衡水市人民醫(yī)院輸血醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語文獻(xiàn)閱讀與翻譯試題一、單選題（每題2分，共20題）說明：請根據(jù)所提供的英文文獻(xiàn)段落，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthebloodbankinahospitalsetting?A)Tosellbloodproductsforprofit.B)Toensuresafeandadequatebloodsupplyforpatients.C)Toresearchnewbloodtypes.D)Tomanufacturebloodsubstitutes.2.Whichofthefollowingisacommonmethodfordetectingantibodiesinblood?A)PCRtesting.B)Bloodcellcounting.C)Indirectantiglobulintest(IAT).D)Hemoglobinelectrophoresis.3.Whatisthesignificanceofcrossmatchingintransfusionmedicine?A)Todeterminebloodtypecompatibility.B)Tomeasurebloodvolume.C)Todetectinfectiousdiseases.D)Tocalculaterequiredbloodunits.4.Whichbloodgroupsystemismostassociatedwithtransfusionreactions?A)RhDsystem.B)AB0system.C)Kellsystem.D)Duffysystem.5.Whatistheroleofleukoreductioninbloodtransfusion?A)Toincreasebloodviscosity.B)Toremovewhitebloodcellstoreducefebrilenon-hemolytictransfusionreactions(FNHTR).C)Toenhancebloodstoragelife.D)Toimproveredbloodcellsurvival.6.Whichanticoagulantiscommonlyusedinbloodcollectionbags?A)Heparin.B)Citrate-phosphate-dextrose(CPD).C)Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid(EDTA).D)Sodiumcitrate.7.Whatistheprimarycauseofhemolytictransfusionreactions?A)Bloodstoragedamage.B)ABOincompatibility.C)Plateletactivation.D)Leukocyteantibodies.8.Whichtestisusedtoscreenforviralinfectionsinbloodproducts?A)Bloodgasanalysis.B)PCR-basednucleicacidtesting(NAT).C)Completebloodcount(CBC).D)Coagulationprofile.9.Whatistherecommendedstoragetemperatureforredbloodcells?A)37°C.B)4°C.C)-20°C.D)Roomtemperature.10.Whichcomponentofbloodhastheshortestshelflife?A)Plasma.B)Platelets.C)Cryoprecipitate.D)Redbloodcells.二、多選題（每題3分，共10題）說明：請根據(jù)所提供的英文文獻(xiàn)段落，選擇所有符合題意的答案。1.Whatarethepotentialcomplicationsofbloodtransfusions?A)Acutetransfusionreactions.B)Transfusion-relatedimmunomodulation(TRIM).C)Transmissionofinfectiousdiseases.D)Ironoverload.2.WhichbloodgroupsystemsareincludedintheABOandRhbloodtyping?A)ABOsystem.B)RhDsystem.C)Lewissystem.D)Kellsystem.3.Whatarethefunctionsofplasmainbloodtransfusion?A)Clottingfactorsupport.B)Volumeexpansion.C)Transportofnutrients.D)Immuneglobulinprovision.4.Whichtestsarecommonlyperformedtoensurebloodcompatibilitybeforetransfusion?A)Bloodtyping.B)Crossmatching.C)Antibodyscreening.D)Viralloadtesting.5.Whataretheadvantagesofleukoreducedbloodproducts?A)ReducedriskofFNHTR.B)Extendedstoragetime.C)Decreasedimmunesuppression.D)Improvedredbloodcellviability.6.Whichfactorsinfluenceblooddonationeligibility?A)Bloodtype.B)Healthstatus.C)Age.D)Medicationhistory.7.Whatarethecommoncausesofhemolysisinstoredredbloodcells?A)Oxidativedamage.B)Enzymaticdegradation.C)Freeradicalformation.D)Hypothermia.8.Whichbloodcomponentsareusedinemergencytransfusions?A)Redbloodcells.B)Freshfrozenplasma(FFP).C)Platelets.D)Cryoprecipitate.9.Whatarethekeyconsiderationsformanagingtransfusionreactions?A)Immediatediscontinuationofthetransfusion.B)Administrationofantihistamines.C)Monitoringvitalsigns.D)Identifyingthecausativeantibody.10.Whichadvancementshaveimprovedbloodsafetyinrecentdecades?A)Leukoreductiontechniques.B)Enhancedviralinactivationmethods.C)expandeddonorscreeningprotocols.D)Improvedcoldstoragetechnology.三、翻譯題（每題10分，共5題）說明：請將以下英文段落翻譯成中文，注意專業(yè)術(shù)語的準(zhǔn)確性。1."TheABObloodgroupsystemisbasedonthepresenceorabsenceofantigensAandBonthesurfaceofredbloodcells.IndividualswithtypeAbloodhaveAantigens,typeBbloodhasBantigens,typeABbloodhasboth,andtypeObloodhasneither.AntibodiesagainstAandBantigensarenaturallyproducedintheplasmaofindividualswholacktheseantigensontheirredcells."2."Leukoreduction,theprocessofremovingwhitebloodcellsfrombloodproducts,significantlyreducestheriskoffebrilenon-hemolytictransfusionreactions(FNHTR)andminimizesalloimmunization.Thisisparticularlyimportantforpatientswhohavereceivedmultipletransfusionsorthosewithpre-existingantibodies."3."Plateletshaveashortshelflifeofonly5dayswhenstoredatroomtemperature,andtheirfunctiondependsonmaintainingadhesionandaggregationproperties.Plateletpheresis,aproceduretocollectplateletsfromdonors,isoftenusedtoprovidesufficientquantitiesforpatientswiththrombocytopeniaorbleedingdisorders."4."Bloodstoragelesions,suchashemolysisandoxidativedamage,occurduringthepreservationofredbloodcells.Theseprocessescanleadtoreducedredbloodcellviabilityandincreasedhemolysisupontransfusion.Modernstoragesolutions,suchasadditivesolutions,helpmitigatetheseissuesbymaintainingoptimalpHand2,3-bisphosphoglycerate(2,3-BPG)levels."5."Transfusion-relatedimmunomodulation(TRIM)isaphenomenonobservedafterbloodtransfusions,wheretherecipient'simmunesystemissuppressed.Thiscanincreasetheriskofinfectionsandimpairantitumorresponses.StrategiestominimizeTRIMincludeusingautologousbloodtransfusionsorleukoreducedallogeneicblood."答案與解析一、單選題答案與解析1.B-解析：血庫的主要功能是確保醫(yī)院有安全充足的血液供應(yīng)，以滿足患者的輸血需求。其他選項(xiàng)不準(zhǔn)確，如A（血庫非盈利機(jī)構(gòu)）、C（血型研究非主要任務(wù)）、D（血庫不制造血液替代品）。2.C-解析：間接抗人球蛋白試驗(yàn)（IAT）是檢測血中不完全抗體的常用方法。其他選項(xiàng)不適用：A（PCR檢測病原體）、B（血細(xì)胞計數(shù)評估細(xì)胞數(shù)量）、D（血紅蛋白電泳用于遺傳病篩查）。3.A-解析：交叉配血用于確定供血者與受血者的血液兼容性，防止輸血反應(yīng)。其他選項(xiàng)不正確：B（測量血量）、C（檢測感染）、D（計算所需血液單位）。4.A-解析：RhD系統(tǒng)與輸血反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)，尤其是Rh陰性患者輸注Rh陽性血液時。其他選項(xiàng)與輸血反應(yīng)關(guān)系較小。5.B-解析：白細(xì)胞去除可減少非溶血性發(fā)熱輸血反應(yīng)（FNHTR），因白細(xì)胞含多種抗原。其他選項(xiàng)不適用：A（增加血液粘稠度）、C（延長儲存期）、D（改善紅細(xì)胞存活）。6.B-解析：CPD是血液采集袋常用的抗凝劑，可防止紅細(xì)胞破壞。其他選項(xiàng)不適用：A（肝素主要用于實(shí)驗(yàn)室抗凝）、C/D（EDTA和檸檬酸鈉用于其他用途）。7.B-解析：ABO不相容是溶血性輸血反應(yīng)的主要原因，如O型血輸注A型血。其他選項(xiàng)不直接相關(guān)。8.B-解析：PCR核酸檢測（NAT）可快速篩查血液中的病毒。其他選項(xiàng)不適用：A（血?dú)夥治鲈u估氣體平衡）、C/D（CBC和凝血功能用于其他檢測）。9.B-解析：紅細(xì)胞在4°C下保存可延長其穩(wěn)定性。其他選項(xiàng)不正確：A（37°C會導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡）、C/D（-20°C和室溫不適合紅細(xì)胞儲存）。10.B-解析：血小板在室溫下僅能保存5天，是最短的血液成分儲存時間。其他選項(xiàng)儲存時間較長：A（血漿可凍存）、C/D（冷沉淀和紅細(xì)胞儲存時間長）。二、多選題答案與解析1.A/B/C/D-解析：輸血并發(fā)癥包括急性輸血反應(yīng)、TRIM、感染傳播和鐵過載。所有選項(xiàng)均正確。2.A/B-解析：ABO和Rh血型系統(tǒng)包括A/B抗原和RhD抗原。C/D（Lewis和Kell系統(tǒng)）與ABO/Rh無關(guān)。3.A/B/C/D-解析：血漿功能包括凝血因子支持、容量擴(kuò)張、營養(yǎng)運(yùn)輸和免疫球蛋白提供。所有選項(xiàng)均正確。4.A/B/C-解析：血型檢測、交叉配血和抗體篩查是確保輸血兼容性的關(guān)鍵。D（病毒載量檢測）通常用于特殊病例。5.A/B/D-解析：白細(xì)胞去除可減少FNHTR、提高紅細(xì)胞存活率。C（免疫抑制）與白細(xì)胞去除關(guān)系較小。6.A/B/C/D-解析：獻(xiàn)血資格受血型、健康狀況、年齡和用藥史等因素影響。所有選項(xiàng)均正確。7.A/B/C-解析：氧化損傷、酶解和自由基形成是紅細(xì)胞儲存損傷的常見原因。D（低溫）非儲存損傷因素。8.A/B/C-解析：緊急輸血通常使用紅細(xì)胞、FFP和血小板。D（冷沉淀）較少用于緊急情況。9.A/B/C-解析：輸血反應(yīng)管理包括停止輸血、使用抗組胺藥和監(jiān)測生命體征。D（識別抗體）通常在事后分析。10.A/B/C/D-解析：近年來，白細(xì)胞去除、病毒滅活、篩查改進(jìn)和冷儲存技術(shù)均提高了血液安全性。所有選項(xiàng)均正確。三、翻譯題答案與解析1.中文翻譯："ABO血型系統(tǒng)基于紅細(xì)胞表面是否存在A或B抗原。A型血有A抗原，B型血有B抗原，AB型血兩者都有，O型血則沒有。缺乏這些抗原的個體血漿中會自然產(chǎn)生針對A和B抗原的抗體。"-解析：翻譯準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)了ABO系統(tǒng)的抗原抗體關(guān)系，術(shù)語如"antigens"（抗原）