Chapter1IoTTechnologyFundamentalsUnderstandingthegeneraldevelopmentoftheIoTRememberingthekeyterms

ofIoTKnowledgeApplyingmind-mappingasapre-readingApplyingwordfamiliesinexpandingvocabularyImplementingstrategiestoprepareforshortexamquestionsSkillLearningobjectives

FromtheInternetofcomputers

totheinternetofthingsUNIT1ContentsDomainKnowledgeandterminologyfocusEnglishforAcademicPurposesAcademicreading:1)mind-mapping2)readingforspecificdetailsVocabulary:wordfamilyListeningPublicspeaking:alectureWritingforcourseworkandexamBackground:MarkWeiserMarkWeiser(1952-1999)AmericancomputerscientistandvisionaryPioneeredtheconceptofubiquitouscomputingBackground:MarkWeiserCoinedtheterm"ubiquitouscomputing"intheearly1990sWorkedatXeroxPARC(PaloAltoResearchCenter)Knownasthe"FatherofUbiquitousComputing"1.DOMAINKNOWLEDGEandTERMINOLOGYFOCUS

KeysentencesTheInternetofThingsrepresentsavisioninwhichtheInternetextendsintotherealworldembracingeverydayobjects.(para1)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)代表了一個(gè)愿景，即互聯(lián)網(wǎng)延伸到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，將日常物品連接起來(lái)。Paraphrase:Theterm"InternetofThings"describesafuturisticconceptinwhichcommonplaceitemsbecomepartoftheonlineworld.KeywordsVision/'v???n/n.adreamorsimilarexperience,especiallyofareligiouskindThevisionaryleaderpresentedacompellingvisionforthefutureofthecompany.Shehadaclearvisionofhowtheprojectshouldbeexecuted.KeywordsEmbrace/?m'bre?s/v.toacceptasetofbeliefs,especiallywhenitisdonewithenthusiasmHevalueshiscustomers'opinionsandisalwaysreadytoembracefeedbacktoimprovehisproducts.Inresponsetoshiftingmarkettrends,sheisreadytoembraceinnovationandadaptherstrategiesforfuturesuccess.KeysentencesAnInternetofThingsmakescomputingtrulyubiquitous–aconceptinitiallyputforwardbyMarkWeiserintheearly1990s.(para1)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得計(jì)算真正變得無(wú)處不在——這個(gè)概念最初由馬克·威瑟在上世紀(jì)90年代初提出。Paraphrase:Intheearly1990s,MarkWeiserintroducedtheconceptoftheInternetofThings,whichmakescomputingbecometrulywidespread.KeywordsUbiquitous/ju?'b?kw?t?s/adj.seemingtobeeverywhere;verycommonWi-Ficonnectivityisnowubiquitousinpublicplaceslikecafes,airports,andshoppingcenters.E-commercehasmadeonlineshoppingaubiquitouspractice,providingconveniencetoconsumersworldwide.Keysentences“Smart”objectsplayakeyroleintheInternetofThingsvision,sinceembeddedcommunicationandinformationtechnologywouldhavethepotentialtorevolutionizetheuseoftheseobjects.(para3)在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的愿景中，“智能”物體扮演著重要的角色，因?yàn)檫@些物體內(nèi)嵌了通信技術(shù)與信息技術(shù)，有潛力徹底改變這些物體的使用方式。Keysentences“Smart”objectsplayakeyroleintheInternetofThingsvision,sinceembeddedcommunicationandinformationtechnologywouldhavethepotentialtorevolutionizetheuseoftheseobjects.(para3)Paraphrase:"Smart"objectsareimportantintheInternetofThings.Thisisbecausetheintegrationofcommunicationandinformationtechnologywithintheseobjectsholdsthepotentialtocompletelytransformhowtheyareused.KeywordsEmbed/?m'b?d/v.tofixsthfirmlyintoasubstanceorsolidobjectTheengineerembeddedthemicrochipsintothecircuitboards,creatingfunctionalelectronicdevices.Theprogrammerembeddeddataandimagesintothedocumenttocreateaninteractiveandinformativepresentation.KeywordsRevolutionize/?r?v?'lu????na?z/v.tocompletelychangethewaythatsthisdoneTheadoptionofrenewableenergysourceslikesolarandwindrevolutionizedpowergeneration,reducingrelianceonfossilfuels.Theinventionofsmartphonesrevolutionizedthewaypeoplecommunicate,enablinginstantmessaging.KeysentencesThisenablesmanyaspectsoftherealworldtobe“observed”atapreviouslyunattainedlevelofdetailandatnegligiblecost.(para4)通過(guò)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，我們能夠以忽略不計(jì)的成本來(lái)“觀測(cè)”現(xiàn)實(shí)世界許多前所未有的細(xì)節(jié)。Paraphrase:Thistechnologyallowsustoobservemanyaspectsoftherealworldinalevelofdetailthatwasnotachievablebefore,andataverylowcost.KeywordsAttain/?'te?n/v.tosucceedingettingsth,usuallyafteralotofeffortWithdedicationandperseverance,Johnwasabletoattainhisdreamjobataleadingtechcompany.Thestartupcompanyworkedtirelesslytoattainprofitabilityandsecureastrongmarketposition.KeywordsNegligible/'n?ɡl?d??b?l/adj.ofverylittleimportanceorsizeandnotworthconsideringThecompany'seffortstoreducecarbonemissionsresultedinanegligibleimpactontheiroverallcarbonfootprint.Theslightincreaseinrawmaterialcostshadanegligibleimpactonthefinalproductprice.KeysentencesTheabilitytoreacttoeventsinthephysicalworldinanautomatic,rapidandinformedmannernotonlyopensupnewopportunitiesfordealingwithcomplexorcriticalsituations,butalsoenablesawidevarietyofbusinessprocessestobeoptimized.(para4)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的能力，即對(duì)物理世界中事件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)、迅速且明智的反應(yīng)，不僅為處理復(fù)雜或關(guān)鍵情況打開(kāi)了新的機(jī)遇，還使得各種業(yè)務(wù)流程得以?xún)?yōu)化。KeywordsIna/an…mannerDefinition:thewaythatsthisdoneorhappensThecompanystreamlineditsproductionprocess,ensuringthatproductsaremanufacturedinanefficientmanner.Theprojectwascompletedsuccessfullyduetotheteam'sabilitytoworktogetherinacollaborativemanner.KeywordsOptimize/'?pt??ma?z/v.tomakesthasgoodasitcanbeThroughcontinuousimprovementinitiatives,thecompanywasabletooptimizetheirproductionprocesses.Thebusinessconductedmarketresearchtooptimizetheirpricingstrategy,ensuringcompetitivenesswhilemaximizingprofits.KeysentencesTheuseoftheword“Internet”inthecatchyterm“InternetofThings”whichstandsforthevisionoutlinedabovecanbeseenaseithersimplyametaphor.(para5)在吸引人的術(shù)語(yǔ)“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”中，“網(wǎng)”字代表了以上描述的愿景，可被視為一種簡(jiǎn)單的隱喻。Paraphrase:Theword"Internet"in"InternetofThings"describesthevisionmentioned,drawingourattentiontothesimilarfeaturebetweentheWebandtheconnectionofthings.KeywordsCatchy/'k?t??/adj.pleasingandeasilyrememberedTheproduct'scatchypackagingdesignstoodoutontheshelves,attractingattentionfrompotentialbuyers.Thecompany'scatchylogowassimpleyetmemorable,becomingasymbolassociatedwiththeirproductsandservices.KeywordsMetaphor/'m?t?f?/n.awayofdescribingsomethingbyreferringtoitassomethingdifferentandsuggestingthatithassimilarqualitiestothatthingThisdrinkusesthemetaphorofabeasttoimplythatconsumingthedrinkwillunleashinnerstrength.Thecompany'slogo,asoaringeagle,servesasapowerfulmetaphorforstrengthandsuccess.KeysentencesItcanbeinterpretedinastrictertechnicalsense,postulatingthatanIPprotocolstackwillbeusedbysmartthings.(para5)從更嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)層面來(lái)解釋?zhuān)悄芪矬w將使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議棧。Paraphrase:Inamoreprecisetechnicalcontext,itsuggeststhatsmartobjectswillutilizeanIPprotocolstack.KeywordsInterpret/?n't??pr?t/v.toexplainthemeaningofsthThemarketresearchteamdevelopeddetailedcustomerprofilesandinterpretedtheirpreferences.Usingadvancedtechnology,thecompanyinterpretedcustomerfeedbacktogaininsightsintotheirfeelingsandopinions.KeywordsPostulate/'p?stj?le?t/v.tosuggestoracceptthatsthistruesothatitcanbeusedasthebasisforatheory,etc.Hepostulatedthatofferingalimited-timediscountcouldattractmorecustomers.Afterconductingextensivesurveys,thecompanypostulatedthattheeco-friendlypackagingwouldresonatewithconsumersandboostsales.KeysentencesInretrospectitlooksliketherapidgrowthoftheWorldWideWebmayhavebeenjustthetriggerchargethatisnowsettingofftherealexplosion,asthingsstarttousetheNet.(para6)回顧過(guò)去，萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)的迅猛發(fā)展似乎只是一個(gè)觸發(fā)器，而當(dāng)萬(wàn)物與網(wǎng)互聯(lián)，才會(huì)引發(fā)真正的爆炸。Paraphrase:Lookingback,itappearsthatthefastexpansionoftheWorldWideWebmighthavebeentheinitialsparkthatisnowcausingtheactualexplosion,asthingsbegintobeconnectedtotheInternet.KeywordsInretrospectDefinition:thinkingaboutapasteventorsituation,oftenwithadifferentopinionofitfromtheoneyouhadatthetimeInretrospect,thedecisiontopartnerwithawell-knowninfluencerprovedtobeasmartmove.Thecompany'ssuccessinembracingdigitaltransformationbecameapparentinretrospect.KeywordsTrigger/'tr?ɡ?/n.thepartofabombthatcausesittoexplodeThesuccessfulproductlaunchactedasatrigger,sparkingasurgeinsales.Theannouncementofalimited-timediscountprovedtobeapowerfultrigger,attractingcustomerstomakeimmediatepurchasesandboostingrevenue.2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesA.AcademicReadingPurposeofAcademicReadingAcademicreadingisessentialforgainingin-depthknowledgeandunderstandingofvarioussubjects.Ithelpstoengagewithscholarlymaterialsandstayinformedaboutthelatestresearchanddevelopmentsintheirfieldofstudy.AcademicReadingStrategiesforEffectiveAcademicReadinga)Previewing:Skimthetexttogetanoverviewofthemainideas,headings,andsubheadings.Lookforkeywordsandphrasesthatindicatethecentralthemes.AcademicReadingStrategiesforEffectiveAcademicReadingb)Mind-Mapping:Createvisualrepresentationsofthetext'sstructureandconnectionsbetweenideas.Mind-mapshelporganizeinformationandfacilitatebetterunderstanding.AcademicReadingMind-mappinga)StartwiththeCentralIdea:Placethemaintopicorthemeinthecenterofthepageandencircleit.b)BranchOutwithMainIdeas:Identifykeyconceptsormainideasrelatedtothecentraltheme.Drawbranchesradiatingfromthecentralidea,witheachbranchrepresentingamainidea.AcademicReadingMind-mappingc)AddSubtopicsandDetails:Fromeachmainidea,drawadditionalbranchesforsubtopicsorsupportingdetails.Usekeywordsorshortphrasestorepresentthesubtopics.d)UseColorsandSymbols:Incorporatecolors,symbols,andimagestomakethemind-mapvisuallyengaging.Color-codedifferentbranchestodistinguishbetweentopics.AcademicReadingTask1

DirectionsPleasecompletethefollowinggraph,andfillinasmanydetailsaspossible.AcademicReadingAcademicReading①②③④StrategiesforEffectiveAcademicReadingc)ReadingforSpecificDetails:Focusonthemostrelevantsectionsorparagraphsthataredirectlyrelatedtoyourpurpose.Asyoufindspecificdetails,jotdownnotesinyourownwords.Summarizingtheinformationinthiswayhelpsyouprocessandretainitbetter.AcademicReading1.Whatenablestheprocessors,communicationsmodulesandotherelectroniccomponentstointegrateintoeverydayobjectstoday?___________________________________________________2.Pleaselistsomeoftheconventionalobjectsthathavebeen“computerized”or“digitallyupgraded”togenerateaddedvalue.___________________________________________________Task2

DirectionsPleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.AcademicReading3.Whichorganizationpopularizedtheterm“InternetofThings”?__________________________________________________4.Apartfromnoveltechnologies,whatarethecomplementarytechnicaldevelopmentsthatenabletheInternetofThings?__________________________________________________AcademicReadingTask2

DirectionsPleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesB.VocabularyImportanceofVocabularyVocabularyUnderstandingacademictextsrequiresfamiliaritywithawiderangeofvocabulary.Academiccommunication,bothwrittenandoral,reliesonusingpreciseandappropriatevocabulary.Astrongvocabularyhelpsidentifynuances,evaluatearguments,anddiscerntheessay'sintent.KeyWordsandExpressionsVocabularyvisionembraceubiquitousimmensebegroundedin/onsthforeseeablediminishintegrateembedrevolutionizeperceivecontextgeneratesubstantialforerunnerattainnegligibleefficientina…manneroptimizeKeyWordsandExpressionsVocabularycatchymetaphorinterpretpostulatepropagateinretrospecttriggerexplosionalludetosb/sthdedicatedultimatelyevolutioncomplementaryvirtualphysicalintermediaryparadigmfascinatingprospectsTerminologyVocabularymicroelectronicsn.微電子學(xué)processorn.處理機(jī)，處理器communicationmodulen.通信模塊IPprotocolstackn.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信棧proxyn.代理RFID(RadioFrequencyIdentificationDevices)infrastructuren.無(wú)線(xiàn)射屏識(shí)別基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施addressabilityn.尋址能力actuationn.驅(qū)動(dòng)TerminologyVocabularylocalizationn.本地化userinterface(UI)n.用戶(hù)界面IPv6(InternetProtocolVersion6)n.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議第6版flashmemorychipsn.閃存芯片barcoden.條形碼NFC(NearFieldCommunication)n.近場(chǎng)通信remotev.遠(yuǎn)程scalableadj.可擴(kuò)展的Task1

DirectionsPleasefillintheblankswiththewordslistedbelow.Youmayneedtochangetheformwhennecessary.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate1.Sciencefictionstoriesandmoviescanalsobeusedtodealwithethical(道德的)issues.Fictionalexamplescanoftenbemoreeffectivethanhistoricalorcurrentevents,becausetheyexploreethicalissuesina_______thatstudentsoftenfindinterestingandthatisindependentofcurrentpoliticaloreconomicconsiderations.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate2.Researcherfoundthatearningsarehigherwhentheacademicmajoris_______ascloselyrelatedtoemployment.3.Susanwasassignedadifficulttask.Shecouldn’tsleepwellformanydaysandfeltthatshemightoneday_______understress.4.The_______ofmanagementtrainingatMcDonald'shasclearlyreachedanewlevel,asanewgenerationofmanagerscancreateandsustainsuccessfulbusinessenvironments.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate5.Thischaritywastryingtorefurbishanexistingbuildinginthevillagebutrequired_______fundingtobringituptoasuitablestandard.6.Whatwasoncethewilddreamofspies-toplanta“bug”ineveryobject-hasbeenenlargedandre-shapedintothemillennialdreamof_______computing.7.Ourcurrentmanagementsystemistooold,thusshouldbe_______.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate8.Throughouthispoliticalcareer,hehastaken_______everypositiononeveryissue.9.SteveWozniakhadageniusfordesigningthemost_______computerfromtheleastnumberofparts.10.Thesesensorswill_______enormousamountofdataweneverhadbeforefromthephysicalworld.WordFamilyVocabularyAgroupofwordsthatarerelatedtoeachotherandshareacommonbaseorrootword.Theword"run"isthebasewordofthewordfamily"runner,""running,""runs,"and"ran."Allthesewordsarerelatedtotheactionofrunning,andtheybelongtothesamewordfamily.Onewaytoguessthemeaningofanunknownwordistolookforitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinthesamewordfamily.Task2

DirectionsPleaselookatthephrasesfromthetext.Writedownatleastoneotherwordyouknowthatisrelatedtotheunderlinedword.Anexamplehasbeengiventoyou.Vocabulary1.theforeseeablefutureforeseeable2.revolutionizetheuseoftheseobjects.

3.atnegligiblecost

4.adedicatedEUCommissionactionplan

5.complementarytechnicaldevelopments

6.fascinatingprospects

2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesC.ListeningDirectionsWatchavideoclipcalled“HowItWorks:TheInternetofThingscreatedbyIBMThinkAcademy.”ListeningListeningpreparation–vocabulary.

Pleasestudythefollowingnewwordsthatwillappearinthelisteningmaterial.sophisticated(adj.)(ofamachine,system,etc.)cleverandcomplicatedinthewaythatitworksorispresented.analytics(n.pl.)analysesasset(n.)athingofvalue,especiallyproperty,thatapersonorcompanyowns,whichcanbeusedorsoldtopaydebtsDirectionsWatchavideoclipcalled“HowItWorks:TheInternetofThingscreatedbyIBMThinkAcademy.”ListeningListeningpreparation–vocabulary.

Pleasestudythefollowingnewwordsthatwillappearinthelisteningmaterial.couponn.asmallpieceofprintedpaperthatyoucanexchangeforsthorthatgivesyoutherighttobuysthatacheaperpricethannormalwarrantyn.awrittenagreementinwhichacompanysellingsthpromisestoprepairorreplaceitifthereisaproblemwithinaparticularperiodoftimepinpointv.tobeablegiveexactreasonforsthortodescribesthexactlyTask1SpotDictation

DirectionsPleasewatchthefirstpart(1minute)ofthevideo,andfillintheblanksbelow.Youmaywatchthevideoseveraltimestogetthecorrectwords.

Listening

TheInternetofThingsischangingmuchoftheworldwelivein,formthewaywedriveandhowwemake(1)_____________,evenhowwegetenergiesforourhomes.Sophisticated(2)_____________andchipsareembeddedinthe(3)_____________thingsthatsurroundus,eachtransmittingvaluabledata,datathatletusunderstandhowthesethingsworkandworktogether.Buthowexactlydoallthesedevicessharesuchlarge(4)_____________ofdata,Listeningandhowdoweputthatinformationtowork.Whetherwe’reimprovingtheproductionofafactory,givingcityresidentsrealtime(5)_____________onwheretopark,ormonitoringourpersonalhealth,it’sthecommonInternetofThingsplatformthatbringsus(6)_____________informationtogether,andprovidesthecommonlanguagesforthedevicesandappsto(7)_____________witheachother.Theprocessstartswiththedevicesthemselves,whichsecurelycommunicateswiththeInternetofThingsplatform.Thisplatform(8)_____________datafrommanydevicesandappliesanalyticstosharethemostvaluabledatawithapplicationsthataddressindustryspecificneeds.Let’sstartwithasimpleexample,acar.Task2Summarizing

Directionspleasewatchthesecondpart,takenotesandsummarizeoncarasanexampleofIoTapplication.Herearesomequestionsthatmayhelpyoutosummarize.Youmaypresentittoyourclassmates.

Listening1.WhathappenedtoRebecca’scar?2.WhatisadiagnosticbusinRebecca’scar?Whatdoesitdo?3.Howdoesthemanufacturergatherinformationaboutthousandsofcars?4.Whatdomanufacturersdowithalltheinformationgathered?2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesD.PublicspeakingBenefitsofPublicSpeakingEnhancesoverallcommunicationskills,includingclarity,articulation,andpersuasion,whicharevaluableineverydayinteractions.Preparingforpublicspeechesinvolvesconductingresearch,organizingthoughts,andpresentingargumentscoherently,enhancingcriticalthinkingskills.Publicspeakingpushesindividualsoutsidethecomfortzones,fosteringpersonalgrowthandself-awareness.PublicSpeakingTipsinPublicSpeakingKnowYourAudience:Understandwhoyou'llbespeakingtoandtailoryourmessagetoresonatewiththem.Considertheirinterests,knowledgelevel,andexpectations.Practice,Practice,Practice:Rehearseyourspeechmultipletimestobecomefamiliarwiththecontentandflow.Practiceinfrontofamirror,recordyourself,ordeliverthespeechtofriendsorfamilyforfeedback.PublicSpeakingTipsinPublicSpeakingStructureYourSpeech:Organizeyourspeechintoaclearandlogicalstructurewithanintroduction,mainpoints,andaconclusion.Usetransitionstosmoothlymovebetweenideas.ControlYourBodyLanguage:Maintaingoodposture,makeeyecontactwiththeaudience,andusehandgesturestoemphasizekeypoints.Avoidfidgetingordistractingmovements.PublicSpeakingTipsinPublicSpeakingEngagetheAudience:Involvetheaudiencebyaskingques