第8講體裁微解——議論文議論文，也叫說理文，是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發(fā)表意見、提出主張的文體。作者通過擺事實、講道理、辨是非等方法，來確定其觀點的正確或錯誤，樹立或否定某種主張。議論文的三要素是論點、論據(jù)和論證。論點是一篇文章的靈魂、統(tǒng)帥；論據(jù)是支撐論點的材料；論證是用論據(jù)來證明論點的方法和過程。主要具有以下特點：選材主要選自一些外國期刊，如NewsWeek，Times，BusinessWeek，TheEconomist；主要是中外廣泛關(guān)注的社會話題和熱點問題。內(nèi)容內(nèi)容包羅萬象，社會生活類占據(jù)了絕大部分。作者通過擺事實、列數(shù)字等方法論證論點，目的是說服他人、宣揚觀點，或者說服讀者接受某種意見或采取某種行動。文章中會出現(xiàn)生僻詞匯和長難句。結(jié)構(gòu)大多以“總—分—總”的結(jié)構(gòu)行文，即“提出問題—分析問題—解決問題”。語言議論文一般觀點明確、論據(jù)充分、語言精練、論證合理，有嚴(yán)密的邏輯性。命題議論文難度相對比較大，命題角度呈多樣化，如細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題等。高考英語議論文設(shè)題廣泛，細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞句猜測題、主旨大意題都有可能出現(xiàn)，因此，在閱讀議論文時，應(yīng)該從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容兩方面同時入手，先通讀原文，再區(qū)分事實和觀點，明確論點、論證和論據(jù)，明了作者最后得出的結(jié)論。具體答題策略如下：(2021·天津3月·D)Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist，evenifyouareaspecialist.Knowingalittleaboutalotofthingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole，well-livedlife.Societypushesustospecialize，tobecomeexperts.Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation，branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone’sfield.Youmaypursuetraining，degrees，orincreasinglevelsofresponsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeepup.Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.Butsuchcommitmentcanalsoweakenasenseoffreedom.Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight，thenlookbackandrealizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends，ortraveledtoexcitingplaces，meetinginterestingpeople.Masteringonethingtotheexclusion(排除)ofotherscanholdbackyourtruespirit.Generalists，ontheotherhand，knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnections.Theyarepeopleofability，talent，andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective(視角)intospecificfieldsofexpertise(專長)．Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor，onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut，onceyouexploretheirdepths，youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni，whoisalsoawriter，haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter，sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.“Idon’tknowwhereitwilllead，butI’mexcitedI’monthispursuit.”Theseexpansionsintonewworldshelpusbygivingusnewperspectives.Webegintoseetheinterconnectednessofonethingtoanotherinallaspectsofourlife，ofourselvesandtheuniverse.Developbroad，generalknowledgeandexperience.Theuniverseisallyourstoexploreandenjoy.51．Tobecomeaspecialist，onemayhaveto______.A．narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB．a(chǎn)voidresponsibilitiesatworkC．knowmoreaboutthesocietyD．broadenhisperspectiveonlife52．Thespecialistsmentionedinparagraph3tendto________.A．treasuretheirfreedomB．travelaroundtheworldC．spendmosttimeworkingD．enjoymeetingfunnypeople53．Accordingtotheauthor，asuperiordoctorisonewho________.A．isfullyawareofhistalentandabilityB．isapurespecialistinmedicineC．shouldlovepoetryandphilosophyD．bringsknowledgeofotherfieldstowork54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson’ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.55．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialistB．SpecialistorGeneralist：HardtoDecideC．TurnaGeneralistintoaSpecialistD．WaystoBecomeaGeneralistAIfhavingtomakeachoicebetweenreadingane-bookandaprintedbook，whichwouldmostpeoplechoose？Somewouldgoforane-bookwhilesomestillpreferthehard-printedbook.Undoubtedly，e-booksdohavebenefits.Firstly，changestoanelectronicpublicationarerelativelyeasytomake.Theyarequickertoobtain.E-booksaremoreeasilyupdated.Theprintedbooksonmanysubjectscanbecomeoutdatedveryquickly.Secondly，e-bookscanbeeasilyandquicklykeptuptodate.Youusuallygetfarmorethanjustthee-books.Moste-booksaresoldwithbonusesandrelatedinformationthatusuallydonotcomewiththepurchaseofaprintedbook.Moreover，theytakeuplessspace.Insteadofabiglibrary，youcanfitliterallythousandsofbooksonyourcomputer.Italsomakesiteasiertosharethisinformationwithfamiliesandfriends.Fornearlytwentyyears，additionally，futuristshavebeenpredictingthedevelopmentofprintedbooks.Theconventionalviewhasbeenthatdigitale-booksareonthevergeofreplacingpaperbooks.However，thishasnotbeenthecase.Aprintedbookhasitsadvantagestoo.Firstly，itisanobjectthatcanbecarriedandusedalone.Itneedsnoelectricoutlet(插座)，nobatteries，nothing.Secondly，e-bookswillalwaysrequiresomeformsofsupportthattheprintedbookdoesnotneed.Ibelievethattheonlinepublishinghasnottakenoffbecausepeoplewantrealbooks.Whatisbeingpublishedonlinemoreandmorearepamphlets(小冊子)andthingsthatreallydonotneedtobeinprint.Thesearestuffthatpeoplethrowawayafterward.Moreoften，peopledonotwanttoreadabookonthecomputer.Whatcouldbebetterthanapaperbook？Itlastsalongtime.Thesebooksaredesignedtolastalongtimewithoutdisappearing.Tosumup，thereisnodenyingthattheprintedbookisstillverymuchpreferredoveritsdigitalcousins.Readingelectronicpublicationsisjustnotthesamewhenitcomestobooks.Peoplearestillveryinterestedinrealbooksandnotebooks.1．Whatcanweknowaboutane-book?A．Itwillneverbeoutofdate.B．Italwaysgivesyouanaddedbonus.C．Itcandeliverinformationquickly.D．Ithastakentheplaceofprintedbooks.2．Whichstatementwouldfuturistsprobablyagreewith?A．Printedbookswilldisappear.B．Printedbookscanbeusedalone.C．E-bookshavemanyrestrictions.D．E-bookshavenodrawbacks.3．Whatisonecauseofthefailedonlinepublishing?A．Thelowdemandforbookindustry.B．Theexpectationsfrompeople.C．Theguidanceofpolicy.D．Thedesirefortheprintedbooks.4．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureoftheprintedbook?A．Hopeless. B．Unpredictable.C．Costly. D．Promising.B“Mirror，mirroronthewall.Who’stheprettiestofthemall？”Everyoneis.Includingyou.NomatterwhatTikTok’sbeautytrendswantyoutobelieve.Thepopularvideo-sharingplatformneedsnointroduction.Anyoneintheworldcancreateanythingandpostitonthewidespreadplatform.Butwhathappenswhenmoreandmorefault-findingcontents—especiallyinregardtopeople’slooks—arecreated?“You’reattractiveifyouhave8to10teethshowingwhenyousmile.”“Apparently，thisfilter(濾鏡)showshowgoodyoureyebrowslook.”“Usethiseffecttoadjustthesizeofyourfeatures.”Wearebornwithatendencytofollowthecrowdtogainapproval.Asaresult，welookatthehugenumberofviewsonthesepostsandthinkfollowingthesetrendsistherightthingtodo.Sowehurriedlydownloadthefiltersorrushtothemirrortopretendtosmilebroadlyandcuriouslycountourteeth.Mediahasbeenkeepingwesternbeautystandardsforgenerationsandhasfailedtoconsiderthatdifferentculturesandcountrieshavetheirownbeautystandards.Youmightnotbelieveit，butIfinddarkcircles(theproofyouworkedharduntillateatnight)andscars(theproofthatyou’vesurvivedbattles)beautiful.AndI’msurethereareplentyofotherswhodo，too.TikTokbeautystandardssortpeopleintogroupsaccordingtothesizesoftheirnoses，foreheads，orlips.Theyjudgeapersonbytheirlooks.Actually，peoplearewholeindividualswithfarmoreinterestingqualitiesthantheirforeheadsize.It’sthewayyoureyeslightupwhentalkingaboutyourfavoritebookorthewayyoutakecareofyoursadfriendthatmakesyoubeautiful.Asweageandgrowwrinkles，it’sthethingswedidthatwe’l