淺談“基于語篇知識的完形填空突破”單擊此處添加副標(biāo)題匯報(bào)人：目錄壹What叁Why貳How1What1.1語篇通常是指連續(xù)句子或語段所構(gòu)成的語言整體。(黃國文，1988)語篇分析是指讀者有效地分析語言產(chǎn)生的意義、識別語篇中的結(jié)構(gòu)模式以及構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)模式的各種語言手段的過程。(胡壯麟，1994)把閱讀文本當(dāng)作一個(gè)有機(jī)整體，去分析其中的脈絡(luò)關(guān)系、語境意義和文章主題，弄清楚語言在語境中如何產(chǎn)生具體意義的過程。語篇知識1.1語篇是表達(dá)意義的語言單位，包括口頭語篇和書面語篇，是人們運(yùn)用語言的常見形式。就其長度而言，較短的語篇可以是一句話甚至一個(gè)單詞，而較長的語篇可以是一本書甚至幾本書。在使用語言的過程中，語言使用者不僅需要運(yùn)用詞匯和語法知識，而且需要將語言組織為意義連貫的語篇。這就需要運(yùn)用語篇知識。《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》1.1語篇知識就是關(guān)于語篇是如何構(gòu)成、語篇是如何表達(dá)意義以及人們在交流過程中如何使用語篇的知識。語篇中各要素之間存在復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，如句與句、段與段、標(biāo)題與正文、文字與圖表之間的關(guān)系。這些關(guān)系涉及語篇的微觀和宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)。句子內(nèi)部的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語搭配、指代關(guān)系、句子的信息展開方式等，屬于語篇的微觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)。語篇中段與段的關(guān)系以及語篇各部分與語篇主題之間的關(guān)系，則屬于語篇的宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)。語篇宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)還包括語篇類型、語篇格式等?！镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》語篇知識宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)體裁多為記敘文、夾敘夾議、說明文篇章模式微觀結(jié)構(gòu)銜接連貫語境

1.1《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》語篇知識內(nèi)容要求：①記敘文和說明文語篇的主要寫作目的(如：再現(xiàn)經(jīng)歷、傳遞信息、說明事實(shí)、想象創(chuàng)作)以及這類語篇的主要語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征(如：該類語篇的必要組成部分和可選組成部分、各組成部分的順序等);②日常生活中常見應(yīng)用文的基本格式、結(jié)構(gòu)及語言特點(diǎn)；③新聞報(bào)道的常見語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、標(biāo)題特征和語言特點(diǎn)；④語篇中的顯性銜接和連貫手段，如：通過使用代詞、連接詞、省略句、替代等手段來實(shí)現(xiàn)的指代、連接、省略、替代等銜接關(guān)系；⑤語篇中段首句、主題句、過渡句的作用、位置及行文特征；⑥語境在語篇理解和語篇產(chǎn)出過程中的作用；語境與語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、語篇內(nèi)容的關(guān)系，比如，通過語境預(yù)測語篇內(nèi)容，通過語篇的內(nèi)容推測語篇發(fā)生的語境。1.1目標(biāo)：從語篇中提取主要信息和觀點(diǎn)，理解語篇要義；理解語篇中顯性或隱性的邏輯關(guān)系；把握語篇中主要事件的來龍去脈；辨認(rèn)關(guān)鍵字詞和概念以迅速查找目標(biāo)信息(中華人民共和國教育部，2020:36)。理解多模態(tài)語篇傳遞的要義和具體信息，推斷作者的意圖、情感、態(tài)度和價(jià)值取向，提煉主題意義，分析語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、文體特征和語篇的連貫性，厘清主要觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)之間的邏輯關(guān)系；了解語篇恰當(dāng)表意所采用的手段(中華人民共和國教育部，2020:117)?！镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》1.1語篇的顯性銜接和連貫所指的內(nèi)容是語篇知識中的五種銜接類型，即指代、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接(Halliday&Hasan,1976)。這也包括句子間和段落間的增補(bǔ)、轉(zhuǎn)折、原因和時(shí)間四大類關(guān)系(Halliday&Hasan,1976)以及舉例、增補(bǔ)、轉(zhuǎn)折、解釋、等同、結(jié)果、總結(jié)、替換、轉(zhuǎn)題、原因等語篇關(guān)系(黃國文，1988)。教學(xué)要求中規(guī)定語篇的隱性銜接和連貫所指的內(nèi)容是在不用but、however、because、so、forexample等連詞的情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折、對比、因果、增補(bǔ)等關(guān)系。單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式1.2完形填空最初叫“完形程序”,是由語言學(xué)家Taylor根據(jù)格式塔心理學(xué)(GestaltPsychology)概念發(fā)展而成的一種語言測試形式。該理論認(rèn)為人類具有使缺損結(jié)構(gòu)完整，進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)的心理傾向與潛在意識(Heaton,2000)。完形填空測試要求測試者補(bǔ)全某一語篇中被以任意比例或固定比例刪除的詞或者短語(Henning,2001)。它主要考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用詞匯、語法、句型、語篇知識(李筱菊，1997)和語篇外知識開展閱讀的能力。它要求對一篇不完整的文章進(jìn)行補(bǔ)全，使全文流暢、通順并符合語法規(guī)范。它是高考中難點(diǎn)題型之一。1.2完形填空包括開放式完形填空、分項(xiàng)式完形填空和集庫式完形填空(李筱菊

1997)。分項(xiàng)式完形填空考查單詞、短語、句子和語篇四個(gè)層次，特別關(guān)注語篇層次的靈活使用(李筱菊，1997)。How章節(jié)副標(biāo)題壹利用文章結(jié)構(gòu)和文體類型2.1貳（1）描寫文

利用文章結(jié)構(gòu)和文體類型2.1（2）敘述文

（3）議論文（4）說明文Most

people

believe

they

don't

have

muchimagination.

Theyare 50.

Everyone

hasimagination,

butmostofus,

oncewebecome

adults,

forgethowto51it.Makingcorrections.......Nolimits!....Besomeoneelse!......50.A.wrong

B.unbelievable

C.reasonable

D.realistic51.A.putupwithB.catchupwith

C.makeuseofD.keeptrackof文章體裁全文主旨下文內(nèi)容作者態(tài)度Overthepast38years,Mr.Wanghaspretendedtobesomeoneelsemanytimes,andhasevenlearnedto21speak

differentdialects（方言），leadingtohimbeingdescribedasan“Oscar-winningactor".記敘文（5w1h）Mr.Wang出色喬裝成他人：pretendedtobesomeoneelselearned...differentdialectsMr.Wang為何喬裝、如何喬裝？positive:“Oscar-winningactor"2021年新高考全國Ⅱ卷：完形填空利用篇章模式2.2叁（1）問題--解決模式

利用篇章模式2.2（2）主張與反主張模式

（3）概括--具體模式（4）機(jī)會--獲得模式（5）提問--回答模式

（6）Labov敘事模式Most

people

believe

they

don't

have

muchimagination.

Theyare 50.

Everyone

hasimagination,

butmostofus,

oncewebecome

adults,

forgethowto51it.Makingcorrections........Nolimits!......Besomeoneelse!......50.A.wrong

B.unbelievable

C.reasonable

D.realistic51.A.putupwithB.catchupwith

C.makeuseofD.keeptrackof主張與反主張模式

概括--具體模式利用中心句2.3肆（1）段首利用中心句2.3（2）段尾（3）句中Makingconnections.Thistechniqueinvolvestaking54ideasandtryingtofindlinksbetweenthem.First,thinkabouttheproblemyouhavetosolveorthejobyouneedtodo.Thenfindanimage,word,ideaorobject,forexample,acandle.Writedownalltheideas/words55

withcandles:light,fire,matches,wax,night,silence,etc.NOlimits!Imaginethatnormallimitationsdon't58.Youhaveasmuchtime/space/money,etc.asyouwant.Thinkaboutyourgoalandthenew59.Ifyourgoalistolearntoski,60,youcannowpractiseskiingeverydayofyourlife(becauseyouhavethetimeandthemoney).Now61thistoreality.MaybeyoucanpractiseskiingeverdayinDecember,oreveryMondayinJanuary.associatedexist利用句子間關(guān)系和段落間關(guān)系2.4伍利用句子間關(guān)系和段落間關(guān)系2.4舉例、增補(bǔ)、轉(zhuǎn)折、解釋、等同、結(jié)果、總結(jié)、替換、轉(zhuǎn)題、原因等語篇關(guān)系1.（2019.6）Whilerestaurantsthrewaway41tonsoffoodeachyear,muchofitremainsinaccessiblebecauseof42garbagecontainers,healthregulations,orbusinesspolicies.42.

A.

locked

B.

damaged

C.

connected

D.

abandoned2.（2019.6）“Ihavetogetfood52becauseafterallthebikingIamtiredandIneedthe53,”Dubanchetexplained.52.

A.

again

B.

alone

C.

later

D.

fast3.(2020.7)Lambandmother__reunited_39_,Iturnedbacktothetractoronlytoseeitmovesuddenlyawayfromme.Thiswasso___40___becauseIhadputthehandbrakeonwhenIjumpedout.40.A.unexpectedB.dangerousC.embarrassingD.difficult(1)causeandeffectrelation因果關(guān)系1.(2022新高考Ⅰ）Hewas44uncomfortable,andhiscryingletthewholecampgroundknowit.So45tyinghimup,Ijustkeptacloseeyeonhim.It46—hedidn’tendupinthecreek.Mythree-year-old,however,did.45.A.dueto B.insteadof C.apartfrom D.asfor46.A.worked B.happened C.mattered D.changed單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式第二級第三級第四級第五級2.(2021新高考Ⅰ）Our48inthefactoryweresimple:Placecakesonamovingbelt.Attachicing(糖霜)ears.Applyicingeyesandnose.

48.A.joys

B.ideas

C.roles D.choices(2)explanationrelation解釋關(guān)系(2023.6)

WhenImetTiffy’sowners,theyseemedvery___47___.George,thehusband,wastryingtobecalm,butIcouldtellthiswas___48___forhim,havingtoleavehisdogtoastrangerandtrustthateverythingwouldworkout.47.A.confused B.nervous C.annoyed D.curious48.A.hard B.fine C.common D.lucky(3)adversative/contrastrelation轉(zhuǎn)折/對比關(guān)系2.(2019.6)Forlegalreasons44,mostrestaurantshaveapolicyagainstgivingaway45foodwaste.“Somepeoplehaveeven46theirjobsbygivingmefood,”Dubanchetsaid.46.

A.

did

B.

kept

C.

accepted

D.

risked3.(2017.6)Thebooksareineverylanguage—newbooks,ancientbooks,

40

abookonthehistoryofIraqthatissevenhundredyearsold.40.A.then B.still C.even D.rather1.(2020新高考Ⅰ）Afloodhadhittheareaearlierthatyearandthe24damageitcausedhaddrivenawayanumberofbirds.25,thenumberofsnakeshaddeclinedaswell.25.A.Besides В.However C.Therefore D.Otherwise(4)progressiverelation遞進(jìn)增補(bǔ)關(guān)系運(yùn)用詞匯銜接手段2.5陸（1）同義復(fù)現(xiàn)運(yùn)用詞匯銜接手段2.5（2）同義互現(xiàn)完型填空篇章分析（微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析之詞匯銜接）復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系：某一詞以原詞、同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞、概括詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇中,語篇中的句子通過這種復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系達(dá)到相互銜接。原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)eg.Thetwomanatthecounterreadthemenu.FromtheotherendofcounterBenwatchedthem.

1.(2018北京)Formany,findinganunattendedwallet

filledwith￡400incashwouldbeasource（來源）oftemptation（誘惑）.

...Afterspottinga___18___onthefrontseatinsideaparkedcarwithitswindowdown,hestoodguardintherainforabouttwohourswaitingforthe____19____toreturn.18.A.wallet

B.bag

C.box

D.parcel19.A.partner

B.colleague

C.owner

D.policeman

2.(2018天津卷)Beingthecoachofthenewteam,IwasexcitedbecauseIknewweweregoingtowin,buttomydisappointmentweweredefeated.

...

Sixmonthsaftersufferingour

29

onthespringpracticefield,wewonourfirstgameandoursecond.29.A.defeat

B.decline

C.accident

D.mistake3.(2017全國卷I)Whilehighschooldoesnotgenerallyencouragestudentstoexplorenewaspectsoflife,

collegesetsthestageforthatexploration.

...

Afterthat,feelingtheneedto

52

further,IdecidedtodropinononeofASLclub`smeetings.

52.A.exercise

B.

explore

C.

express

D.

explain4.AllofasuddenIstartedtofeelrather___1___.ShewonderedwhyIwaslookingforthissortof___2___.Ifeltevenmore

helplesswhenshetoldmethatitwouldbedifficulttogeta

job

withoutexperience.A.encouraged

B.dissatisfied

C.helpless

D.pleased

A.place

B.job

C.advice

D.help

5.(2023.1)Then,withoneendofaropetiedtohiswaistandtheotherendaroundthetrunkofatree,Ziyadbeganclimbing.Hestoppedeveryfewminutestomovethe

48

higherupthetreetrunk.48.A.hives B.leaves C.rope D.honey6.(2023.6)OnOct.11,hundredsofrunnerscompetedinacross-countryraceinMinnesota.…Asreportedbyalocalnewspaper,Baileywasmorethantwo-thirdsofthewaythroughher

44

whenarunnerinfrontofherbegancryinginpain.…Shewouldhavestruggledwithextreme50tomakeittothataidcheckpointwithoutBailey’shelp.44.A.race B.school C.town D.training50.A.hunger B.pain C.cold D.tiredness

7.(2022.1浙江）WhenBeverleyBurdeyneyturnedseventyfourlastyear,shestartedhavingproblemswithher36,notablydrynessanddiscomfort."Iwassimply37goingthroughaterribleexperience,”Ms.BurdeyneysaidatherhomeinToronto."Ifeltsohelplessandinsecurebecausethequalityofmy38wasaffected."Ms.Burdeyneytalkedtosomefriendswhohad39problemsanddiscoveredthattheywerelargelysufferingin40．”Nobodychoosestotalkaboutitbecauseitseemsso41,”shesaid."Butmoreandmorearesufferingandlivesarebeing42."Eventually,Ms.Burdeyneylearnedaboutplansforaneyeresearch43programatTelAvivUniversityinIsrael.36.A.throat B.skin C.lungs D.eyes38.A.story B.treatment C.life D.relationship

8.(2021.6)Theonlyway40topayforthegrocerieswastotakeoffthe41shecoulddowithout:abottleofrubbingalcohol(醫(yī)用酒精)andabarofsoap.......

Mymotherwasputtinghergroceriesintoshoppingbagswhenastranger45cameuptoherandsaid,“Herearethethingsthatyouputback46,”handinghertherubbingalcoholandthe47.41.A.weight B.things C.mask D.glasses47.A.receiptB.soap C.cash D.bottle9.(2020.1)Iwasbornlegallyblind.Ofallthestoriesofmyearlychildhood,theoneabouta36ismymother’sfavorite...........Itookadvantageofmybrieffreedom39todashacrossthelawn(草坪)—andhitalargemapletree!.......Momexpected41metostartcrying,butIjustsatthereforaminute........Whenthathappens,don’tsitinthegrassand54.36.A.trip B.race C.tree D.driver54.A.play B.relax C.dream D.cry

eg.Hegotmany

presentsfromhisfriends.

Allthegiftswerewrappedincoloredpaper.

1.Mychildhoodwasmostlysilent.Itwasfulloflove,laughter,angerandsadnesslikeanyfamily,butthesethingsoccurred41.41.A.quickly B.constantly C.quietly D.normally2.Theknowledgeinstilled(灌輸)inmewas……Ilovedtowatchherhands,whichwerealways43methingsbyshowingmehow,asshewatered,weededanddughergarden.43.A.serving B.awarding C.sparing D.teaching同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

3.Thatiswhatahobbymeans,Iguess.Itissomethingweliketodoinoursparetimesimplyforthe______ofit.Thevalueindollarsisnotimportant;wedoitforthe

pleasureitgivesus.A.benefit

B.good

C.fun

D.interest4.Weallknowthatsomethingsareobviouslyright.Forexample,itisrighttobekindtootherpeople.Itisalsorighttolookaftertheenvironment.Somethingsare____wrong,too.Forexample,weshouldnothurtorbully(欺負(fù))others.A.equally

B.slightly

C.clearly

D.increasingly

上下義復(fù)現(xiàn)

上義詞指的是那些表示意義較概括的詞,它們的詞義包括了下義詞的詞義。例如,animal是cat，sheep,lion,elephant,dog等的上義詞,cat，sheep,lion,elephant,dog等詞則是animal的下義詞。food是bread,noodle,milk,rice的上義詞；反之bread,noodle,milk,rice是food的下義詞。1.Othertimes,hewouldjoinstudentgroupstodiscussavarietyof

:

agriculture,divingandmathematics.A.questions

B.subjects

C.matters

D.contents2.Whenthesechildrenbecomeadults,theymightbeplacedinadisadvantagedpositioninschools,inthejobmarketorintheirmarriageissue.Sometimestheymightfeeldiscriminated（受歧視的）againstin_____.A.workplace

B.society

C.family

D.committee

概括詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

概括詞指的是那些表示一般意義的詞。例如,people,man,woman,thing,place,do,make等都是概括詞。概括詞與其所指的詞構(gòu)成的銜接是通過概括詞復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。eg.CanyoutellmewheretostayinParis?I'veneverbeentotheplace.

后一句中的概括詞place和前面的Paris構(gòu)成相互銜接關(guān)系。同現(xiàn)關(guān)系：詞匯同現(xiàn)關(guān)系指詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性，在語篇中圍繞一定的話題，一定的詞往往會同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，而其他詞就不太可能或根本不出現(xiàn)(黃國文，1988)。詞匯的同現(xiàn)包括反義關(guān)系、互補(bǔ)關(guān)系和詞匯鏈(黃國文，1988)。Discriminationisundoubtedlypractisedagainstwomeninthefieldofscientificresearch.Wedon'tfindmencomplainingthattheyarenotbeinginterviewedforpositionsthattheyareclearlyqualifiedtofill.（互補(bǔ)同現(xiàn):兩句之間的銜接主要是依靠互補(bǔ)詞men和women的對照。）1.Forcingyourselftorecallalmostneverhelpsbecauseit

doesn’t______yourmemory;

itonlytightens

it.A.loosen

B.

weaken

C.

decrease

D.

reduce

2.Thisbookhas

beendesignedtohelpyoucapitalizeon

thestrengthandovercomethe______

thatyoubringtothejoboflearning.

A.ideas

B.weakness

C.strength

D.advantage3.（2017全國II）Ihadadvisedthekidsthatwhileverbs（動詞）mayseemdull,mostofthe

50

thingstheydothroughouttheirliveswillbeverbs.

A.simple

B.unique

C.fun

D.clever單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式第二級第三級第四級第五級

反義同現(xiàn)Agreatnumberofhighschoolgraduatescontinue

theireducationinoneofthemanycollegesoruniverstiesinthecountry.Afterfouryears,theyreceiveabachelor'sdegree.Somecontinuestudyingforamaster'sdegreeandperhapsadoctor's

degree.（高中畢業(yè)后教育的詞匯鏈）意義相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯經(jīng)常在一個(gè)語篇中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)（共現(xiàn)），形成詞匯鏈(lexicalchain)，我們可以把其中的一些詞匯的出現(xiàn)看做是一個(gè)signal，對接下來可能出現(xiàn)的詞匯做出預(yù)測。主題信息詞指表達(dá)、反映文本主題,對閱讀具有觸發(fā)、鏈接、卷入、升華特征的詞匯或語塊，是文本中最關(guān)鍵的“信息詞”。主題信息詞在閱讀語篇中往往易于捕捉，多出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)題、文章首尾段，亦或是貫穿整個(gè)語篇。同學(xué)們在閱讀中，應(yīng)以主題信息詞為語義磁場的中心，將其它信息和段落加以梳理、重組和整合，旨在將與相關(guān)話題的詞匯知識、語法結(jié)構(gòu)等連接成語篇主題網(wǎng)絡(luò)。（謝宗春）47.A.wentaway B.stoodup C.steppedaside D.bentdown49.A.interrupted B.assessed C.identified D.appreciated1.(2023.1)

He45handfulsofdamptreeleaves,wrappedthemwithstring,and

litthebunchtocreateatorch（火把）.45.A.gathered B.cleaned C.dropped D.checked3.(2023.6)Baileytookherarmtoseeifshecouldwalkforwardwithaid.Shecouldn’t.Baileythen47toletLenoueclimbontoherbackandcarriedherallthewaytothefinishline,thenanother300feettowhereLenouecouldgetmedicalattention.Oncethere,Lenouewas49andlatertakentoahospital,whereshelearnedthatshehadseriousinjuriesinoneofherknees.2.(2023.1)

Suddenly,Ziyadletoutasharpcry.Withinseconds,he’d51thetrunkandwasbackontheground.51.A.cutoff B.goneup C.sliddown D.heldonto

詞匯鏈4.(2021.1)LastyearIdecidedtodosomevolunteerwork.Ibeganto36ontheInternetanddiscoveredVolunteerUSA.36.A.calculate B.negotiate C.advertise D.research5.(2020.1)Itookadvantageofmybrieffreedomtodashacrossthelawn(草坪)—andhitalargemapletree!IwasrunningsofastthatIbouncedoffthetrunkand40onmybackside.

A.landed B.slept C.laughed D.wept利用文章結(jié)構(gòu)、文體類型、篇章模式、中心句、句子間關(guān)系、段落間關(guān)系和詞匯銜接等都必須利用語境理論。利用語境2.6柒3.Mychildhoodwasmostlysilent.………Weoftenwentforhourslikethis，49awordspokenandyetweweretalkinginvariouswaysthewholetime.49.A.casually B.simply C.barely D.merely1.(2023.1)Here,insouth-eastEthiopia,hand-carvedbeehives（蜂箱）areplacedinthe42.…Finally,Ziyadgotclosetothehivewhichwasaround20metresabovetheground.42.A.courtyards B.fields C.treetops D.caves2.(2023.6)

InAprillastyear,IsawapostonthePNP(PilotsNPaws)websitefromafamilyinTopeka.TheyhadtomovetoVirginiabuttheywereonaverytight41.Theycouldnotaffordtopayfor42fortheirdog,Tiffy,anddesperatelywantedtotakeherwiththem.41.A.turn B.budget C.schedule D.connection42.A.food B.shelter C.medicine D.transportation4.(2021.6)Mymotheris92.UnlessIhavetobeoutoftown,eachweekItakemymothertodoher36andvisitthedoctor,providing37andtransportation.Duringtheweek,however,shelikestogotoanearbystoreto38somesmallthingssheneeds.36.A.exercise B.housework C.cooking D.shopping38.A.return B.collect C.order D.buy5.(2021.1)Butonthelastnightwewerecaught50inathunderstorm.Iwokeupatmidnighttofindaswimmingpoolinmytent.Thetemperaturewascloseto51.Ihadtospendtherestofthenighttremblingintheonly52partofmytent.51.A.boiling B.average C.normal D.freezing52.A.tidy B.dry C.new D.soft利用關(guān)聯(lián)詞2.7捌關(guān)聯(lián)詞指表達(dá)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的詞語。語篇標(biāo)記的分類如下(崔俊媛，2017:119-120):(1)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的信號詞：unlike、still、but、yet、however、nevertheless、whereas、while、ontheotherhand、instead、onthecontrary等。(2)表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的信號詞：again、also、too、and、andthen、besides、ontheotherhand、inaddition、moreover、furthermore等。(3)表示次序關(guān)系的信號詞：atfirst、atpresent、inthefirstplace、thesecondplace、tobeginwith、tostartwith、also、atlast、now、then、next、afterwards、later、presently、meanwhile、meantime等。(4)表示解釋的信號詞：thatistosay、namely、forexample、toillustrate等。(5)表示結(jié)果的信號詞：therefore、hence、thus、so、ifso、and、andthen、asaresult、asaconsequence、accordingly、consequently,inconsequence等。語篇標(biāo)記的分類如下(崔俊媛，2017:119-120):(6)表示原因的信號詞：because、becauseof、dueto、thanksto、invirtueof、owingto、thekey/main/chief/mostimportant/reasonisthat、thereasonforthis、liesin、asaresultof、inconsequenceof、onthegroundof等。(7)表示對照的信號詞：incontrast、conversely、onthecontrary、inspiteof等。(8)表示等同的信號詞：similarly、likewise、inthesameway、inotherwords、thatisequally等。(9)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的信號詞：inreality、infact、asamatteroffact、sureenough、tobesure、actually、aboveall、inparticular、mostimportantly、mostimportantofall等。(10)表示替換的信號詞：again、alternatively、or、rather、oratleast等。語篇標(biāo)記的分類如下(崔俊媛，2017:119-120):(11)表示轉(zhuǎn)題的信號詞：now、incidentally、bytheway、tochangethesubject等。(12)表示推論的信號詞：else、otherwise、then、inthatcase等。(13)表示總結(jié)的信號詞：inaword、inshort、inbrief、insummary、inconclusion、todrawaconclusion、onthewhole、altogether、overall、(all)inall等。(14)表示引出觀點(diǎn)的信號詞：inmyopinion、tomymind、

Ithink/believe/hold/supposethat、itismybeliefthat、

generallyspeaking等。1.（2019.6）Berlinhasbeenthe48

whilethemostdifficultwastheCzechtownofPilsen.48.

A.

easiest

B.

near