電化學(xué)技術(shù)在水處理中的應(yīng)用摘要：電化學(xué)水處理技術(shù)是一種綠色的水處理技術(shù)，近年來以其獨(dú)特的技術(shù)優(yōu)點(diǎn)獲得廣泛的關(guān)注與研究。常見的電化學(xué)水處理技術(shù)有很多種，本文作者基于自身研究基礎(chǔ)及研究興趣，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注電催化氧化技術(shù)和電化學(xué)水垢去除技術(shù)，對相關(guān)技術(shù)的基本原理、關(guān)鍵影響因素、核心技術(shù)模塊、技術(shù)瓶頸以及未來發(fā)展方向進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述，以期為相關(guān)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)微薄之力。關(guān)鍵詞：水處理；電化學(xué)；催化氧化；除垢Abstract:Electrochemicaltechnologyisakindofgreenwatertreatmenttechnologywithenvironmental-friendliness.Inrecentyears,ithasattractedextensiveattentionandresearchduetoitsuniquetechnicalsuperiority.Therehavebeenmanyavarietyofmatureelectrochemicalwastewatertreatmenttechnology.Basedonourowninvestigationbaseandresearchinterests,theauthorsfocusonelectrocatalyticoxidationandelectrochemicalscaleremovaltechnology.Thosetechnologiesareelaboratedintermsoftheirbasicprinciple,keyinfluentialfactors,thecoretechnologymodule,technicalbottlenecksandthedirectionoffuturedevelopment,soastomakecontributionfortheprogressofrelatedtechnicalfields.Keywords:Wastewatertreatment;Electrochemistry;Catalyticoxidation;Descaling1、概述電化學(xué)水處理技術(shù)是一種綠色的水處理技術(shù)，無需化學(xué)藥劑添加，處理廢水高效，設(shè)備及操作簡單，反應(yīng)過程溫和，并且可以與其它技術(shù)靈活配合，受到越來越多科研機(jī)構(gòu)與企業(yè)的關(guān)注與重視ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1-5]。電化學(xué)水處理技術(shù)相比傳統(tǒng)水處理技術(shù)具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢：（1）清潔。反應(yīng)物為電子，無化學(xué)添加，無二次污染。（2）靈活。電極的形狀、大小可精準(zhǔn)控制；反應(yīng)器類型靈活多變，水處理場地?zé)o硬性要求，可單獨(dú)使用，也可與其它技術(shù)聯(lián)合使用。（3）簡便。所需設(shè)備簡單，操作簡單，控制電流或電壓即可；條件簡單，在常溫常壓下即可處理，并且處理過程中的“垃圾”極少，后處理簡單。（4）溫和可控。由于不需要高壓、高溫等苛刻條件，反應(yīng)較為溫和，人力需求很低，便于自動(dòng)化控制。上述技術(shù)優(yōu)勢使得電化學(xué)水處理技術(shù)近年來逐漸成為水污染領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1,3,5,6]。目前常見的電化學(xué)水處理技術(shù)包括：電催化氧化技術(shù)、電化學(xué)水垢去除技術(shù)、電氣浮/電絮凝技術(shù)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[7,8]、電化學(xué)消毒技術(shù)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[9-11]、電滲析技術(shù)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>朱茂森</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>8818</RecNum><DisplayText>[12]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8818</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1376275966">8818</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>朱茂森</author><author>夏春梅</author><author>胡筱敏</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>用于電滲析處理酸洗廢水的Ti/SnO_2-Sb_2O_3/PbO_2電極的制備與表征</title><secondary-title>安全與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>安全與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào)</full-title></periodical><number>06</number><keywords><keyword>環(huán)境工程學(xué)</keyword><keyword>電極</keyword><keyword>氧化物涂層</keyword><keyword>電滲析</keyword><keyword>酸洗廢水</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1009-6094</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]、微生物燃料電池技術(shù)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[13-15]等。限于文章篇幅、作者研究基礎(chǔ)及研究興趣，本文將重點(diǎn)闡述電催化氧化技術(shù)和電化學(xué)水垢去除技術(shù)的相關(guān)情況。2、電催化氧化技術(shù)2.1技術(shù)原理與技術(shù)困境 電催化氧化處理有機(jī)物技術(shù)是非常典型的高級氧化技術(shù)，其技術(shù)原理如圖1所示ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[16-18]。如圖1所示，電催化氧化技術(shù)的核心點(diǎn)在于使得陽極表面產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)氧化性物質(zhì)（尤其是羥基自由基）與溶液中的有機(jī)物分子進(jìn)行充分的接觸與反應(yīng)，由此使得有機(jī)物分子被逐步氧化分解，直至形成二氧化碳和水ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chaplin</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>20204</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20204</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1409791188">20204</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chaplin,B.P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Chaplin,BP UnivIllinois,DeptChemEngn,810SClintonAve,Chicago,IL60607USA UnivIllinois,DeptChemEngn,810SClintonAve,Chicago,IL60607USA UnivIllinois,DeptChemEngn,Chicago,IL60607USA</auth-address><titles><title>Criticalreviewofelectrochemicaladvancedoxidationprocessesforwatertreatmentapplications</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</secondary-title><alt-title>EnvironSci-ProcImp</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</full-title><abbr-1>EnvironSci-ProcImp</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</full-title><abbr-1>EnvironSci-ProcImp</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1182-1203</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>boron-dopeddiamond</keyword><keyword>thin-filmelectrodes</keyword><keyword>reverse-osmosisconcentrate</keyword><keyword>highovervoltageanodes</keyword><keyword>industrialwaste-water</keyword><keyword>tindioxideelectrodes</keyword><keyword>naturalorganic-matter</keyword><keyword>aqueousphenolwastes</keyword><keyword>leaddioxide</keyword><keyword>hydroxylradicals</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2050-7887</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000336841600002</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000336841600002</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>Doi10.1039/C3em00679d</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。近年來，電催化氧化技術(shù)除受到較多科研人員的關(guān)注與研究，在工程實(shí)踐中也得到一定程度的應(yīng)用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[2-4,20-23]，但是表現(xiàn)出一些問題：（1）催化效率較低；（2）傳質(zhì)效果較差；（3）單位能耗較高。上述問題所對應(yīng)的技術(shù)瓶頸為：（1）如何提高電極材料的使用效率？（2）如何優(yōu)化電子轉(zhuǎn)移與物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移？3）如何提高反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)能量利用率，降低能耗？圖1電催化氧化技術(shù)原理示意圖造成上述問題的根本缺陷在于電催化氧化過程中電子利用效率低，解決該問題成為推動(dòng)技術(shù)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的重中之重。電催化氧化體系是一個(gè)復(fù)合系統(tǒng)，主要包括陽極、陰極、電源、電解槽和其它配套設(shè)備等。為提高全過程的電子利用效率，需要從系統(tǒng)各組成部分來綜合考慮：（i）電極（尤其是陽極）是電催化氧化技術(shù)的核心部件，是產(chǎn)生催化能力的源泉ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[24,25]，因此，研發(fā)出性能優(yōu)越的陽極材料能夠有效改善或解決技術(shù)瓶頸（1）~（3）。（ii）反應(yīng)器是完成物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的核心單元，理想的反應(yīng)器設(shè)計(jì)是提高電流效率、增強(qiáng)傳質(zhì)過程的有效手段ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[26,27]。因此，設(shè)計(jì)出高效的電催化反應(yīng)器可以解決或改善技術(shù)瓶頸（2）與瓶頸（3）。（iii）電能是電催化氧化技術(shù)的能量來源，恰當(dāng)?shù)墓╇姺绞娇梢杂行У亟档湍芎?、提高電流效率，并且?yōu)化處理效果ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>雷佳妮</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>23685</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23685</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1578710632">23685</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">雷佳妮</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">袁孟孟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">郭華</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">楊鴻輝</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐浩</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">楊柳</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">電化學(xué)氧化技術(shù)供電方式研究進(jìn)展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">工業(yè)水處理</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>工業(yè)水處理</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">7</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">-12</style></pages><volume>39</volume><number>12</number><section>7</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.11894/iwt.2018-1107</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]。針對瓶頸（3），找尋合適的供電方式十分關(guān)鍵?；诖?，目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的解決方法都集中于陽極改性、電催化體系優(yōu)化、電催化參數(shù)優(yōu)化、供電方式優(yōu)化等方面，以此來強(qiáng)化電催化氧化技術(shù)的傳質(zhì)過程，提高溶液本體中有機(jī)物分子向陽極/溶液界面區(qū)域的傳質(zhì)效率，提高羥基自由基的利用效率，進(jìn)而全過程的電子利用效率。2.2電催化陽極2.2.1陽極性能要求電極材料是電催化氧化技術(shù)的靈魂，而陽極材料比陰極材料更為重要，這主要?dú)w因于陽極表面及其附近溶液區(qū)域是電催化氧化反應(yīng)的主要區(qū)域。理想的陽極材料應(yīng)具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：高催化活性、高穩(wěn)定性和低制備成本。高催化活性是電極可使用性的根本和前提，高穩(wěn)定性意味著設(shè)備運(yùn)行成本和維護(hù)成本的節(jié)約，而低制備成本則是對珍貴物質(zhì)資源和能源消耗的控制，也是電化學(xué)氧化技術(shù)工業(yè)化應(yīng)用的前提。通常而言，如一種未成熟應(yīng)用的陽極材料具有其中兩個(gè)較為突出的特點(diǎn)，則這種材料就具有一定的研究價(jià)值。2.2.2陽極材料的種類適用于電催化氧化技術(shù)的陽極通常為不溶性陽極。傳統(tǒng)的不溶性陽極材料主要包括石墨電極、貴金屬電極和鈦基體金屬氧化物電極。圖2所示典型陽極材料的發(fā)展簡史。意大利DeNora公司于1968年將荷蘭學(xué)者H.Beer研發(fā)出鈦基混合氧化釕涂層陽極實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)與應(yīng)用，進(jìn)而拉開DSA（DimensionalStableAnode）電極的序幕，成為20世紀(jì)電化學(xué)工業(yè)最重要的發(fā)明之一，對電化學(xué)領(lǐng)域（尤其是水處理領(lǐng)域）具有劃時(shí)代的貢獻(xiàn)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[24,29,30]。圖2典型陽極材料發(fā)展簡史近年來，摻硼金剛石電極（Borondopeddiamond,BDD）作為一種新型功能電極材料，引起較多科研工作者的關(guān)注。BDD電極具有許多其它電極材料所不可比擬的優(yōu)勢，如較強(qiáng)的抗中毒及抗污染能力、較寬的電化學(xué)電勢窗口、較小的背景電流和較好的電化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。目前，BDD電極已經(jīng)有報(bào)道被用于廢水處理ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[31-33]。盡管BDD電極具有非常優(yōu)異的綜合性能，但是由于其制備工藝的復(fù)雜性及相關(guān)設(shè)備的成本較高，導(dǎo)致BDD電極難以大尺寸生產(chǎn)且成本相比于鈦基金屬氧化物電極而言較高，極大的限制其應(yīng)用范圍。相比于石墨電極不穩(wěn)定、貴金屬電極和BDD電極的價(jià)格昂貴，DSA電極以其價(jià)格相對低廉、易于功能化、制備方法簡單等優(yōu)點(diǎn)受到極大的關(guān)注與研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[29,34]。2.2.3DSA陽極改性如前所述，為強(qiáng)化電催化氧化技術(shù)中的傳質(zhì)過程，大量研究人員采用多種技術(shù)手段對DSA陽極進(jìn)行改性，重點(diǎn)是：1）提升陽極表面羥基自由基（尤其是游離態(tài)羥基自由基）的產(chǎn)生量，2）制備表面多孔的立體電極，以此增大電極與溶液接觸面積，進(jìn)而提高電催化氧化的效果以及電極的穩(wěn)定性。（1）使用新基體傳統(tǒng)鈦基體電極是使用鈦板、鈦網(wǎng)或鈦棒作為基體。近年來興起的二氧化鈦納米管陣列（TiO2nanotubes，TiO2-NTs）的陽極氧化制備ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>8558</RecNum><DisplayText>[35,36]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8558</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1366798856">8558</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,Hao</author><author>Zhang,Qian</author><author>Zheng,Chunli</author><author>Yan,Wei</author><author>Chu,Wei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ApplicationofultrasonicwavetocleanthesurfaceoftheTiO2nanotubespreparedbytheelectrochemicalanodization</title><secondary-title>AppliedSurfaceScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedSurfaceScience</full-title></periodical><pages>8478-8480</pages><volume>257</volume><number>20</number><section>8478</section><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>01694332</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.04.135</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>8561</RecNum><record><rec-number>8561</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1366798991">8561</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Qian</author><author>Xu,Hao</author><author>Yan,Wei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>HighlyOrderedTiO2NanotubeArrays:RecentAdvancesinFabricationandEnvironmentalApplications—AReview</title><secondary-title>NanoscienceandNanotechnologyLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoscienceandNanotechnologyLetters</full-title><abbr-1>NanosciNanotechLet</abbr-1></periodical><pages>505-519</pages><volume>4</volume><number>5</number><section>505</section><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>19414900 19414919</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1166/nnl.2012.1345</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[35,36]，為鈦基體電極提供一種新的基體材料。趙國華ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[37-40]等人以TiO2-NTs作為基體，將Sb-SnO2活性層以真空抽氣施加負(fù)壓的方式加入TiO2-NTs中，使得新電極在穩(wěn)定性和催化能力方面有較大的提高。徐浩ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hao</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>8562</RecNum><DisplayText>[41]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8562</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1366799246">8562</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XuHao</author><author>ZhangQian</author><author>YanWei</author><author>ChuW</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ACompositeSb-dopedSnO2ElectrodeBasedontheTiO2NanotubesPreparedbyHydrothermalSynthesis</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofElectrochemicalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofElectrochemicalScience</full-title><abbr-1>IntJElectrochemSc</abbr-1></periodical><pages>6639-6652</pages><volume>6</volume><section>6639</section><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[41]等人以水熱法加壓方式完成上述過程（過程如圖3所示），除提高新電極穩(wěn)定性外，還使得新電極具有一定程度的光電響應(yīng)能力。造成此現(xiàn)象的原因在于：TiO2-NTs所起作用類似于建筑地基上的樁，其一端緊緊連結(jié)鈦基體，另一端又可被Sb-SnO2涂層所填充并覆蓋，使得基體與涂層的結(jié)合力大大增強(qiáng)。類似的，PbO2電極也可采用TiO2-NTs為基體。WuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jia</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>23477</RecNum><DisplayText>[42]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23477</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1467273714">23477</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WuJia</author><author>XuHao</author><author>YanWei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fabricationandcharacterizationofβ-PbO2α-PbO2Sb-SnO2TiO2nanotubearrayselectrodeanditsapplicationinelectrochemicaldegradationofAcidRedG</title><secondary-title>RscAdvances</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RscAdvances</full-title><abbr-1>RscAdv</abbr-1></periodical><pages>19284-19293</pages><volume>5</volume><section>19284</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/C4RA16613B 10.1039/c4ra16613b</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[42]等在TiO2-NTs上添加多個(gè)中間層，成功制備出具有較高催化活性與穩(wěn)定性的TiO2/Sb–SnO2/α-PbO2/β-PbO2電極。經(jīng)過測試，該電極的強(qiáng)化壽命高達(dá)815h，并對酸性紅G具有較好的催化氧化能力。圖3傳統(tǒng)刷涂法與以TiO2-NTs為基體時(shí)的Sb-SnO2電極制備過程對比圖ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hao</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>8562</RecNum><DisplayText>[41]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8562</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1366799246">8562</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XuHao</author><author>ZhangQian</author><author>YanWei</author><author>ChuW</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ACompositeSb-dopedSnO2ElectrodeBasedontheTiO2NanotubesPreparedbyHydrothermalSynthesis</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofElectrochemicalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofElectrochemicalScience</full-title><abbr-1>IntJElectrochemSc</abbr-1></periodical><pages>6639-6652</pages><volume>6</volume><section>6639</section><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[41]（2）加入中間層鈦基體金屬氧化物電極失效的機(jī)制包括：氧化物層溶解/溶蝕、氧化物層脫落以及活性層鈍化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hao</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>22704</RecNum><DisplayText>[43,44]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>22704</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1448414181">22704</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XuHao</author><author>YanWei</author><author>YangHonghui</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SurfaceAnalysisofTi/Sb-SnO2/PbO2ElectrodeafterLongTimeElectrolysis</title><secondary-title>RareMetalMaterialsandEngineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RareMetalMaterialsandEngineering</full-title><abbr-1>RareMetalMatEng</abbr-1></periodical><pages>2637-2641</pages><volume>44</volume><number>11</number><section>2637</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>徐浩</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>9152</RecNum><record><rec-number>9152</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1393130653">9152</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐浩</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">邵丹</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">楊鴻輝</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">延衛(wèi)</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ti_Sb_SnO2電極電解后的表面狀態(tài)變化研究</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">西安交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>西安交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)</full-title></periodical><pages>93-98</pages><volume>48</volume><number>2</number><section>93</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[43,44]。而在鈦基體和表面活性層之間引入中間層能夠有效保護(hù)鈦基體與涂層之間這一重要界面，避免出現(xiàn)氧化物層脫落以及活性層鈍化的現(xiàn)象。常見中間層有貴金屬（Pt為代表）、鉑族氧化物（RuO2，IrO2）、金屬氧化物（Sb-SnO2、α-PbO2及MnO2等）。徐浩ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>徐浩</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>8565</RecNum><DisplayText>[45]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8565</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1366799652">8565</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐浩</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">延衛(wèi)</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">常樂</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pb3O4層引入對鈦基PbO_2電極強(qiáng)化壽命的影響</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">稀有金屬材料與工程</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>稀有金屬材料與工程</full-title></periodical><pages>462-466</pages><volume>41</volume><number>3</number><section>462</section><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[45]等以Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2電極為基礎(chǔ)，在Sb-SnO2層與PbO2層之間嵌入Pb3O4過渡層，有效削弱了涂層間的內(nèi)應(yīng)力，同時(shí)提高了電極的抗侵蝕能力，使得Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/Pb3O4/PbO2電極的穩(wěn)定性有了明顯的增強(qiáng)，其強(qiáng)化壽命由原來的100.5h提高至970.0h。（3）顆粒摻雜顆粒摻雜是指將活性顆粒或惰性顆粒加入二氧化鉛電極的電沉積液中，利用電化學(xué)共沉積過程，使得顆粒被裹挾進(jìn)入二氧化鉛層中，使得完整鍍層被分割為多個(gè)小區(qū)域，減少電極表面層的內(nèi)應(yīng)力，提高電極穩(wěn)定性，其過程如圖4所示。圖4顆粒摻雜改性二氧化鉛電極過程示意圖ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hua</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>23687</RecNum><DisplayText>[46]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23687</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1593048216">23687</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>GuoHua</author><author>XuZhicheng</author><author>QiaoDan</author><author>WangLiangtian</author><author>XuHao</author><author>YanWei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fabricationandcharacterizationoftitanium-basedleaddioxideelectrodebyelectrochemicaldepositionwithTi4O7particles</title><secondary-title>WaterEnvironmentResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WaterEnvironmentResearch</full-title><abbr-1>WaterEnvironRes</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1-9</pages><dates><year>2020</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1002/wer.1339</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[46]所謂活性顆粒，即本身具有功能性，并能通過摻雜方式賦予復(fù)合電極以相應(yīng)的功能。徐浩ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hao</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>8564</RecNum><DisplayText>[47]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8564</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1366799467">8564</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XuHao</author><author>ZhangQian</author><author>YanWei</author><author>ChuW</author><author>ZhangLongfei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PreparationandCharacterizationofPbO2ElectrodesDopedwithTiO2andItsDegradationEffectonAzoDyeWastewater</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofElectrochemicalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofElectrochemicalScience</full-title><abbr-1>IntJElectrochemSc</abbr-1></periodical><pages>5382-5395</pages><volume>8</volume><section>5382</section><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[47]等采用共沉積的方式將P25-TiO2顆粒摻雜到PbO2活性層中，制備出了具有光電性質(zhì)的TiO2-PbO2電極，并且其穩(wěn)定性也有了一定程度提高。所謂惰性顆粒，即顆粒摻入無法使得復(fù)合電極有性質(zhì)上的增加，僅能改善二氧化鉛的原始性能ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[48]。姚穎悟課題組ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[49-52]采用共沉積的方式將CeO2、ZrO2顆粒摻雜到PbO2層中，研究這些金屬氧化物粒子對電極性能的影響。結(jié)果證明CeO2、ZrO2顆粒的摻雜可以有效提高電極的析氧過電位與強(qiáng)化壽命。（4）元素?fù)诫s元素?fù)诫s是將某種或某幾種選定的元素加入到電極刷涂液或是電沉積液中，通過熱分解或電沉積的方式，使得元素進(jìn)入金屬氧化物活性層，進(jìn)而使得電極性質(zhì)發(fā)生改變。以Sb-SnO2陽極為例，有研究者使用稀土元素（Eu，Gd等）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[53,54]，CdADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sun</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>9220</RecNum><DisplayText>[55]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9220</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1393462817">9220</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sun,Peng</author><author>Zhou,Xin</author><author>Wang,Chen</author><author>Wang,Biao</author><author>Xu,Xiumei</author><author>Lu,Geyu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>One-stepsynthesisandgassensingpropertiesofhierarchicalCd-dopedSnO2nanostructures</title><secondary-title>SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical</full-title></periodical><pages>32-39</pages><volume>190</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09254005</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.045</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[55]、FeADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>9955</RecNum><DisplayText>[56]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9955</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1397177293">9955</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,D.</author><author>Lu,C.H.</author><author>Zhang,D.P.</author><author>Song,J.B.</author><author>Ni,Y.R.</author><author>Xu,Z.Z.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Xu,D NanjingUnivTechnol,CollMatSci&Engn,StateKeyLabMatOrientChemEngn,Nanjing210009,Jiangsu,PeoplesRChina NanjingUnivTechnol,CollMatSci&Engn,StateKeyLabMatOrientChemEngn,Nanjing210009,Jiangsu,PeoplesRChina NanjingUnivTechnol,CollMatSci&Engn,StateKeyLabMatOrientChemEngn,Nanjing210009,Jiangsu,PeoplesRChina</auth-address><titles><title>Preparationandphotocatalyticactivitiesofalpha-Fe2O3/Sb-dopedSnO2(ATO)nanocomposites</title><secondary-title>MaterialSciencesandTechnology,Pts1&2</secondary-title><alt-title>AdvMaterRes-Switz</alt-title></titles><alt-periodical><full-title>ProgressinMaterialsandProcesses,Pts1-3</full-title><abbr-1>AdvMaterRes-Switz</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>722-727</pages><volume>560-561</volume><keywords><keyword>alpha-fe2o3/sb-dopedsno2</keyword><keyword>nanocomposites</keyword><keyword>photocatalyticactivitie</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1022-6680</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000317994200122</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000317994200122</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>DOI10.4028//AMR.560-561.722</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[56]、Bi、NiADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>NanjanaguduSubbaRao</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>23627</RecNum><DisplayText>[57]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23627</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1562980885">23627</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>NanjanaguduSubbaRao,Anantha</author><author>ThimmappaVenkatarangaiah,Venkatesha</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PreparationandcharacterizationofTi/Sb-SnO2/Ni-Sb-SnO2anode;applicationinelectrochemicaldegradationofAcidRedIdye</title><secondary-title>MaterialsToday:Proceedings</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MaterialsToday:Proceedings</full-title></periodical><pages>25006-25015</pages><volume>5</volume><number>11</number><section>25006</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>22147853</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.301</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[57]等能有效提升Sb-SnO2電極電催化氧化活性，但提升電極穩(wěn)定性的能力十分有限。也有研究者以鉑族元素（Pt，Ru，Ir）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Berenguer</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>9177</RecNum><DisplayText>[58,59]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9177</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1393462651">9177</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Berenguer,R.</author><author>Quijada,C.</author><author>Morallón,E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ElectrochemicalcharacterizationofSnO2electrodesdopedwithRuandPt</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title></periodical><pages>5230-5238</pages><volume>54</volume><number>22</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>00134686</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.016</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Fernandes</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>9218</RecNum><record><rec-number>9218</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1393462810">9218</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fernandes,A.</author><author>Santos,D.</author><author>Pacheco,M.J.</author><author>Ciríaco,L.</author><author>Lopes,A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NitrogenandorganicloadremovalfromsanitarylandfillleachatesbyanodicoxidationatTi/Pt/PbO2,Ti/Pt/SnO2-Sb2O4andSi/BDD</title><secondary-title>AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental</full-title></periodical><pages>288-294</pages><volume>148-149</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>09263373</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.10.060</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[58,59]進(jìn)行摻雜，雖能大大提升Sb-SnO2電極的壽命，但是卻會(huì)使電極向析氧類電極過渡，降低電極的電化學(xué)氧化能力。對于PbO2電極，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)通過電沉積法進(jìn)行金屬元素（如BiADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[60,61]、CeADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>23546</RecNum><DisplayText>[49]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23546</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tw00aa5s4evda7e9dt55rv9qze0t2vp9xxez"timestamp="1550479789">23546</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yao,Y.</author><author>Ren,B.</author><author>Yang,Y.</author><author>Huang,C.</author><author>Li,M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>HebeiUniversityofTechnology,SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,Tianjin300130,PRChina.Electronicaddress:yaoyingwu@. HebeiUniversityofTechnology,SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,Tianjin300130,PRChina. HebeiUniversityofTechnology,SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,Tianjin300130,PRChina.Electronicaddress:yangyang0410@.</auth-address><titles><title>PreparationandelectrochemicaltreatmentapplicationofCe-PbO2/ZrO2compositeelectrodeinthedegradationofacridineorangebyelectrochemicaladvancedoxidationprocess</title><secondary-title>JHazardMater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JHazardMater</full-title><abbr-1>Journalofhazardousmaterials</abbr-1></periodical><pages>141-151</pages><volume>361</volume><keywords><keyword>Acridineorange</keyword><keyword>Ce-PbO(2)/ZrO(2)compositee