題型一閱讀理解(詞義猜測(cè)題)目錄TOC\o"1-1"\h\u一、考情概述 1二、命題特點(diǎn) 1三、選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) 2四、鏈高考·探究 2五、考法解題能力提升 7六、精選考點(diǎn)題型專練 13一、考情概述詞義猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解的必考題型,也是考查考生英語語言能力和思維品質(zhì)的重要形式。每套試卷中直接考查詞義猜測(cè)的試題一般不超過兩道。除了直接命題考查詞義猜測(cè)外,在閱讀理解文章中,有時(shí)會(huì)有一些生僻的單詞或短語,且文中沒有附加注釋,這時(shí)就需要考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義,從而準(zhǔn)確理解文章,這是對(duì)詞義猜測(cè)的一種間接考查。詞義猜測(cè)題旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、詞組、句子的本義或延伸義以及代詞的指代意義的能力。要求猜測(cè)詞義的詞一般為動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞或代詞等,這些詞要么是生僻詞,要么是考生比較熟悉的又有生僻義的詞,有時(shí)還會(huì)要求考生猜測(cè)一句話的含義。二、命題特點(diǎn)1.常考的角度(1)熟詞生義,即常用詞在特殊語言環(huán)境中具有的特殊意義。(2)專業(yè)化程度較高的詞的含義?；脽羝?(3)生僻詞的含義。(4)代詞所指代的含義。2.常見的設(shè)問形式(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase"..."inparagraph...probablymean?(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedword"..."inparagraph...referto?(3)Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"..."underlinedinparagraph...?(4)Whichofthefollowingcouldreplacetheunderlinedphrase"..."inparagraph...?(5)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword"..."?三、選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)1.正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)(1)相應(yīng)詞語的同義詞語。(2)對(duì)相應(yīng)語句的解釋、復(fù)述或概括。2.干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)(1)對(duì)原表達(dá)方式的不正確改寫。(2)信息不全。(3)半對(duì)半錯(cuò)。(4)曲解原意。這些干擾項(xiàng)有時(shí)會(huì)使用較多原句中的表達(dá),給人似是而非的誤導(dǎo),考生要多加注意。四、鏈高考·探究Passage1語篇類型:說明文主題:海貍鼠皮毛時(shí)裝詞數(shù):324難度:★★★建議時(shí)間:7分鐘高考真題Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist,furprobablydidn'tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(時(shí)裝)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海貍鼠).UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles."Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,"saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild."Theecosystemdowntherecan'thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物種).It'sdestroyingtheenvironment.It'sthemorus,"saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit'snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton'sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere'sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.ModelPaigeMorgansays,"Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork."DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She'stryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.28.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.TointroduceanewbrandD.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.29.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B.Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"collapsed"inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature.C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.31.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It'sformal.B.It'srisky.C.It'sharmful.D.It'straditional.Passage2語篇類型:記敘文主題:志愿者工作的意義詞數(shù):302難度:★★建議時(shí)間:7分鐘高考真題"Youcanusemeasalastresort(選擇),andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit."ThiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafterIputoutarequestforvolunteersformykids'lacrosse(長(zhǎng)曲棍球)club.Iguessthatthere'sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren'tevenon...Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,"Alright.Yes,I'lldoit."I'msecretlyrelievedbecauseIknowthere'srealpowerinsharingvolunteerresponsibilitiesamongmany.Theunwillingparentorganizesthemealschedule,sendsoutemails,andcollectsmoneyforend-of-seasongifts.Somewherealongtheway,thesameparentendsupbecominganinvaluablememberoftheteam.Thecoachisabletofocusonthekidswhiletheotherparentsarerelievedtobeoffthehookforanotherseason.Handingoutslicedorangestobloodthirstykidscanbeasexcitingaswatchingyourownkidscoreagoal.Still,mostofusvolunteersbreatheasighofreliefwhentheseasoncomestoaclose.Thatreliefiscoupledwithadeepunderstandingofwhythesamepeoplekeepcomingbackformore:Connectingtothecommunity(社區(qū))asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.Volunteeringjustfeelssogood.Inthatsense,I'mprettysurevolunteeringismoreofaselfishactthanI'dfreelyliketoadmit.However,ifothersbenefitintheprocess,andIgetsomerewardtoo,doesitreallymatterwheremymotivationlies?

24.Whatcanweinferabouttheparentfromherreplyinparagraph1?A.Sheknowslittleabouttheclub.B.Sheisn'tgoodatsports.C.Shejustdoesn'twanttovolunteer.D.She'sunabletomeetherschedule.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"tugattheheartstrings"inparagraph2mean?A.Encourageteamwork. B.Appealtofeelings.C.Promotegooddeeds. D.Provideadvice.26.Whatcanwelearnabouttheparentfromparagraph3?A.Shegetsinterestedinlacrosse.B.Sheisproudofherkids.C.She'llworkforanotherseason.D.Shebecomesagoodhelper.27.Whydoestheauthorlikedoingvolunteerwork?A.Itgivesherasenseofduty.B.Itmakesherveryhappy.C.Itenableshertoworkhard.D.Itbringshermaterialrewards.五、考法解題能力提升考法1猜測(cè)生僻詞或短語的含義命題透視詞義猜測(cè)題的重點(diǎn)就是對(duì)于生僻詞匯及短語含義的理解,這也是高考中詞義猜測(cè)題最常見的類型。方法點(diǎn)撥若畫線詞完全是生詞,考生能采用的方法主要有三種:一是依據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí);二是靠文章顯性或者隱性的邏輯關(guān)系、語法關(guān)系;三是利用上下文語境。當(dāng)然,在很多情況下,這三種方法可以共同使用,以確保答案正確。Ihadbeeneducatedintherhythmsofthemountain,rhythmsinwhichchangewasneverfundamental,onlycyclical.Thesamesunappearedeachmorning,sweptoverthevalleyanddroppedbehindthepeak.Thesnowsthatfellinthewinteralwaysmeltedinthespring.Ourliveswereacycle—thecycleoftheday,thecycleoftheseasons—circlesoflastingchangethat,whencomplete,meantnothinghadchangedatall.Ibelievedmyfamilywasapartofthisimmortal(永生的)pattern,andthatwewere,insomesense,eternal(永恒的).Buteternitybelongedonlytothemountain....25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"cyclical"inthepassagemean?A.Normal. B.Irregular.C.Circular. D.Traditional.Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn'tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.

...58.Theunderlinedphrase"nonethewiser"inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.

A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided考法2猜測(cè)熟詞或短語的生僻含義命題透視高考近幾年開始側(cè)重于考查熟詞生義,如2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ第26題考查了課標(biāo)詞匯currency在具體語境中的生僻含義,這就要求考生掌握并靈活運(yùn)用課標(biāo)詞匯。方法點(diǎn)撥在猜測(cè)熟詞的生僻含義時(shí),我們可以依據(jù)上下文語境、文章的邏輯關(guān)系等來判斷正確答案。We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.

…52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?A.Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.考法3猜測(cè)代詞的指代意義命題透視縱觀近五年高考閱讀理解中的代詞指代題可以看出,高考中?？嫉氖侨朔Q代詞(I,it,them)以及指示代詞that的指代對(duì)象,2020年新高考Ⅰ(山東)第9題考查了指示代詞that的指代,2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ第21題考查了人稱代詞I的指代。方法點(diǎn)撥1.文章中的代詞it,that,them等通常指代上文提到的人或事物,因此其指代含義也通常在其前的內(nèi)容中尋找。2.有時(shí)代詞與指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn),要認(rèn)真查找;有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié),才能得出代詞所指代的事物。3.一般來講,代詞指代題不會(huì)單純從語法角度考查指代對(duì)象,都需要借助上下文語境以及邏輯關(guān)系來進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome....25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"that"inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B.Theshortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.考法4猜測(cè)句子含義命題透視猜測(cè)句子含義題是近幾年新出現(xiàn)的一種設(shè)問方式。一般來講,畫線句中生詞不占主導(dǎo)地位,但無法單獨(dú)通過字面意思理解句子的隱含意義。如2019浙江6月第24題猜測(cè)"Moneywithnostringsattached"在文中的含義,2018全國(guó)Ⅲ第32題猜測(cè)"moreismore"在文中的含義。方法點(diǎn)撥針對(duì)猜測(cè)句子含義的試題,考生必須回歸原文,將畫線句的前后句,甚至前后段進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),再將自己理解的意思與選項(xiàng)的意思逐個(gè)比較,選出最為接近的選項(xiàng)。解答此類試題的線索主要有兩個(gè):一是上下文語境,二是句子的字面含義。Archeology(考古學(xué))isn'tthedustysciencewhichwasagenerationago.Newtechnologiesthatonceseemedoutofsci-fiarenowlocatingburiedtracesofbuildingsandrevealingtheruinsofcities...NowSarahParcakandherteamareabouttotakeonanewchallengeastheyfocusGlobalXplorercitizen-scienceprojectonIndia....Inthefuture,shehopesothercountrieswillcontacthertolaunchtheirownsatellitesurveys.Thepossibilitiesarehuge.Parcakestimatesthatthereareatleast12millionpotentialarchaeologicalsitesyettobediscovered.Thatmeanstheskyisthelimitforherproject...

11.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence"Thepossibilitiesarehuge"mean?A.Parcak'sprojectwillbecomesuccessful.B.Fewcountrieswillstartsatellitesurveys.C.TherewillbeamazingdiscoveriesinIndia.D.Morearchaeologicalsiteswillbeidentified.六、精選考點(diǎn)題型專練Passage1語篇類型主題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間記敘文克服對(duì)"水"的恐懼356★★6分鐘Ateleven,Idecidedtolearntoswim.TherewasapoolattheYMCAofferingexactlytheopportunity.Mymothercontinuallywarnedagainstit,andkeptfreshinmymindthedetailsofeachdrowningintheriver.ButtheYMCApoolwassafe.Ihadachildhoodfearofwater.ThisstartedwhenIwasthreeyearsoldandmyfathertookmetothebeach.Thehugewavesknockedmedownandsweptoverme.Thepoolwasquiet.Iwasafraidofgoinginallalone,soIsatononesideofthepooltowaitforothers.Thencameabigboy.Heyelled,"Hi,how’dyouliketobeducked?"Withthathepickedmeupandthrewmeintothedeepend.Ilandedinasittingposition,andswallowedwater.ButIwasnotfrightenedoutofmywits—whenmyfeethitthebottom,Iwouldmakeabigjumptocomeoutofthesurface.Itseemedalongwaydown.IgatheredallmystrengthwhenIlandedandmadewhatIthoughtwasagreatspringupwards.ThenIopenedmyeyesandsawnothingbutwater.Itriedtoyellbutnosoundcameout.Iwentdown,down,endlessly.WhenIcametoconsciousness,Ifoundmyselflyingonthebedinthehospital.Ineverwentbacktothepool.IavoidedwaterwheneverIcould.Thismisadventurestayedwithmeastheyearsrolledby.Itdeprivedmeofthejoyofboatingandswimming.Finally,Idecidedtogetaninstructor.Piecebypiece,hebuiltaswimmer.Severalmonthslater,theinstructorwasfinished,butIwasnot.Sometimestheterrorwouldreturn.

ThiswentonuntilJuly.IswamacrosstheLakeWentworth.Onlyoncedidtheterrorreturn.WhenIwasinthemiddleofthelake,Iputmyfaceunderandsawnothingbutbottomlesswater.Ilaughedandsaid,"Well,Mr.Terror,whatdoyouthinkyoucandotome?"Ihadconqueredmyfearofwater.1.Theauthor’soriginalfearofwaterwascausedby.

A.hispoorskillinswimmingB.hismother’swarningofdrowningC.anoutingtothebeachwithhisfatherD.anunpleasantmemoryofthepool2.Whywastheauthornotscaredtodeathwhenhewasthrownintothewater?A.Heknewhowtoswiminthepool.B.HefeltthattheYMCApoolwassafe.C.Hewaswaitingforotherstosavehim.D.Hecameupwithanideaofgoingupwards.3.Byexpressing"butIwasnot"inParagraph5,theauthorprobablymeans.

A.hewasstillapoorswimmerB.hehadnotovercomethefearyetC.hewasnotafraidofdrowninganymoreD.hewasnotsatisfiedwiththeswimmingtraining4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Goodbye,Mr.TerrorB.Hello,ChildhoodFearC.ASwimmingAdventureD.MyPassionforSwimmingPassage2語篇類型主題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間議論文2020東京奧運(yùn)會(huì)推遲355★★7分鐘ThedecisiononTuesdaybyJapanandtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)topostponetheTokyo2020OlympicGamesuntilnextsummerbecauseoftheCOVID-19pandemicmusthavebeenahardonetomake.AlthoughtheGameshavebeencanceled—threetimesinall,in1916,1940and1944—duetothetwoworldwars,inthemodernOlympics’historyofmorethan120years,neverbeforehaveanyGamesbeenpostponedtoadifferentyear.Nonetheless,thedecisionistherightone.Ifitisnotbroughtundercontrol,theharmdonetohumansocietybythepandemiccouldbemoreseriousandfar-reachingthaneventhetwoworldwars.Giventhenumberofcountriesaffectedandsocialandeconomicshockwavesthathavebeencausedbytherapidspreadofthevirus,postponingtheGamesistheonlyrightandsensiblechoicetomake.Afterall,nothingismoreimportantthanpeople’slives.PostponingtheGamesnotonlysafeguardsthehealthofathletes,audiencesandeveryoneinvolvedintheGames,butalsoreducespotentialtransmissionofthevirusfromoneplacetoanother.Evenlookingatitfromonlyasportinglevel,thepandemichasalreadycausedhugedisruptionstoathletes’trainingandthequalificationprocess.ItisundoubtedlyabigblowforJapan,whichhaspreparedmeticulouslyforthelargestsportseventintheworld,includingrenovatingandupgradingitsinfrastructureandsportsvenues,suchasrebuildingTokyo’sOlympicStadiumatacostof$1.45billion.Japanwillsufferahugeloss,atleastintheshortterm.Theinternationalcommunityowesabig"thankyou"toJapanforallithasdonefortheGamesdespitethepostponement.That’swhytheGameswillstillbecalledtheTokyo2020OlympicandParalympicGamesdespitetakingplacein2021.TheOlympicflamewillalsoremainstoredanddisplayedinJapan.Moreimportantly,allmembersintheOlympicfamily,guidedbytheOlympicspiritofrespectandunderstanding,aremorallyboundtostandbehindJapantogothroughthismostdifficultmomentintheGames’history.1.Whatdoestheword"it"inParagraph3referto?A.Thedecision. B.TheGames.C.Thepandemic. D.Thewar.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"meticulously"inParagraph5probablymean?A.Wisely. B.Recently. C.Easily. D.Precisely.3.Weknowfromthepassage.

A.theGamesshouldbeputoffintimesofwarsanddisastersB.theGameswillstillbecalledtheTokyo2020OlympicandParalympicGamesforJapan’ssacrificeC.postponingtheGameswillhaveabadinfluenceontheathletesD.theOlympicfamilywillhavetomakeupforthelossofJapan4.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.TheOlympicfamilywillsupportJapan.B.JapanwillkeeptheOlympicflameburning.C.PostponingtheGameswillbringtheworldhope.D.TokyowillbecomethesymboloftheGames.Passage3語篇類型主題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文何為"老"262★★★7分鐘Anagelessquestion:Whenissomeone"old"?Whatdoes"old"reallymeanthesedays?Thisisn’tameaninglessquestion—notonlydoesthedefinitionof"old"haveanoutsizedimpactonhowwefeelaboutourselves(nottomentionhowothersviewus),italsomatterstopolicymakersdetermininghowtoplanforagingpopulations.TheUnitedNationshistoricallyhasdefinedolderpersonsaspeople60yearsoldorover(sometimes65).Itdoesn’tmatterwhetheryouliveintheUnitedStates,ChinaorSenegal,eventhoughlifeexpectancyisquitedifferentineachofthosecountries.Everyonebecomesoldat60.ResearchersSergeiScherbovandWarrenSanderson,whostudyaging,aresuggestingoverturningtheone-size-fits-alldefinitionof"old".Instead,theytalkabout"prospectiveage",whichlookstothefuture.Everyonewiththesameprospectiveagehasthesameexpectedremainingyearsoflife.

Scherbovexplainedthat"young"and"old"arerelativeconcepts,andtheircommonreferencepointislifeexpectancy.Andthat"old"wouldvarybetweennationsmakessense,especiallybetweenmoreandlessdevelopedcountries,withdifferencesineducation,deathrates,accesstohealthcareandlifeexpectancy.Butwhois"old"alsovaries—widely—betweenindividuals.Thepoint,saysScherbov,isthatpersonalageisdependentonour"characteristics"—understandingabilities,disability,healthhistoryandeveneducationlevels.Thosewithmoreeducationtendnottosmoke,exercisemorefrequently,havebetterdietsandhaveregularcheckups—and,therefore,livelonger,meaningthebeginningoftheiroldagecomeslater,saysScherbov.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howwefeelaboutourselves.B.Thedefinitionof"old".C.Theimportanceofthedefinitionof"old".D.Theplanforagingpopulations.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"prospectiveage"inparagraph3refertoaccordingtothetext?A.Theexpectedremainingyearsofone’slife.B.Thebeginningofone’soldage.C.Thedifferencesofour"characteristics".D.Theagewhenonebecomesold.3.WhatsimilaritydoesScherbovthink"young"and"old"have?A.Understandingabilities. B.Nations.C.Education. D.Thereferencepoint.4.WhichofthefollowinghelpsonetolivelongeraccordingtoScherbov?A.Asmuchexerciseaspossible.B.Losingweight.C.Studyinghistory.D.Improvingtheeducationlevel.Passage4語篇類型主題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文能自學(xué)合作技能的機(jī)器人317★★7分鐘Neverplaygameswithabot(robot)—itwillfindawaytocheatifitcan.AteamfromOpenAI,anartificialintelligencelabinSanFrancisco,hasdevelopedartificiallyintelligentbotsthattaughtthemselvestocooperatebyplayinghide-and-seek.Thebotsalsolearnedhowtousebasictoolstohelpwin.BowenBakeratOpenAIandhiscolleagueswantedtoseeiftheteam-baseddynamicsoftheOpenAIFivecouldbeusedtoproduceskillsthatcouldonedaybeusefultohumans.Theresearcherssettheirbotslooseinasimulated(模擬的)environmentfilledwithfixedwalls,movableboxesandladders,andleftthemtoplayteamgamesofhide-and-seek.Thebotseachhadtheirownviewoftheworldandcouldn’tcommunicatewitheachotherdirectly.Atfirst,thehiderssimplyranaway.Buttheysoonworkedoutthatthequickestwaytostoptheseekerswastofindobjectsintheenvironmenttohidethemselvesfromview.Theseekerslearnedthattheycouldmoveboxesaroundandusethemtoclimboverwalls.Thebotsthendiscoveredthatbeingateam-player—passingobjectstoeachotherorcooperatingonahideout—wasthequickestwaytowin.Buttherealsurprisecamewhenthebotsstartedmakinguseofproblemsorfaults.Seekersfoundthatiftheypushedaladdertowardsawall,theycouldlaunchthemselvesintotheairandspothidersfromabove.Hidersfoundthattheycouldgetridoftheladdersbypushingthemaside.ItshowsthatAIbotsareabletofindsolutionsthathumansmiss,saysBaker."Maybethey’llevenbeabletosolveproblemsthathumansdon’tyetknowhowto."However,itisalargeleap(跳躍)fromvirtualhide-and-seektorealproblem-solving."Themainlimitationisthatitisinsimulation,"saysChelseaFinnatStanfordUniversity.1.WhydidBowenandhiscolleaguesconducttheresearch?A.Toteachbotstoplaygames.B.Totrainbotstousebasictools.C.Tofindifbotsmaycheatlikehumans.D.Toseethepotentialofbots’cooperation.2.What’sthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thetoolsoftheresearch.B.Thedesignoftheresearch.C.Thecompetitorsofthegame.D.Theenvironmentofthegame.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"It"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Passingobjects. B.Movingboxesaround.C.Makinguseoffaults. D.Hidingthemselvesfromview.4.WhatdoesChelseathinkofthefindingoftheresearch?A.ItcanbridgeagapintheAIresearch.B.Itwillnotbeinfluencedbytherealworld.C.Itwilldefinitelyhelptherealproblem-solving.D.Itmaynotberealizedoutofthevirtualworld.Passage5語篇類型主題詞數(shù)難度建議時(shí)間說明文頭像與性格間的關(guān)系327★★★8分鐘Whenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,weusuallygetavaguesenseofwhatkindofpersontheyarebythewaytheyshakehands,talkorwalk.Intheageofsocialnetworking,however,firstimpressionsaresometimesmadeevenbeforeweactuallymeetsomeoneinperson—thatis,bylookingattheirprofilephoto.Accordingtoarecentstudy,thesesocialimagessayalotaboutourpersonality.Inthestudy,agroupofresearchersfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUSusedsoftwaretoanalyzetheprofilepicturesof66,000usersofoneUSsocialplatform.Atthesametime,about434participantswereaskedtocompleteasurveyabouttheirpersonalitytype.Accordingtotheresults,openpeoplearemorelikelytoposeinanunusualwayanduseobjectssuchasglassesoraguitarintheirprofilephotobecausetheyenjoynewandexcitingexperiences.Meanwhile,neuroticpeopleoftenholdbacktheirnegativeemotions.Theytrytoavoidshowingtheirface;instead,theyuseanimageofsomethinglikeapet,acarorabuilding.That’sbecauseneuroticpeoplearestronglyinfluencedbythe"strongsocialnormagainstaverysadorangryappearanceinprofilepictures".Apartfromtheobjectsinprofilepictures,thecolorsusedinthemalsogiveussomeinformationaboutthephoto’sowner.Forexample,extravertswerefoundtohavethemostcolorfulprofileimages,astheywanttoemphasizetheirpersonalityandshowthemselvesoff.DanielPreoiuc-PietrofromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniawroteintheresearchpaper,"Socialmediaphotosusuallyrepresentanextensionofone’sself,buttheyalsoallowausertoshapehisorherownpersonalityandidealizedview."So,whenchoosingaprofilephoto,maybeweshouldaskourselvesfirstwhatkindofimagewe’dliketoconvey.Afterall,firstimpressionsalwayslast.1.Whydoneuroticpeopleoftenavoidshowingtheirfaceintheirprofilephoto?A.Becausetheyarefondofpets,carsandbuildings.B.Becausetheywanttoenjoynewexperiences.C.Becausetheydon’twanttoexposetheirnegativeimages.D.Becausetheyarenotconfidentaboutthemselves.2.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordinPara.4referto?A.Openpeople. B.Neuroticpeople.C.Negativepeople. D.Popularpeople.3.Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsthechoiceofaprofilephoto?A.Casu