材料化學(xué)英語題庫及答案

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題1.Thechemicalformulaforiron(III)oxideis_.A.FeOB.Fe?O?C.Fe?O?D.FeO?Answer:B2.Theprocessofconvertingasoliddirectlyintoagasiscalled_.A.meltingB.boilingC.sublimationD.condensationAnswer:C3.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofacompositematerial?A.SteelB.GlassC.CarbonfiberreinforcedplasticD.AluminumAnswer:C4.Theelementwiththesymbol“Cu”is_.A.CalciumB.CopperC.ChlorineD.CarbonAnswer:B5.Amaterialthatcanbeeasilydrawnintowiresissaidtobe_.A.malleableB.ductileC.brittleD.elasticAnswer:B6.ThepHofaneutralsolutionis_.A.0B.7C.14D.2Answer:B7.Thetypeofbondformedwhentwoatomsshareelectronsiscalleda_.A.ionicbondB.covalentbondC.metallicbondD.hydrogenbondAnswer:B8.Whichofthefollowingisathermosettingplastic?A.PolyethyleneB.PolypropyleneC.BakeliteD.PolystyreneAnswer:C9.Theunitofmolarmassis_.A.g/molB.mol/gC.g/LD.L/molAnswer:A10.Theprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromametaliscalled_.A.smeltingB.refiningC.alloyingD.castingAnswer:B二、多項(xiàng)選擇題1.Whichofthefollowingarepropertiesofmetals?A.GoodelectricalconductivityB.HighmeltingpointC.BrittlenessD.MalleabilityAnswer:ABD2.Examplesofpolymersinclude_.A.NylonB.RubberC.GlassD.CeramicsAnswer:AB3.Whichofthefollowingaretypesofchemicalreactions?A.CombinationreactionB.DecompositionreactionC.DisplacementreactionD.RedoxreactionAnswer:ABCD4.Thefactorsthatcanaffecttherateofachemicalreactionare_.A.TemperatureB.ConcentrationofreactantsC.PresenceofacatalystD.SurfaceareaofreactantsAnswer:ABCD5.Whichofthefollowingelementsarecommonlyusedinsemiconductors?A.SiliconB.GermaniumC.CopperD.AluminumAnswer:AB6.Thepropertiesofceramicsinclude_.A.HighhardnessB.LowelectricalconductivityC.HighthermalconductivityD.BrittlenessAnswer:ABD7.Typesofbondinginmaterialsare_.A.IonicbondingB.CovalentbondingC.MetallicbondingD.VanderWaalsforcesAnswer:ABCD8.Whichofthefollowingareusedintheproductionofglass?A.SilicaB.SodiumcarbonateC.CalciumcarbonateD.PotassiumnitrateAnswer:ABC9.Thecharacteristicsofcompositesare_.A.Highstrength-to-weightratioB.GoodcorrosionresistanceC.IsotropicpropertiesD.TailorablepropertiesAnswer:ABD10.Whichofthefollowingareenvironmentalconcernsrelatedtomaterials?A.PollutionduringproductionB.WastedisposalC.EnergyconsumptionD.ResourcedepletionAnswer:ABCD三、判斷題1.Allmetalsaregoodconductorsofheatandelectricity.(True)2.Achemicalchangeinvolvesachangeinthephysicalpropertiesofasubstanceonly.(False)3.Polymersarealwayssyntheticmaterials.(False)4.Thehigherthetemperature,theslowertherateofachemicalreaction.(False)5.Ceramicsarealwaysbrittlematerials.(True)6.Ioniccompoundsareformedbythesharingofelectronsbetweenatoms.(False)7.Compositematerialshavepropertiesthatarethesameastheirindividualcomponents.(False)8.Themolarmassofasubstanceisthemassofonemoleofthatsubstance.(True)9.Glassisacrystallinematerial.(False)10.Recyclingofmaterialscanhelpinreducingenvironmentalpollution.(True)四、簡答題1.Explainthedifferencebetweenaphysicalchangeandachemicalchange.Physicalchangeinvolvesachangeinthephysicalpropertiesofasubstancesuchasshape,size,state(solid,liquid,gas),withoutchangingitschemicalcomposition.Forexample,meltingiceintowaterisaphysicalchangeasthesubstanceremainsH?O.Chemicalchange,ontheotherhand,resultsintheformationofanewsubstancewithdifferentchemicalproperties.Duringachemicalchange,chemicalbondsarebrokenandnewonesareformed.Anexampleisthecombustionofwood,whichproducescarbondioxide,watervapor,andash.2.Describethemaincharacteristicsofpolymers.Polymersarelargemoleculesmadeupofrepeatingunitscalledmonomers.Theyhaveawiderangeofproperties.Theycanbeflexiblelikerubberorrigidlikesomeplastics.Polymersaregenerallylightweight,havegoodelectricalinsulationproperties,andcanbemoldedintovariousshapes.Theyalsohaverelativelylowthermalconductivity.Somepolymersarebiodegradable,whileothersarenot.Theirmechanicalpropertiescanbetailoredbychangingthetypeofmonomers,thepolymerizationprocess,andtheadditionofadditives.3.Whatisanalloyandwhyarealloysoftenusedinsteadofpuremetals?Analloyisamixtureoftwoormoreelements,atleastoneofwhichisametal.Alloysareusedinsteadofpuremetalsbecausetheyoftenhaveimprovedproperties.Forexample,addingcarbontoironformssteel,whichisstrongerandmoredurablethanpureiron.Alloyscanhaveenhancedresistancetocorrosion,bettermechanicalpropertiessuchasincreasedhardnessandstrength,andimprovedthermalproperties.Theycanalsobedesignedtohavespecificpropertiesfordifferentapplications.4.Explaintheconceptofasemiconductoranditsimportanceinmoderntechnology.Asemiconductorisamaterialwhoseelectricalconductivityliesbetweenthatofaconductor(likemetal)andaninsulator(likeceramic).Atlowtemperatures,semiconductorsactasinsulators,butasthetemperatureincreasesorwiththeadditionofimpurities(doping),theirconductivityincreases.Semiconductorsarecrucialinmoderntechnology.Theyareusedintheproductionofelectronicdevicessuchastransistors,diodes,andintegratedcircuits.Thesecomponentsformthebasisofcomputers,smartphones,andotherdigitaldevices,enablingminiaturizationandhigh-speedprocessing.五、討論題1.Discusstheenvironmentalimpactoftheproductionanduseofmaterials.Theproductionofmaterialsoftenhassignificantenvironmentalconsequences.Forexample,miningforrawmaterialslikemetalscancausedeforestation,soilerosion,andwaterpollution.Theextractionandrefiningprocessesconsumelargeamountsofenergyandcanreleaseharmfulpollutantsintotheairandwater.Duringtheuseofmaterials,somemayreleasetoxicsubstances.Forinstance,certainplasticscanleachchemicals.Additionally,thedisposalofmaterials,especiallynon-biodegradableoneslikesomeplasticsandmetals,contributestolandfillwaste.However,effortsarebeingmadetodevelopsustainablematerialsandrecyclingtechnologiestomitigatetheseimpacts.2.Compareandcontrastthepropertiesandapplicationsofmetals,polymers,andceramics.Metalsaregoodconductorsofheatandelectricity,malleable,andductile.Theyareusedinconstruction,electricalwiring,andautomotivepartsduetotheirstrengthandconductivity.Polymersarelightweight,havegoodinsulationproperties,andcanbemoldedeasily.Theyareusedinpackaging,textiles,andconsumerproducts.Ceramicsarehard,havehighmeltingpoints,andaregoodinsulators.Theyareusedinpottery,electricalinsulators,andhigh-temperatureapplications.Whilemetalsarestrongandconductive,polymersareflexibleandlightweight,andceramicsarehardandheat-resistant,eachhavinguniquepropertiesforspecificapplications.3.Explaintheroleofchemicalreactionsinthesynthesisofmaterials.Chemicalreactionsarefundamentalinthesynthesisofmaterials.Forexample,intheproductionofmetals,chemicalreactionslikereductionareusedtoextractmetalsfromtheirores.Inthesynthesisofpolymers,polymerizationreactionslinkmonomerstogethertoformlongchains.Inthemanufacturingofceramics,chemicalreactionsoccurduringthefiringprocess,whichhelpsinshapingandhardeningthematerial.Chemicalreactionsallowustocontrolthecompositionandstructureofmaterials,enablingthecreationofsubstanceswithdesiredpropertiesfor