

新詞新義的構(gòu)詞方式適用于各種新詞，如：創(chuàng)新型、詞綴和拼綴型、合成型、縮略型、外來型等等。新詞的出現(xiàn)并沒有改變該詞原有的語義，因此并不會引起理解上的矛盾。創(chuàng)新型：由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步而產(chǎn)生的新技術(shù)或者新品牌，如索尼公司的商標(biāo)“SONY”寓意自由豁達(dá)的精神；中國聯(lián)想集團(tuán)的標(biāo)志“LENOVO”表達(dá)“新意、創(chuàng)新”之意。

詞綴型：利用添加前綴或者后綴構(gòu)成新詞，這類詞通過理解前綴和后綴的意思來掌握詞的意義，如：e-前綴，表示“電子”，由此創(chuàng)造了一批相關(guān)的詞語如：“e-commerce”(電子商務(wù))，“e-mail”(電子郵件)，“e-journal”(電子雜志)等等?！癱yber”(網(wǎng)絡(luò))的出現(xiàn)為我們帶來了數(shù)百個(gè)英語新詞，如cyberculture(網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化)，cybershopping(網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物)，cybersufer(網(wǎng)絡(luò)沖浪者)等。

拼綴型：許多科技英語新詞是將兩個(gè)詞各取一部分拼綴成一個(gè)新詞，如：MODEM(modulater

+

demodulater)(調(diào)制解調(diào)器)，transceiver(transmitter

+

receiver)(收發(fā)器)，hi-tech(high

+

technology)(高新技術(shù))，laser(lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation)(激光)，ISO(InternationalStandardOrganization)(國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織)，PIM(PrintImageMatching)(全真數(shù)碼打印影像技術(shù))等。但是，由于每個(gè)學(xué)科都有自己的一套縮略語，這就導(dǎo)致大量英語縮略語的產(chǎn)生，多語義縮略詞也就導(dǎo)致了歧義。例如，CCTV可分別為ChinaCentralTelevision(中央電視臺)或closed-circuittelevision(閉路電視)。所以，判斷縮略詞的詞義時(shí)，要根據(jù)不同的使用范圍確定縮略詞的詞義。

合成型：通過兩個(gè)詞合成一個(gè)新詞。如上文所提到的“informationsuperhighway”(信息高速公路)以及“millenniumbug”(千年蟲)都屬于合成法創(chuàng)造的新詞。縮略型：該類構(gòu)詞法主要通過保留英文詞組中每個(gè)單詞的首字母，使對于詞義的理解更加簡潔明了，便于記憶與使用。如最近的焦點(diǎn)IOT—InternetofThings(物聯(lián)網(wǎng))，3G—3Generation(第三代移動通信)等。還有一類縮略詞是將一個(gè)詞簡化縮略，比如“app”就是application的簡單縮寫，意思指“應(yīng)用程序”。也可把一詞的起首部分與另一詞的結(jié)尾部分合起來構(gòu)成合成詞，例如variableresistor—varistor(可變電阻)，digitalcameras—digicams(數(shù)字照相機(jī))，rectifiertransformer—rectiformer(整流變壓器)等等。英語詞匯中，有一些合成詞比較長，一段時(shí)間后，這些詞被人們廣泛接受后就開始逐步緊縮，成為新詞。我們應(yīng)關(guān)注科技新詞發(fā)展過程中的緊縮現(xiàn)象，使結(jié)構(gòu)簡練、使用簡便的緊縮詞廣為流傳。

外來型：英語自古便有吸收其他語言的歷史，希臘語對英語科技詞匯的影響尤甚，如：botany(植物學(xué))、phlebotomy(靜脈切開放血術(shù))、mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))、electron(電子)、aerodynamics(空氣動力學(xué))等。其次，拉丁語是古代歐洲科學(xué)文化的語言，也有大量拉丁新詞進(jìn)入英語詞匯，如：acupuncture(針灸)、ambulance(救護(hù)車)，datum(資料)等。英語科技詞匯還不斷從其他語言借用來豐富自己。例如，來自德語的autobahn(高速公路)；西班牙語的silo(導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射井)；法語的chiffon(雪紡綢)；俄語的sputnik(人造衛(wèi)星)；日語的kamikaze(遙控飛行器)；意大利語的stromenti(樂器)等。以“cyber”為例，它源自希臘語單詞kubernetes，意思是舵手，現(xiàn)在作為前綴，代表與Internet相關(guān)或與電腦相關(guān)的事物，即采用電子或計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行的控制。舊詞新義指原有詞形保持不變，但增加了新的意義。如bug(計(jì)算機(jī)故障、缺陷)、plugandplay(即插即用)等。energy由“精力”轉(zhuǎn)義為“能”或“能量”，withdrawal由“退出”轉(zhuǎn)義為“戒毒脫癮過程”，moment由“瞬間”或“片刻”轉(zhuǎn)義為“(力)矩”等。在科技英語使用中，應(yīng)注意專業(yè)里的不同含義。如：“reactor”在冶金方面指的是“反應(yīng)爐”，在化工方面指的是“反應(yīng)器或反應(yīng)堆”，而在電氣方面指的是“電抗器”。所以，對于此類詞匯，要通過語境具體分析，不能類推，閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。

2．科技英語新詞的語義特點(diǎn)

科技英語新詞的語義主要有三個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)：詞義擴(kuò)大、詞義縮小和詞義轉(zhuǎn)移。

詞義擴(kuò)大的詞的意義一般有“泛化”的意思。如前些年比較流行的新詞clone，原意指用“嫩枝”或者“插條”繁殖，時(shí)至今日clone不僅指“無性繁殖”，還被引申為“復(fù)制”之意。1968年IEEE大會上第一次展示了“鼠標(biāo)”，之后mouse的詞義又增加了一個(gè)內(nèi)容“鼠標(biāo)”。這些舊詞新義的出現(xiàn)，使其身份和意義都不同程度的發(fā)生了變化。

相對于詞義擴(kuò)大的“泛化”，詞義縮小的詞匯語義就有了“專指”的意義。Network一詞原意指由很多相互交錯的分支組成的系統(tǒng)，詞義縮小后專指由多種元件組成的用來傳輸電信號的電腦系統(tǒng)。許多科技術(shù)語都來自一般詞語，例如，memory的原義是“記憶”，而在計(jì)算機(jī)里就成了“存儲器”。詞義轉(zhuǎn)移指詞義外延突破了原詞義的范疇而進(jìn)入別的領(lǐng)域。從廣義上講，詞義擴(kuò)大也屬于這種情況。詞義轉(zhuǎn)移可以分為從科技領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)移到非科技領(lǐng)域，以及從非科技領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)移到科技領(lǐng)域。一般而言，舊詞指的是其他領(lǐng)域的詞，“新義”則是科技類意義，如bus的普通詞義為“公共汽車”，而科技詞義為“總線”；revolution的普通詞義為“革命”，而科技詞義轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤稗D(zhuǎn)速”等等。在科技新詞產(chǎn)生的過程中，隱喻起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。隱喻是詞義發(fā)生變化的主要理據(jù)，是表達(dá)的機(jī)制，是同義與多義的來源，是強(qiáng)烈感情的釋放口，是填補(bǔ)詞匯缺口的方法。隱喻對舊詞新義的觸發(fā)是以事物間相似性為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種相似性具有較大的主觀性，并不表示客觀的、絕對意義上的相似，這就為人類的聯(lián)想提供了延展空間。許多計(jì)算機(jī)新詞匯都是借助隱喻這種修辭方式而產(chǎn)生新義的，如我們最熟知的menu(菜單)，memory(內(nèi)存)，windows(窗口)，port(端口)等等。又如Java作為計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)用的程序語言也是以當(dāng)時(shí)編程人員愛喝的JavaCoffee而得名。如今風(fēng)靡全球的Twitter是國外的知名的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)及微博客服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站，它的得名來源于創(chuàng)始人認(rèn)為鳥叫得短、頻、快的特點(diǎn)符合網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)涵。

Bluetooth(藍(lán)牙)是一種支持設(shè)備短距離通信的無線電技術(shù)，這個(gè)名字來源于第十世紀(jì)的一個(gè)丹麥國王HaraldBlatand(Blatand的英文解釋為bluetooth)，他將現(xiàn)在的挪威、瑞典、丹麥統(tǒng)一起來；他的口齒伶俐，善于交際，就如同這項(xiàng)即將面世的技術(shù)被定義為允許不同工業(yè)領(lǐng)域之間的協(xié)調(diào)工作，名字于是就這么定下來了。

科技英語新詞的不斷發(fā)展變化體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代社會科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展變化。其作為英語詞匯中最有活力的組成部分之一,地位也會越來越重要。要理解科技英語應(yīng)在掌握大量詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上，了解科技英語新詞的來源和構(gòu)成的一般規(guī)律，并運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆g方法和技巧來研究具體的語言問題。6.1.2SpecifiedEnglishWords

occupantn.居住者；占有者

dimadj.暗淡的，模糊的，看不清的vt.使暗淡，使變模糊vi.變模糊，變暗淡

harvestn.收獲；產(chǎn)量；結(jié)果vt.收割；得到vi.收割莊稼

photosensorn.感光器，光電傳感器

luminairen.光源；泛

hesitantadj.遲疑的；躊躇的；猶豫不定的

upkeepn.維持；維修費(fèi)；保養(yǎng)

full-featuredadj.全功能的；功能全面的

incentiven.動機(jī)；刺激adj.激勵的；刺激的

self-healingadj.自我修復(fù)的

redundancyn.冗余(等于redundance)；裁員；人浮于事

hurdlen.障礙；欄；跳欄vt.克服vi.克服；跳過

retrofitvt.改進(jìn)；更新；式樣翻新n.式樣翻新；花樣翻新6.1.3Text

WirelessLightingControlSystems

Lightingisoneofthelargestsourcesofenergyuseontheplanet,andthemosteffectiveandeasilyattainablewaytoreducethisenergyuseistoturnlightsoffordown.Lightingcontrolsystemscanusefactorssuchasoccupancy,availabledaylightandtimeofdaytodoso,thusprovidingsignificantenergyandcostsavings,agreatlevelofflexibilityandcontrolforbuildingownersandadministrators,andaddedcomfortforoccupants.

Lightingcontrolsystemsdeliverthecorrectamountoflight,whereyouwantit,whenyouwantit.Lightscanautomaticallyturnon,offordimatsettimesorundersetconditions;facilitiesmanagerscanmakechangestolightingwhenappropriateortomeetfinancialincentives;anduserscanhavecontrolovertheirownlightinglevelstoprovideoptimalworkingconditions.Lightingcontrolhelpstoreducecostsandconserveenergybyturningoff(ordimming)lightswhentheyarenotrequired.

Alightingcontrolsystemconsistsofadevicethatcontrolselectriclightinganddevices,aloneoraspartofadaylightharvestingsystem,forapublic,commercial,orresidentialbuildingorproperty,orthetheater.Lightingcontrolsystemsareusedforworking,aesthetic,andsecurityilluminationforinterior,exterior,andlandscapelighting,andtheaterstagelightingproductions.Theyareoftenpartofsustainablearchitectureandlightingdesignforintegratedgreenbuildingenergyconservationprograms.

Lightingcontrolsystemsvarywidelyaccordingtothetechnologiesusedtocompletethesetasks,aswellastheirdegreeofdifficultyandcost.

Lightingcontrolsystemsincludesomeorallofthefollowing:on/offanddimmingcontrols;occupancysensorstodetectwhetherroomsareoccupied;photosensorstodetectthecurrentilluminationlevelsprovidedbynaturaland/orartificiallight;schedulingthatturnson,off,anddimsluminairesatpresettimes;acentralizedcontrolsysteminterface(suchasawallpanelorcomputersoftware)tomanagealloftheabove;amethodofcommunicationbetweenthelightingequipmentandcontrolsystem;amethodofmeasuring,displaying,andrespondingtolightingenergyusage.

Althoughlightingcontrolsystemshavebeenshowntoprovidetremendousbenefits,manypartsofthecommercialbuildingmarkethavebeenhesitanttoutilizethesesystemsinanythingbutthemostbasicconfigurations.Thisisoftenduetocostandcomplexity－manylightingcontrolsystemshaveaddedcostsduetolabor,equipmentandwiring,andthecommissioning,managementandupkeepofthesesystemshasresultedinhesitationinthemarket.LightingsystemshavebeenstructuredlargelythesamesincethetimeofEdison,buttheadditionoflightingcontrolsaddsanew,unfamiliarelement(controlwiring)tothesystem.

Anewgenerationoflightingcontrolsystemsiseliminatingthesecostandcomplexityconcerns,whileincreasingsystemcapabilities,byremovingthededicatedcontrolwiring.Throughtheuseofmodernenterprise-classwirelessnetworkingtechnology,thedifficultcontrolwiringiseliminated,allowingforsystem-widecontrolsstrategieswithoutsignificantupgradestoexistinglightsoraddedcosts.

Wirelesslightingcontrolsystemsofferfull-featuredcontrolwithaddedflexibility,reliability,scalability,easeofinstallationanduse.Andthecostofwiringaloneisincentiveformanybuildingownerstolookatwirelesssystems:savinginstallationcosts,reducingcopperwireuse,andimprovingpaybacktime.

WirelessLightingControlsystemsutilizewirelesstechnologytocommunicatecommandsbetweenendpoints—sensors,switches,andtheballastsorLEDdriversconnectedtolights.Whiletraditionallightingcontrolsystemsutilizeacontrollerthatishard-wiredtoeachdevice(oftenwithcopperwiring),awirelesssystemusesacontrollerwithanantennathatcommunicateswirelesslybetweenasetofdevices.

InWirelessLightingControlsystems,eachendpointiswirelesslyenabled,eitherdirectlybythedevicemanufacturerorwithanexternalwirelessadapter.Asoftwaresystemprovidesfacilitiesmanagersorindividualuserswithaccesstomanagethesystemandchangesettings,whicharethenroutedthroughacontrollertotheindividualendpoints.

Wirelesssystemsareoftenorganizedusinga“mesh”architecture.Thismeansthateachdeviceinthenetworkcancommunicatewithacontrollerthroughatleasttwopathways,andcanrelaymessagesforitsneighbors.Dataispassedthroughthewirelessnetworkfromdevicetodeviceusingthemostreliablecommunicationlinksandmostefficientpathuntilthedestinationisreached.

Themeshnetworkisself-healing,inthatifanydisruptionoccurswithinthenetwork(suchasadevicefailing),dataisautomaticallyre-routed.Thebuilt-inredundancyofhavingmultiplepathwaysavailablehelpstomakethemeshnetworkbothrobustandreliable.

Wirelesssolutionsprovideincreasedflexibilityinthewaybuildingspacecanbeused.Insteadofplacingcontrolswherewiringpermits,buildingownersarefreetoplacecontrolswheretheyareneededtoimprovebuildingperformance.

Forexample,inbuildingswithglassorconcretewalls,installersnolongerneedtoworryaboutwherethewiresaregoingtogo—theycansimplyputthecontrolswheretheymakethemostsense.Flexibilityandcontrolarefurtherenhancedbyasingleswitchbeingabletocommunicatewithmultipledevices,andasingledeviceabletobecontrolledbymultipleswitches.

Astheneedsofaspacechange,wirelesscontrolscanbereconfiguredorexpandedtoaccommodatealterationswithoutthecost-andtime-intensiveprocessoftearingapartwallsandceilingsforrewiring.

Lightsaregroupedusingaddressingandsoftwareratherthanthroughhard-wiring.Therefore,changescanbemadeatanypoint,ornewdevicesandcontrolstrategiesadded,simplybyreprogramming.

Onceawirelessnetworkisestablished,thatnetworkcangrowtocoveranever-expandingareaatalowadditionalcost.Additionalsensors,switchesandlightsrequireminimallaboranddisruption,andutilizethesamewirelesscontrolsystemwithouttheneedtoaddanewcontrolinfrastructure.

Thenatureofmeshnetworksmeansthatsimplyaddingnewdevicescanextendthecommunicationcoverageofthenetwork,makingitevenmorereliable.Andasnewareasorbuildingsareadded,thevalueofthecontrolsystemexpands—givingfacilitymanagersgreatercontroloveranenterprise-widelightingsystemwiththesameWeb-basedinterface.

Thescalabilityofthesystemcanextendbeyondthelightsthemselves.Manyofthestandards-basedwirelesslightingcontrolsystemscaninteroperatewithotherbuildingautomationsystems(e.g.security,HVAC)thatarebasedoncompatiblestandards.

Oneoftheprimaryhurdlesoflightingcontrolsystemshasbeenproperlytrainingtheengineersandcommissioningagentswhoinstallandsetupthosecomplexsystems.Wirelesscanimprovethisrelationshipbyprovidinglesscomplexandtime-intensivemethodsofdesign,commissioningandongoingmanagement.Automatedwirelesscommissioningmethodscanreducethedifficultyoftheprocessandeliminatesomeofthecommonsourcesofhumanerror.

Thesameistrueforfacilitymanagersandbuildingoccupants—nobodywantstolearnhowtooperateacomplex,confusinglightingsystem.Wirelesslightingcanreducethiscomplexitybyprovidingthemwithfamiliarwallswitchesandsimple,Web-basedtoolsformanagement.

Findingtherightbalanceofcost,complexityandcontrolhasbeenespeciallydifficultinretrofitscenarios,whereexistingbuildinginfrastructureoftengetsinthewayofinstallingalightingcontrolsystem.Addingwiringisoftenexpensive,unrealisticorevenimpossible,dependingonthetypeofbuildingandlocationofthelighting.

Wirelessprovidesanidealsolutionforretrofits,allowingtheexistinginfrastructuretoremainwithoutunnecessarychanges,andenablingnewdevicessuchassensorstobeplacedwhereneeded,ratherthanrestrictedtowheretheycanbewired.Thisisespeciallytrueinchallengingenvironmentslikehigh-baywarehouses,largeretailandindustrialbuildings.Andexistinglightscanbeadaptedfornewwirelesscontrolsystemsbyaddingsmallradiotransmittersthatallowthemtocommunicatewiththewirelessnetwork.

Thetwo-waycommunicationavailablethroughmeshnetworksmeansthatnotonlycanalightingcontrolsystemsendcommandstolightsandsensors,itcanalsoreceiveinformationbackfromthem.Thisallowsthecontrolsystemtologthereal-timestateofeachlight(e.g.onoroff)anddevice(e.g.changedstate),measureandcommunicateenergyusage,andinformiflightsaremalfunctioningorlampsneedreplacing.

Thistwo-waydatastreamcanprovidefacilitymanagerswithawidevarietyofvaluabledecision-makinginformation.Theycanquicklyandremotelyrespondtoimmediateevents,aswellasanalyzehistoricaldataandbettertunethelightingcontrolsystemtoconservethemostenergy.Inaddition,maintenanceservicelevelscanbeimprovedsincefaultscanbeautomaticallyraisedtomaintenancestafforevenpre-emptedbyalertingstafftoimpendingserviceintervalsonhardware.

Finally,theongoingstreamofenergymanagementdatacanbeusedformeasurementandverificationofenergysavings.Thisisastrictrequirementformanyofthegovernmentandprivatefundingsourcesthatareprovidingfinancialincentivesforenergyefficiencyprojects.

Becausewirelesssystemsreducethelaborandwiringrequirementoflightingcontrol,theircostscanbesignificantlylowerthantraditionalsystems,whileofferingevengreaterbenefits.

Inshort,wirelessnetworkingisbringingintelligencetoanewgenerationoflightingcontrolsystems–helpingcompaniestakesimplestepstosavemoneyandmakeourplanetgreener.

Notes

1．Lightingcontrolsystemsdeliverthecorrectamountoflight,whereyouwantit,whenyouwantit.

照明控制系統(tǒng)在需要的場合(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn))提供合適的光量。

2．Althoughlightingcontrolsystemshavebeenshowntoprovidetremendousbenefits,manypartsofthecommercialbuildingmarkethavebeenhesitanttoutilizethesesystemsinanythingbutthemostbasicconfigurations.盡管已經(jīng)證明照明控制系統(tǒng)能夠提供巨大的好處，許多地區(qū)的商業(yè)建筑市場除了最基本的配置外一直不愿采用這些系統(tǒng)。

3．Whiletraditionallightingcontrolsystemsutilizeacontrollerthatishard-wiredtoeachdevice(oftenwithcopperwiring),awirelesssystemusesacontrollerwithanantennathatcommunicateswirelesslybetweenasetofdevices.

傳統(tǒng)的照明控制系統(tǒng)利用硬件控制器連接到每個(gè)設(shè)備(通常為銅線)，而無線系統(tǒng)使用帶有天線的控制器在一組設(shè)備之間進(jìn)行無線通信。6.1.4ReadingMaterials

Solid-StateLighting

Solid-statelighting(SSL)referstoatypeoflightingthatusessemiconductorlight-emittingdiodes(LEDs),organiclight-emittingdiodes(OLED),orpolymerlight-emittingdiodes(PLED)assourcesofilluminationratherthanelectricalfilaments,plasma(usedinarclampssuchasfluorescentlamps),orgas.

Theterm“solidstate”referscommonlytolightemittedbysolid-stateelectroluminescence,asopposedtoincandescentbulbs(whichusethermalradiation)orfluorescenttubes.Comparedtoincandescentlighting,SSLcreatesvisiblelightwithreducedheatgenerationorparasiticenergydissipation.Mostcommon“white”LEDsconvertbluelightfromasolid-statedevicetoan(approximate)whitelightspectrumusingphotoluminescence,thesameprincipleusedinconventionalfluorescenttubes.

Thetypicallysmallmassofasolid-stateelectroniclightingdeviceprovidesforgreaterresistancetoshockandvibrationcomparedtobrittleglasstubes/bulbsandlong,thinfilamentwires.Theyalsoeliminatefilamentevaporation,potentiallyincreasingthelifespanoftheilluminationdevice.

Solid-statelightingisoftenusedintrafficlightsandisalsousedfrequentlyinmodernvehiclelights,streetandparkinglotlights,trainmarkerlights,buildingexteriorsremotecontrolsetc.

AnLEDlamp(orLEDlightbulb)isasolid-statelampthatuseslight-emittingdiodes(LEDs)asthesourceoflight.LEDlampsofferlongservicelifeandhighenergyefficiency,butinitialcostsarehigherthanthoseoffluorescentandincandescentlamps.ChemicaldecompositionofLEDchipsreducesluminousfluxoverlifecycleaswithconventionallamps.

TheLEDsinvolvedmaybeconventionalsemiconductorlight-emittingdiodes,organicLEDs(OLED),orpolymerlight-emittingdiodes(PLED)devices.However,PLEDtechnologiesarenotcommerciallyavailable.Diodetechnologyimprovessteadily.

LEDlampscanbemadeinterchangeablewithothertypesoflamps.Assembliesofhighpowerlight-emittingdiodescanbeusedtoreplaceincandescentorfluorescentlamps.SomeLEDlampsaremadewithidenticalbasessothattheyaredirectlyinterchangeablewithincandescentbulbs.Sincetheluminousefficacy(amountofvisiblelightproducedperunitofelectricalpowerinput)varieswidelybetweenLEDandincandescentlamps,lampsareusefullymarkedwiththeirlumenoutputtoallowcomparisonwithothertypesoflamps.LEDlampsaresometimesmarkedtoshowthewattratingofanincandescentlampwithapproximatelythesamelumenoutput,forconsumerreferenceinpurchasingalampthatwillprovideasimilarlevelofillumination.

EfficiencyofLEDdevicescontinuestoimprove,withsomechipsabletoemitmorethan100lumensperwatt.LEDsdonotemitlightinalldirections,andtheirdirectionalcharacteristicsaffectthedesignoflamps.Theefficiencyofconversionfromelectricpowertolightisgenerallyhigherthanwithincandescentlamps.Sincethelightoutputofmanytypesoflight-emittingdiodesissmallcomparedtoincandescentandcompactfluorescentlamps,inmostapplicationsmultiplediodesareassembled.

Diodesusedirectcurrent(DC)electricalpower.TousethemfromstandardACpowertheyareoperatedwithinternalorexternalrectifiercircuitsthatprovidearegulatedcurrentoutputatlowvoltage.LEDsaredegradedordamagedbyoperatingathightemperatures,soLEDlampstypicallyincludeheatdissipationelementssuchasheatsinksandcoolingfins.

LEDlampsareusedforbothgeneralandspecial-purposelighting.Wherecoloredlightisneeded,LEDsnaturallyemittingmanycolorsareavailable,withnoneedforfilters.Thisimprovestheenergyefficiencyoverawhitelightsourcethatgeneratesallcolorsoflightthendiscardssomeofthevisibleenergyinafilter.

Comparedtofluorescentbulbs,introducedatthe1939World’sFair,advantagesclaimedforLEDlightbulbsarethattheycontainnomercury(unlikeaCompactfluorescentlamporCFL),thattheyturnoninstantly,andthatlifetimeisunaffectedbycyclingonandoff,sothattheyarewellsuitedforlightfixtureswherebulbsareoftenturnedonandoff.LEDlightbulbsarealsomechanicallyrobust;mostotherartificiallightsourcesarefragile.

White-lightlight-emittingdiodelampshavelongerlifeexpectancyandhigherefficiency(thesamelightforlesselectricity)thanmostotherlighting.LEDsourcesarecompact,whichgivesflexibilityindesigninglightingfixturesandgoodcontroloverthedistributionoflightwithsmallreflectorsorlenses.BecauseofthesmallsizeofLEDs,controlofthespatialdistributionofilluminationisextremelyflexible,andthelightoutputandspatialdistributionofaLEDarraycanbecontrolledwithnoefficiencyloss.

LEDlampshavenoglasstubestobreak,andtheirinternalpartsarerigidlysupported,makingthemresistanttovibrationandimpact.Withproperdriverelectronicsdesign,anLEDlampcanbemadedimmableoverawiderange;thereisnominimumcurrentneededtosustainlampoperation.

LEDsusingthecolor-mixingprinciplecanemitawiderangeofcolorsbychangingtheproportionsoflightgeneratedineachprimarycolor.ThisallowsfullcolormixinginlampswithLEDsofdifferentcolors.Incontrasttootherlightingtechnologies,LEDemissiontendstobedirectional(oratleastlambertian).Thiscanbeeitheranadvantageoradisadvantage,dependingonrequirements.Forapplicationswherenon-directionallightisrequired,eitheradiffuserisused,ormultipleindividualLEDemittersareusedtoemitindifferentdirections.

WhiteLEDlampshaveachievedmarketdominanceinapplicationswherehighefficiencyisimportantatlowpowerlevels.Someoftheseapplicationsincludeflashlights,solar-poweredgardenorwalkwaylights,andbicyclelights.Monochromatic(colored)LEDlampsarenowcommerciallyusedfortrafficsignallamps,wheretheabilitytoemitbrightmonochromaticlightisadesiredfeature,andinstringsofholidaylights.

LEDlightshavealsobecomeverypopularingardeningandagriculture.FirstusedbyNASAtogrowplantsinspace,LEDscameintouseforhomeandcommercialapplicationsforindoorhorticulture(akagrowlights).ThewavelengthsoflightemittedfromLEDlampshavebeenspecificallytailoredtosupplylightinthespectralrangeneededforchlorophyllabsorptioninplants,promotinggrowthwhilereducingwastageofenergybyemittingminimallightatwavelengthsthatplantsdonotrequire.Theredandbluewavelengthsofthevisiblelightspectrumareusedforphotosynthesis,sothesearethecolorsalmostalwaysusedinLEDgrowlightpanels.6.1.5Homework

1．Pleasesumupthemainpointsofthetextinseveralsentences.

2．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

(1)

Inrecentyears,theintelligentbuildingtechnologyhasdevelopedveryquicklyinourcountry,anditshowedgreatmarketpotentialbecauseofitsremarkablesocialandeconomicbenefits.

(2)

Withthewideapplicationofintelligentbuildingtechnologyinresidentialdistrictconstruction,itisquitenoticeablethatresidentialdistrictshasbecomeamainmarketofthistechnology.

(3)

Anewintegrationmethodofmanagementofintelligentbuildingispresented,andthecauseofthetrendisanalyzed.

(4)

Thebasicconcept,structureandfunctionoftheintelligentbuildingandbuildingautomationareintroduced.ThecontrolpolicyanddesignmethodoftheBASarestated.

(5)

Itisaveryimperiousmissiontodevelopakindofdesignsoftware,withwhichpeoplecansavetimeandlessenloadswhenconfrontingthedevelopmentofIntelligentBuildingandGCS.

6.2.1語言現(xiàn)象——圖題

圖題是圖表規(guī)范化的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。作為圖題，要用最簡練的文字來表達(dá)圖中各要素之間的關(guān)系，使主題突出，應(yīng)避免簡單羅列或文字累贅，以便在最短時(shí)間內(nèi)了解圖的真正含義。6.2WindPower

1．同一類以集中表達(dá)為原則

例如有這樣一組圖題：

Fig.1Theazimuthalfittingcurveformagneticfieldatradius5cm,Fig.2Theazimuthalfittingcurveformagneticfieldatradius10cm,Fig.3Theazimuthalfittingcurveformagneticfieldatradius40cm.Fig.1～Fig.3是表達(dá)方位場在不同半徑(5

cm,10

cm，40

cm)處的修正曲線，同一類圖題，不應(yīng)分開敘述(未歸一化)，可以把它們合寫成一個(gè)圖題，如：

Fig.1Theazimuthalfittingcurveformagneticfieldatradius5cm(a),10cm(b)，40cm(c)。

2．列出圖題要素時(shí)，整體表述

例如有一中文圖題：“圖2給出假設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)份額A與計(jì)數(shù)貢獻(xiàn)份額B的關(guān)系曲線”，如果簡單譯成“Fig.2A:Fractionofspuriouscounts,B:Contributionfractionofcounts.”，顯然這個(gè)圖題只是分別陳述了兩個(gè)要素的涵義，而缺乏整體表達(dá)。比較好的表達(dá)是：

Fig.2Therelationshipbetweenfractionofspuriouscountsandcontributionfractionofcounts.

3．圖題圖注的分開表達(dá)

例如，圖的原圖題為：“Fig.3(a)PIXEspectrumofasteelsample:2.3mev,0.5nA,135°detectionangle,1200sdetectiontime.(b)IXXspectrumofthesamesamplewithaprimarytargetofFe:2.3mev,1μA,1200s.”。顯然Fig.3是用PIXE和IXX兩種不同方法處理同一樣品得到Fig.3(a)和Fig.3(b)兩個(gè)譜圖，只是試驗(yàn)參數(shù)不同而已。比較好的表達(dá)是：

Fig.3PIXEspectrum(a)andIXXspectrum(b)ofasteelsample.

另外圖注：(a)2.3mev,0.5nA,135°

detectionangle,1200sdetectiontime(b)primarytargetofFe,2.3mev,1μA,1200s.

4．圖題常用的介詞詞組

…

vs…：由它引導(dǎo)的詞組表示兩個(gè)函數(shù)參量間的關(guān)系曲線。例如：Fig.1Variationefficiencyvsnumberofpass;Fig.2Netgainvsbuilding-uptime.

…

between…and：由它引導(dǎo)的詞組表示兩個(gè)參量間的某種關(guān)系曲線。例如：Fig.1Differencebetweenhorizontalpositionofthebeamwithfrf=51.405MHzandfrf=51.510MHz;Fig.2TherelationshipbetweentheirradiationdoseandtheESRintensityofthedeertoothinthe11thlayer.

…asafunctionof：由它引導(dǎo)的詞組表示兩個(gè)參量間的函數(shù)關(guān)系曲線。例如：Fig.1Powergainasafunctionoffrequencymismatchforthecaseγ=350,I=2A,N=130°.

…and…distribution：該詞組表示兩個(gè)物理量間的分布。例如：Fig.1Linacoutputenergyandphasedistribution.

…schematicdiagram,layout,blockdiagram,draft等常用詞組所構(gòu)成的介詞詞組來表達(dá)某種實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置布局草圖。例如：Fig.1schematicdiagramoftheFELexperimentalsystem;Fig.2layoutofbeamtransportsystem;Fig.3blockdiagramforBi4πinstrumentation.總之，掌握了常用的介詞詞組的用法，既有助于英文圖題的編寫，也有助于糾正不規(guī)范的圖題。6.2.2SpecifiedEnglishWords

renewableadj.可再生的；可更新的；可繼續(xù)的n.再生性能源

windmillingn.螺旋槳自轉(zhuǎn)；風(fēng)車旋轉(zhuǎn)v.似風(fēng)車般的轉(zhuǎn)動；用風(fēng)力轉(zhuǎn)動

windpumpn.風(fēng)力泵

turbulencen.騷亂，動蕩；湍流；狂暴

bladen.葉片；刀片，刀鋒；劍

ruraladj.農(nóng)村的，鄉(xiāng)下的；田園的，有鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)味的

GWECGlobalWindEnergyCouncil全球風(fēng)能協(xié)會

penetrationn.滲透；突破；侵入；洞察力

EUabbr.歐盟(EuropeanUnion)

controversialadj.有爭議的；有爭論

inpatches在有些部分；在有些時(shí)

caravansn.有篷的車輛；小型面包車6.2.3Text

WindPower

WindpowertechnologyisoneoftherenewableenergywhichprovideselectricityusingWind.Windpoweristheconversionofwindenergyintoausefulformofenergy,suchasusing:windturbinestomakeelectricity,windmillsformechanicalpower,windpumpsforwaterpumpingordrainage,orsailstopropelships.Usageofwindenergyhasbeenincreasedinrecenttimesespeciallysincegovernmentbodieshavesuggestedusingalternativeenergysourcesandreducingfossilfuelsconsumption.Infactoutofallrenewableenergies,windpowerenergyhasincreasewithmoreratiothananyothertechnology.

Sunispredominatelythefactorinvolvedinprovidingsolarpowerandwindpower.Everyoneknowsthatsolarenergyisprovidedbysun.Windpowerisalsoformofsolarenergybecauses