2025年大學(xué)《爪哇語(yǔ)》專業(yè)題庫(kù)——爪哇語(yǔ)音韻體系與音位發(fā)展考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、名詞解釋（每題5分，共20分）1.Ngoko2.Krama3.Javanesevowelharmony4.Phonologicalreduction二、填空題（每空2分，共20分）1.Javanesephonologytypicallydistinguishes_______maintones.2.TheJavaneseconsonant/r/isoftenrealizedasa_______instandarddialects.3.AsyllableinJavaneseistypicallystructuredas(C)(V)(C),whereCstandsforconsonantandVstandsfor_______.4.TheprocessbywhichfinalconsonantsinJavanesehavebeenlostovertimeisknownas_______.5.loanwordsfromSanskritintoJavaneseoftenshowchangesintheir_______.三、判斷題（每題2分，共10分，請(qǐng)?jiān)诶ㄌ?hào)內(nèi)打√或×）1.TheJavanesevowel/a/islongandiswrittenas'a'intheorthography.()2.AllJavanesedialectsmaintainthesamepitchaccentpattern.()3.Thesound/j/and/w/inJavanesearebothglidesbutbehavedifferentlyphonologically.()4.KramaisgenerallyconsideredmoreformalthanNgoko.()5.HistoricalphonologicalchangesinJavaneseindicateasimplificationoftheconsonantinventory.()四、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題10分，共30分）1.DescribethemaincharacteristicsoftheJavanesevowelsystem,includingthetypesofvowelsandtheirphoneticfeatures.2.Explainthefunctionofpitchaccent(tonalpattern)inJavanese.Howdoesitdifferentiatemeaning?3.BrieflyoutlinethemajorphonologicalchangesthathaveaffectedtheJavaneseconsonantinventoryfromOldJavanesetoModernJavanese.五、分析題（每題25分，共50分）1.ConsiderthefollowingtwoJavanesewords:**krama*(敬語(yǔ)形式代詞“你”)**kramainggil*(極高的敬語(yǔ)形式)Discusshowtheadditionofthesuffix*-inggil*affectsthephonologicalformandpitchaccentpatternoftheword*krama*.ExplainthistransformationintermsofJavanesephonologyandmorphology.2.Analyzethefollowingsentencefromaphonologicalperspective:**Lantibaanapisanseneng.**(S/hearrivedandfeelsveryhappy.)*Identifythesyllablestructure,indicatethepitchaccentforeachsyllable,andtranscribethesentenceusingthestandardJavaneseorthographyanddiacriticsforvowelsandtones.Brieflycommentonanyphonologicalprocessesyouobserveinthepronunciationofthissentence.試卷答案一、名詞解釋1.Ngoko:AinformalandintimatepitchaccentpatterninJavanese,typicallycharacterizedbyalow-risingorfallingpitchonthefirstsyllable(dependingonthespecificdialectandenvironment)andoftenlackingahighpeak.**解析思路:*定義Ngoko的基本特征，強(qiáng)調(diào)其非正式、親密的語(yǔ)用功能，并簡(jiǎn)述其典型聲調(diào)模式。2.Krama:AformalandpolitepitchaccentpatterninJavanese,generallycharacterizedbyahighpeakpitchonthefirstsyllable,followedbyafallorplateau.**解析思路:*定義Krama的基本特征，強(qiáng)調(diào)其正式、禮貌的語(yǔ)用功能，并簡(jiǎn)述其典型聲調(diào)模式。3.Javanesevowelharmony:Aphonologicalprocess(notuniversallyacceptedorprominentasinsomeotherlanguages,butmentionedinsomeanalyses)wherevowelswithinawordorphraseadjusttheirphoneticproperties(likebacknessorroundedness)tobemoresimilar.Forexample,frontvowelsmightshifttowardsbacknessifabackvowelisintroduced.**解析思路:*定義爪哇語(yǔ)元音和諧，指出其作為一種語(yǔ)音過程，并可能簡(jiǎn)要舉例說明其運(yùn)作方式（即使它在爪哇語(yǔ)中不是主導(dǎo)現(xiàn)象）。4.Phonologicalreduction:Theprocessbywhichsoundsinalanguagebecomeweaker,simpler,orarelostaltogetherundercertainphoneticorstructuralconditions.InJavanese,thisofteninvolvesthesimplificationofconsonantclustersorthelossoffinalconsonants.**解析思路:*定義語(yǔ)音簡(jiǎn)化這一過程，說明其表現(xiàn)為聲音變?nèi)酢⒑?jiǎn)化或丟失，并聯(lián)系爪哇語(yǔ)的具體例子（輔音叢簡(jiǎn)化、尾輔音丟失）。二、填空題1.three**解析思路:*爪哇語(yǔ)音韻學(xué)通常區(qū)分三個(gè)主要的聲調(diào)模式（Ngoko,Madya,Krama）。2.flap**解析思路:*在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)爪哇語(yǔ)方言中，輔音/r/通常被實(shí)現(xiàn)為彈音（或近似的近音）。3.vowel**解析思路:*根據(jù)典型的爪哇語(yǔ)音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)模型(C)(V)(C)，C代表輔音，V代表元音。4.Finalconsonantdevoicing/loss**解析思路:*爪哇語(yǔ)音位發(fā)展中的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是FinalConsonantDevoicing（尾輔音清化）或直接丟失。5.phonemes**解析思路:*梵語(yǔ)借詞進(jìn)入爪哇語(yǔ)時(shí)，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的是語(yǔ)音上的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，這通常體現(xiàn)在音位（phonemes）層面。三、判斷題1.×**解析思路:*爪哇語(yǔ)字母'a'既可以代表短元音/ɑ/，也可以代表長(zhǎng)元音/ɑ?/，長(zhǎng)短元音由元音質(zhì)量或重音決定，并非總是通過字母本身區(qū)分，且長(zhǎng)元音'a'的標(biāo)示方式可能不是單一字母'a'。2.×**解析思路:*爪哇語(yǔ)不同地區(qū)和不同社會(huì)階層的方言在聲調(diào)模式上存在顯著差異。3.√**解析思路:*/j/（半元音，Y）和/w/（半元音，W）在發(fā)音部位和方式上不同，/j/是硬腭近音，/w/是軟腭近音，它們?cè)谧ν壅Z(yǔ)音系中各有其功能和分布。4.√**解析思路:*Krama在爪哇語(yǔ)的社會(huì)文化語(yǔ)境中明確表示尊敬和禮貌，其形式通常比Ngoko更為正式。5.×**解析思路:*爪哇語(yǔ)音位發(fā)展的歷史表明，輔音系統(tǒng)在某些時(shí)期可能經(jīng)歷了復(fù)雜化（如古爪哇語(yǔ)受梵語(yǔ)影響增加輔音），而非簡(jiǎn)單的簡(jiǎn)化。四、簡(jiǎn)答題1.TheJavanesevowelsystemprimarilyconsistsofmonophthongs(singlevowels).Traditionally,itisdescribedashavingfourmainvowels:/a/(shortandlong),/i/(shortandlong),/u/(shortandlong),and/e/(shortandlong),alongwith/o/(shortandlong).Thesevowelsareeitherfrontorback,andunroundedorrounded.Thevowel/o/issometimesconsideredasamid-centralvowelorjustabackunroundedvoweldependingontheanalysis.ThephoneticrealizationofthesevowelscanvaryslightlyacrossJavanesedialects,particularlyintermsofbacknessandroundingfor/e/,/o/,andlongvowels.Vowelharmonyprocesses,thoughnotuniversallydominant,mayinvolvevowelqualityadjustmentsrelatedtobacknessorrounding.**解析思路:*首先說明元音系統(tǒng)主要由單元音構(gòu)成。然后列出主要的元音（長(zhǎng)短對(duì)立：a,i,u,e,o），指出其基本特征（前/后，圓唇/不圓唇）。提及長(zhǎng)元音，并指出可能存在的方言差異和元音和諧現(xiàn)象。2.PitchaccentinJavaneseisaprosodicfeaturethatassignsrelativepitchheightstosyllableswithinaword,formingdistinctpatterns(tonalcontours)likeNgoko,Madya,andKrama.Thesepatternsarenotmerelyphoneticvariationsbutcarrysignificantgrammaticalandsociolinguisticmeaning.Theydifferentiatelexicalmeaning(e.g.,*tumuu*Ngokovs*tumuh*Madya'toarrive'),markthehonorificstatusofpronounsandnouns,andsignalthepolitenesslevelofanutterance.Thepresence,absence,ortypeofpitchaccentpatternisafundamentalfeaturethatorganizesJavanesewordsandcontributestotheirmeaningandfunctionincommunication.**解析思路:*首先定義聲調(diào)是音高在詞內(nèi)syllable上的相對(duì)分配，形成特定模式。強(qiáng)調(diào)其不僅是語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象，更是語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)用的重要標(biāo)記。接著說明其功能：區(qū)分詞匯意義、標(biāo)記敬語(yǔ)、表示禮貌等級(jí)。3.ThephonologicalhistoryofJavaneseshowssignificantchangesinitsconsonantinventory.Onemajorchangeisthereductionorlossoffinalconsonants,particularlyinstandarddialects,leadingtothepredominanceofopensyllables.Thisisoftenanalyzedasfinalconsonantdevoicing(especiallyforvoicedobstruentslike/b/,/d/,/?/,/z/)followedbyloss.Anotherimportantchangeinvolvesthesimplificationofconsonantclusters,oftenthroughthemergerofsoundswithinaclusterorthedeletionoflessprominentconsonants.Forexample,clusterslike/mp/,/mt/,/nt/mighthaveundergonesimplification.Additionally,therealizationof/r/hasshiftedfromanalveolartrilltoaflap[?]orapproximantinmoststandarddialects.Theexactdetailsandtimelinesofthesechangescanvarybetweendifferentdialectsandhistoricalperiods.**解析思路:*概述輔音系統(tǒng)發(fā)生的主要變化。重點(diǎn)提及兩個(gè)典型變化：尾輔音的丟失/簡(jiǎn)化（包括清化）和輔音叢的簡(jiǎn)化。可能再提及/r/音的演變。說明這些變化在不同方言和歷史階段可能存在差異。五、分析題1.Theword*krama*hasabasicformendinginahigh-pitchedsyllable([krama?])characteristicoftheKramapattern.Whenthesuffix*-inggil*(meaning'lofty','high')isadded,ittypicallyattachestothefinalsyllableoftheroot.Theadditionof*-inggil*doesnotsimplycreateasequencelike*[kramainggil]*;instead,itmodifiestheformoftheroot*krama*.Inmanyanalyses,*-inggil*mightlengthenthefinalvowelof*krama*to*krama??*andpotentiallyraisethepitchoftheresultingsyllablefurther,possiblycreatinganew,higherpitchpeakormaintainingaveryhighplateau,fittingamoreelevatedpitchcontour,perhapsclosertooridenticaltotheKramaInggilpattern.Thus,thefinalformmightberepresentedphoneticallyas*[krama???]*orsimilar,withadistinctlyhighpitchqualityreflectingthecombinedhonorificforceof*krama*and*-inggil*.Morphologically,*-inggil*isanaffixthatcarriessemanticandphonologicalweight,demonstrablychangingthephoneticandsocialmeaningoftherootword.**解析思路:*首先確定基礎(chǔ)形式*krama*的聲調(diào)模式（Krama）。說明*-inggil*的附加位置和基本含義。重點(diǎn)分析附加過程中的音變：*inggil*可能對(duì)*krama*的尾音節(jié)產(chǎn)生什么影響（如元音變長(zhǎng)、音高提高）。推測(cè)最終的音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)、聲調(diào)和可能的標(biāo)音。最后總結(jié)，強(qiáng)調(diào)這是形態(tài)變化和音變的結(jié)合，改變了詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音和社會(huì)意義。2.*Lantibaanapisanseneng.**Syllablestructure:Thesentenceconsistsofthefollowingsyllables(C=consonant,V=vowel,V=Vowel,F=final):Lan(C1V1),tiba(C2V2),ana(C3V3),pisan(C4V4),seneng(C5V5F).*PitchAccent:AssumingastandardCentralJavanesepatternforthesewords:**Lan*(pronoun,informal):typicallyNgoko-e.g.,[la?n]**tiba*(verb,informalpast):typicallyNgoko-e.g.,[t?i?b]**ana*(verb,informalpresent):typicallyNgoko-e.g.,[a?n]**pisan*(adverb,informal):typicallyNgoko-e.g.,[p??s]**seneng*(adjective,informal):typicallyNgoko-e.g.,[s??n]Applyingacommonpatternwherethefirstsyllablecarriesthemainpitchaccent(andthesecondsyllablemighthavealowerpitchorbelessprominent):**Lan*(Ngokopeaklikelyon1stsyllable):[la?n]**tiba*(Ngokopeaklikelyon1stsyllable):[t?i?b]**ana*(Ngokopeaklikelyon1stsyllable):[a?n]**pisan*(Ngokopeaklikelyon1stsyllable):[p??s]**seneng*(Ngokopeaklikelyon1stsyllable):[s??n]Thepitchaccentpatternacrossthesentencewouldthusberelativelyflatorhavepeaksonthefirstsyllableofmostwords,typicalofconnectedspeechoranoverallNgokotonefortheutter