Englishtranslationofbusinesscorrespondencemoreaccurateandbetterpromotebusinesscommunication.ItishopedthattheresearchcouldhelptranslatorsorbusinessmantobetterunderstandtheconstructionprocessofEnglishbusinesscorrespondence,andenhancetheabilityandskillofbusinessEnglishtranslation.2.AnOverviewoftheStudyofBusinessCorrespondenceBusiness

Correspondence

plays

a

vital

role

in

the

process

of

business

trade(廖&莫,2005).

Therefore,

to

understand

the

knowledge

of

business

letters

can

better

promote

businesstrade.2.1DefinitionofBusinessCorrespondenceBusinessCorrespondencereferstothesimplecorrespondenceusedinthevariousbusinessoccasionsorbusinessexchangesbetweenenterprises(陳,2006).Itsmainfunctionistoestablishtraderelations,transferbusinessinformation,contactbusinessmatters,communicate,negotiateproductionandmarketinginbusinessactivities.2.2ClassificationofBusinessCorrespondenceDifferenttypesofbusinesscorrespondencehavedifferentfunctionsandcharacteristics.Accordingtothepurposeofcommunication,businesscorrespondencecanbedividedintothefollowingcategories:correspondenceofinquiry,correspondenceofquotation,correspondenceofconfirmation,correspondenceofadvice,correspondenceofacceptance,correspondenceofreceipt,andcorrespondenceofpromotion,correspondenceofrefusal,correspondenceofclaimandsettlementandsomespecialcorrespondence,suchasinvitation,correspondenceofthanks,correspondenceofintroductionandinstruction.2.3LinguisticFeaturesofBusinessCorrespondenceThis

part

willsummarize

the

linguisticfeatures

of

business

English

letters

in

terms

oflexicalfeatures,syntacticfeaturesandtextualfeatures.2.3.1LexicalFeaturesBusinessEnglishcorrespondenceisasocialfunctionalvariantofEnglishandanapplicationofEnglishinbusinesssituations.Itsgoalistousethemostaccurateandclearbusinesslanguageforthemosteffectivecommunication.ThelexicalcharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishcorrespondencemainlyincludethefollowingaspects.TheUseaLotofProfessionalVocabularyInthebusinessoperationrelatedtoforeigntradeactivities,alargenumberofprofessionalvocabularyisused,suchasoffer(發(fā)盤),counteroffer(還盤),biding(招標(biāo))andsoon.ComparedwithordinaryEnglish,wordsinbusinesscontextareoftengivennewmeanings.Forexample,thebasicmeaningoftheword“credit”is“信譽(yù)”,butinbusinessitmeans“貸款”.TheUseofAbbreviationsAbbreviationsareformedinlong-termbusinesspractice.Theyareeasytorememberandcanimproveworkefficiently.ForexampleL/CrepresentsLetterofCredit(信用證);FPArepresentsFreeformParticularAverage(平安險(xiǎn)).TheUseofFormalLanguageBecausebusinessisrigorousandformal,manyformalwordsareoftenusedinthecorrespondence,suchas“inform”,“assist”,“certify”andsoon.TheUseofPrepositionsBecauseprepositionsandconjunctionsinmodernEnglishareveryshortandpopular,theydonotmatchsomeformalwordsinbusinessEnglish(張,2004).Therefore,complexandformalprepositionsareoftenusedinbusinesscorrespondence,suchas,“inthecaseof”insteadof“if”,“forthepurposeof”ratherthan“for”.2.3.2SyntacticFeaturesThecomplexityofsentencestructuresandfixedsentencepatternsinbusinesscorrespondencesisdeterminedbytherigorandaccuracyofbusinesstrade.TheUseofFixedSentencePatternsTherearemanyfixedsentencepatternsinbusinessletters,whichcanreduceunnecessarymistakesintradeandsavetime.IncontrasttoordinarytypesofEnglishtext,thesesentenceformatshaveevolvedoverthecourseoftradeandarenowwidelyaccepted.For

example,Thereisnoroomtomakeanyfurtherreductioninprices.這已經(jīng)沒有做進(jìn)一步降價(jià)的空間了。WearepleasedtosendyouourInvoiceintriplicateforthepurposeofyourapplyingforanimportlicense.茲寄上一式三份發(fā)票，供你方申請進(jìn)口許可證之用。Packedincraftpaperbagsofabout25Kgsnet.以牛皮紙袋包裝，凈重25千克。UponreceivingtheL\C,pleasedeliverthegoodsassoonaspossible.一收到信用證，請立刻運(yùn)送貨物。We

looking

forward

to

further

extensions

of

pleasant

business

relations.

我們期待進(jìn)一步保持愉快的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。We

are

looking

forward

to

having

your

early

reply

to

this

matter.

我們期待你們的盡快答復(fù)。TheUseofLongandComplexSentencesTheuseofcomplexclausesandlongsentencesismorefrequentthanthatininformal

English

because

business

correspondenceisformed.Longsentencescanexpressalotofideasandavoidthetroubleofpilingupsomanyshortsentences.Wearedisposedtobelievethatweshouldsafelyrecommendtheinstitutionbothoftherawmaterialexamination,onthelineofthepresentexaminationalrulesmadebyprovincialgovernment,toinsurethequalityoftherawmaterial,andofthefinishedproductexamination,onthenationalstandardsinsteadoftheprovincialrules,inordertokeepthehighrateofacceptedproducts.我們傾向于相信，我們應(yīng)該有把握建議建立原材料檢測制度和成品檢測制度：原材料檢測制度應(yīng)該以目前省政府制定的檢測條例來進(jìn)行，旨在確保原材料的質(zhì)量；成品檢測不以省的條例進(jìn)行，而是以國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來檢測，目的保持產(chǎn)品的合格率。This

example

illustrates

the

standards

for

the

inspection

of

raw

materialsand

finished

products

respectively.

Ifashortsentenceisusedtoconstructasentenceframe,thesubjectwillappearmanytimes,affectingthebeautyofthesentence.Usinglongsentencescanhighlighttheformalityofbusinesscorrespondence,whichisinlinewithbusinesscharacteristics.2.3.3TextualFeaturesThefeaturesonthetextuallevelrefertothecharacteristicsoftheobjectofacertainlanguagereflectedinthesocialandcommunicationconstrains,whicharethefeaturesthatadiscoursemusthave.Thetextualfeaturesofbusinesscorrespondencearelistedasfollows.FixedTextPatternsThediscourseofbusinessletterhasafixedpattern,andthecontentismainlyfocusedononemainline.Therefore,"subjectmatter"canbeusedinthelettertohighlightthemainideaandmaketheotherpartyclearataglance.ThebodyofabusinessEnglishlettergenerallyconsistsofthreeparts:thebeginning,thebodyandtheend.Takingcorrespondenceofquotationasanexample,thefrontofthecorrespondenceisthesender’snameandaddress,title,number,andsalutation.Thebeginningexpressesthanksforthesender’sinquiry.Thenthebodywritesdowntheproduct’sprice,settlement,deliverydate,productspecifications,quantity,productpackaging,transportationandsoon.Theendofthecorrespondencehopestheothersidecouldacceptthequotation,reachthecooperationandlookforwardtoreply.Finally,thecorrespondenceshouldconsistofsignatureandattachment.ClearMeaningofEachParagraphOne

of

the

basic

principles

of

paragraph

writing

in

business

English

isthat

a

paragraphhasoneidea

with

acentralpoint,

so

that

therecipient

can

findtherequiredinformationatthefastestspeedandimproveworkefficiency.Here

is

a

very

brief

business

letter:Dear

Sirs,WeareinterestedinimportingCottonUnderwearandIron-FreeGarmentsinpopulardemandsyouadvertisedintheChineseExportCommodityFairBullletin,June2008.We

would

like

you

to

send

us

details

of

the

above

products

includingsizes,colours

and

samples

of

the

different

styles.As

expected,

the

quantity

of

our

order

to

be

placed

will

be

very

large.Since

theseasonis

coming

very

soon,prompt

delivery

is

absolutely

necessary.When

quoting,please

state

terms

of

payment

and

discount

you

would

allowon

the

purchase

of

not

less

than

two

thousand

dozen.

Please

rest

assured

that

should

your

prices

becompetitive

we

will

place

our

orders

with

you.Your

early

reply

to

this

enquiry

is

requested.Yours

faithfully,Thefirst

paragraphtells

theseller

what

product

theywant.Thesecondparagraphtellsthesellerthattheywanttoknowthedetailsofproducts.Thethirdparagraphgivesanapproximatetimeofdelivery,andthefourthparagraphasksforareasonableprice.Thefirthparagraphhopestoreceiveareplyassoonaspossible.Each

paragraph

is

short

and

well

organized,

andcontainsallthenecessaryinformationwithoutwastingthereader’stime.2.4TranslationPrinciplesofBusinessCorrespondenceBusinessEnglishcorrespondenceisanimportanttoolforbusinessmentocarryoutforeignbusinessactivities.Itspurposeistodealwithvariousissuesofbusinessnegotiationortoestablishagoodrelationshipwitheachother.Therefore,thetranslationofbusinesscorrespondenceiscrucial.2.4.1FollowtheTranslationStandardofFaithfulnessandSmoothnessFaithfulnessandsmoothnessareinterdependent.Ifthetranslationisfaithfulbutnotsmooth,thereaderwillnotunderstandit,andthepurposeoftransactionwillnotbeachieved.Ifthetranslationissmoothbutunfaithful,itwillmakebusinessactivitieshindered(龍,2011).Forexample,我方從美國商會(huì)處獲悉貴方的名稱和地址，得知貴方有意進(jìn)口中國制造的電子產(chǎn)品。WehaveobtainedyournameandaddressfromtheAmericachamberofcommerce,whichinformsusthatyouareinterestedinimportingproductsmadeinChina.Inthisexample,thetranslationdoesnottranslate“electronic”anddoesnotfollowtheprincipleoffaithfulness,whichwillleadtocommunicationerrorsintrade.2.4.2PayAttentiontotheStylizedTranslationoftheCorrespondenceStructureTherearesomedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseinletterstructure.Forexample,theaddress,thetimeofwritingandthelocationoftherecipientarealldifferent,whichrequiresustomakeappropriateadjustmentsinthetranslationtoadapttothestandardformatofthetargetlanguage.Forexample,你方訂購的貨物將會(huì)在2020年3月7日發(fā)出。ThegoodsyouorderedwillbeshippedonMarch7,2020.Inthisexample,thechronologicalorderisyear,monthanddayintheChinesesentence,whilethechronologicalorderbecomesday,monthandyearwhentranslatedintoEnglish.2.4.3

Use

Set

Translation

MethodSalutationandcomplimentarycloseintextcanbetranslatedinthewayofsetting,suchas敬啟者/謹(jǐn)啟者(DearSir),敬上/謹(jǐn)啟(Yoursfaithfully),惠請(Kindly)and貴公司(Yourcompany).2.4.4Pay

Attention

to

the

Principle

of

PolitenessTheprincipleofpolitenessisdividedintosixprinciples:theprincipleofstrategy,theprincipleofgenerosity,theprincipleofpraise,theprincipleofhumility,theprincipleofconsistency,andtheprincipleofcompassion.Differentprinciplesareusedindifferentsituations.PrincipleofStrategyandPrincipleofGenerosityThesetwocriteriaareoftenusedforinstructionsandcommitments,andaremoresuitableforconsultinginformation,offeringcounter-offers,negotiatingpaymentterms,requestingfreeproducts,andnegotiatingcompensationterms.Forexample,如果貴方能完成對這種產(chǎn)品的報(bào)價(jià)，我們將很高興。Weshallbepleasedifyoufinisheduswithyourquotationforthisproduct.PrincipleofPraiseandPrincipleofHumilityThese

two

criteria

require

minimizing

the

belittlement

of

others,

exaggerating

the

praiseof

others

and

minimizing

the

praise

of

oneself

and

exaggerating

the

belittlement

of

oneself.Inbusinesscorrespondence,thesetwocriteriaareoftenusedtotesttheintentionofcooperation,discussthedetailsofcooperation,orsendathank-younote(林,1997).PrincipleofConsistencyandPrincipleofCompassionAccording

to

this

principle,

the

two

sides

in

trade

should

try

to

expand

their

agreement

and

reduce

their

differences.Forexample,我們將盡快解決此事，并希望賠償貴方的損失,但是不是貴方索賠的金額，因?yàn)槲覀兛床怀鰜頁p失何以超出貨物價(jià)值的9%。Wewillgetthematterresolvedassoonaspossibleandhopetocompensateyouforyourloss,butnottheamountyouclaimed,becausewecannotseewhyyoulost9%ofthevalueofthegoods.3.AnOverviewoftheStudyofMeta-FunctionsinSystemic-FunctionalGrammarMalinowski,knownforhisstudiesofindigenouscultures,isthefounderofthefunctionalschoolofanthropology.FirthdevelopedMalinowski'sthought,andpointedoutthatthemeaningisthemaincomponentofphonological,morphological,lexicalandsemantic,syntacticandcontextofsituation(Palmer,1968).HallidayinheritedanddevelopedmanyideasofFirth’slanguagetheory,andproposedthattherearethreemeta-functionsinthefunctionalsystemforexpressingfunctionalmeaning,namelytheideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.3.1IdeationalFunctionofLanguageIdeational

function

refers

to

the

expression

of

people's

various

experiences

in

the

real

world

by

language,

reflecting

what

happens

in

the

objective

and

subjective

world,

the

peopleand

things

involved,

and

the

relevant

factors

such

as

time

and

place(胡,2008).Theideationalfunctionisusedtoconveyinformationthatthelistenerdoesnotknow.Theideational

function

consists

of

transitivity,

voiceandpolarity.Transitivityreflects

the

ideational

function

of

language

by

describing

processes

and

their

associatedparticipants

and

environments.In

this

system,

Halliday

elaborated

sixprocesses:

material

process,

psychological

process,

relationship

process,

speechprocess,

behavior

process

and

existence

process(胡,2008).Thevoiceistellingwhichparticipantinaprocesstoconnectwithfirst.In

systematic

linguistics,thevoice

isdividedinto

the

middle

voice

and

the

non-middle

voice.

Ifaprocessisrelatedtoatopic,itiscalledthemiddlevoice.

If

two

or

moresubjectsareinvolved,thevoiceisnon-neutral,bothactiveandpassive.Polaritymeansthatthespeakershouldexpresshisorherattitudetowardsthepropositionandensurehisorherownpositiontofurthercommunicateandcooperatewithothers.3.2InterpersonalFunctionofLanguageLanguageisusedtoengageusincommunicativebehaviorwithothers,toexpressandunderstandemotionalattitudesandjudgement(Christie,2000).Thesefunctionsarecalledtheinterpersonalfunction.Theinterpersonalfunctionisrealizedthroughtoneandmodality.Toneindicatesthatthespeakerhaschosenaspeechrole,anditalsogivesthelisteneraspeechrole.Bychoosingthecommandtone,thespeakerassumestheroleofissuingtheorder,whileplacingthelistenerintheexpectedroleofobeyingtheorder.Themoodconsistsoftwoparts:thesubject,whichispartofthenominalphrases;andfiniteelement,whichispartoftheverbalphrase.Modalityindicatesthatthespeakerjudgessuccessandeffectivenessaboutthepropositionofhisown,orcommandstheotherstobeartheobligations,orexpressespersonalwishesintheproposal,andallthesearerealizedbymodalsystem(胡,2008).AccordingtoHalliday,amongthevariousspeechroles,therearetwobasicroles:givingandtaking.Intheprocessofcommunication,theobjectsofcommunicationcanalsobedividedintotwocategories:goodsorserviceandinformation.Thus,thecombinationofspeechrolesandcommunicationobjectsproducesfourbasicspeechfunctions:offer,command,statement,question.3.3TextualFunctionofLanguageSystemicfunctionallinguistMatthiessenholdstheviewthatthetextualfunctionisdeicticandisanenablingfunction.Itshowstheinternalrelationshipofthelanguage,andhowlanguageconstructsadiscourseinaproperway;andachievingpurposeofexpressionofmeaningorevenconstructionofthereality(嚴(yán),2005).Thetextualfunctionreferstothefunctionofcomposingdiscourse

by

dividinglanguageintodifferentmeanings.Hallidaydividestextualfunctionintothreeparts:thematic,informationalandcohesive.3.3.1ThematicStructureThethematicstructureinvolvesthemeandrheme.Hallidaydividedthethemeintosimpletheme,multiplethemeandclausaltheme.Forthesakeofdistinction,TisusedtorepresentthethemeandRisusedtorepresenttherheme.Thesimplethemeisonethatincludesonlyconceptualelement(胡,2008).Forexample,(1)Mary//(T)missedherboyfriend//(R).Themultiplethemeiscomposedofmultiplesemanticcomponents,oneofwhichmustbethecomponentrepresentingtheideationalmeaning,andtheothermaybethecomponentrepresentingthetextualandinterpersonalmeaning(胡,2008).Forexample,(2)And,ofcourse,Mary//(T)willnotmarryhim//(R).Theclausalthememeansthewholeclauseasthetheme(胡,2008:164).Forexample,(3)Comewithme//(R)ifyoulike//(T).WhenthesubjectcoincideswiththeThemeinaclause,theThemeiscalledunmarkedTheme.Forexample,(4)Mysister//(T)isunfortunate//(R).IfothercomponentsareplacedintheThemeposition,theThemeiscalledmarkedTheme.Forexample,(5)Aftertheparty//(T),whodidyousee//(R)?Thestudyofthematicstructureishelpfultounderstandtheinformationdistributionandsentencestructure.3.3.2CohesiveStructureCohesion

refers

to

the

relation

between

eachsemanticelementinadiscourse(許,2010).Whenthereisanexplanatoryrelationbetweenoneelementandanother,cohesionwillcomeintobeing.Hallidaydividedcohesionintogrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Grammaticalcohesionreferstotheuseofgrammaticalmeansbetweensentencestoachievethepurposeofcontextcohesion(胡,1994).Lexicalcohesionreferstothesemanticconnectionbetweensomewordsinatext(胡,1994).Theformerincludesreference,substitution,ellipsisandconjunction,whilethelatterincludesreiterationandcollocation.Forexample,(6)Theeventwascancelledbecauseitrained.Thissentenceshowsgrammaticalcohesion.Inthissentence,theword“because”expressesthereason.Thistypebelongstoconjunction.(7)Marymeetherteacher.Theteacherisverystrict.Thissentenceshowslexicalcohesion.Inthissentence,theword“teacher”makesasemanticconnectionbetweenthetwosentences.Thistypebelongstoreiteration.3.3.3InformationalStructureInformation

refers

to

a

series

of

contents

that

the

speaker

wants

to

convey

to

thelistenerin

thecommunication

process(嚴(yán),2005).Throughinformationalstructure,languageistransformedintoinformationunits.Intheprocessofspeech,giveninformationandnewinformationarealwaysinvolved.Giveninformationisoptionalwhilenewinformationisessential.Forexample,(8)Who’sgoingtotheshow?ItwasJohnwhowenttoseetheshow.Inthisexample,“itwasJohn”isnewinformation,while“whowenttoseetheshow”isgiveninformationwhichcouldbeomitted.Informationstructureismainlyembodiedintheformofintonation.Thehighestpositionintonecurveistheinformationfocus(胡,2008).Theinformationfocusisthelastlocationoftheinformationunit,thatis,thelastlexicalitem.Forexample,(9)Hehasgone.Inthisexample,“gone”istheinformationfocus.Accordingtotheinformationfocus,asentencecanbedividedintotwokinds:unmarkedinformationfocusandmarkedinformationfocus.Iftheinformationfocusisthelastlexicalitem,itiscalledunmarkedinformationfocus.Conversely,itiscalledmarkedinformationfocus.4.TextualFunctionalEquivalenceintheC-ETranslationofBusinessCorrespondenceLanguagetranslationstudieshaveevolvedaroundtheconceptofequivalence.Differenttranslationresearchersputforwarddifferentconceptsofequivalencefromdifferentangles.Jakobsonunderstood

equivalence

as“equivalence

indifferences”fromtheperspectiveofsemiotics;Nidaproposeddynamicequivalencefromtheperspectiveoflinguistics;Catfordthoughtit’snecessarytodistinguishtextualequivalencefromformalequivalence.Halliday’smodelofdiscourseanalysishasbeenappliedtothetranslationtheory,whichmakespeoplehaveanewunderstandingfortranslationandequivalence.Thispartstudieshowtoachieveequivalenceinbusinesscorrespondencetranslationfromthematicstructure,cohesivestructureandinformationalstructure.4.1ThematicEquivalenceintheC-ETranslationofBusinessCorrespondenceWiththefastdevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,businesscorrespondencehasbecomeoneofthemostimportantbranchesinEnglishforspecialproposes.Asavariantofsocialfunctions,businesscorrespondenceistheapplicationofEnglishinbusinessoccasions.Therefore,ithasobviouscharacteristicsinTheme-Rhemestructure.Translatorsshouldachievethematicequivalenceintheprocessofbusinesscorrespondencetranslation.4.1.1CharacteristicsofThematicEquivalenceinBusinessCorrespondenceThedominantThemeinEnglishcorrespondencetextismultipleTheme.Thefrequentappearancesofmultiplethemebringsmoredifficultlyandcomplexityofthecomprehensionofthetext.Secondly,therearealotoftextualThemesrepresentedbyconjunctionsandrelatives.Thirdly,becauseoftheformalstyleofbusinessEnglish,thetextshouldremovepersonalemotions.Lastly,nounasThemeshasthehighestfrequencyinbusinessEnglish,whilepronounsarelessusedasThemes(許,2010).4.1.2TranslationStrategiesforThematicEquivalenceAccordingtothecomplexityoftheThemeitself,HallidaydividestheThemeintosimpleTheme,multipleThemeandclausalTheme.TransferofSimpleThemeThesimplethemeisonethatincludesonlyconceptualfunctions.(1)我們（T）//希望能夠繼續(xù)得到你們的合作和支持。Yourkindcooperation(T)//

onthisissueisgreatlyappreciated.(2）我們（T）//破例再降2％來表我們的誠意，這是我們的最低價(jià)了。To

show

our

sincerity

in

doing

business

with

you(T)//,

we’ll

make

an

exceptionthistime

and

agree

to

make

a

further

reduction

of

2%.

This

is

the

best

we

can

do.ThetransferoftheThemecanbeseenfromthesetwoexamples.Inexample(1),theTheme“我們”istransferredintoRhemeinthetargetEnglish;whiletheEnglishtranslationoftheTheme“Yourkindcooperation”isputinthepositionofThemeinthetargetlanguage.Inexample(2),theTheme“我們”istransferredintoRhemeinthetargetEnglish;whiletheEnglishtranslationoftheTheme“To

show

our

sincerity

in

doing

business

with

you”isputinthepositionofThemeinthetargetlanguage.TransferofMultipleThemeThismeansthattherearesomeelementsincludingideationalmeaning,textualmeaningandinterpersonalmeaninginmultipleTheme,theyarestilltransferredintothetargetEnglish.(3)要知道，這個(gè)價(jià)格（T）//是貿(mào)易往來中的最低價(jià)。Thispriceasweknow(T)//isthelowestpriceinthebusiness.(4)但是，A公司（T）//知道這肯定是一個(gè)圈套，他決心要智勝B公司。Thecompanyhowever(T)//,wascertainthiswasatrickanddeterminedtogetthebetteroftheCompanyB.TheThemesoftheabovetwoexamplesaremultipleThemes,“要知道”isatextualcomponentinexample(3);inexample(4),“但是”isaninterpersonalelement.ThesecomponentsarestilltranslatedinthepositionofThemeinEnglish.TransferofClausalThemeFor

different

purposes,

mainclause

phrasesare

usually

located

attheendofthesentence,whileadverbial

clauses

and

non-predicate

wordscomeinthefirstpositionofthesentenceinChinese;buttheoppositeoftenoccursinEnglish.Therefore,theinnerrelationshipofclausalThemeisusuallytranslatedintoanotherstructure,butstillinthepositionofTheme.(5)賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格一致，并按照合同.所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝(王,2007)。The

seller

(T)//

must

deliver

goods

which

are

of

the

quantity,

quality

anddescriptionsrequired

by

the

contract

and

which

are

contained

or

packed

in

the

mannerrequiredby

thecontract.

Inthisexample,anounphrase“賣方交付的貨物”istranslatedinto“theseller

must

deliverthegoods”andbecomesaclauseinthetargetlanguage.Therefore,therelationshipbetweentheclauseandthepredicateintheoriginalsentencebecomes

the

mainclauseand

thesubordinate

clause.ReasonsfortheTransferIn

order

to

convey

new

information

and

adapt

tothe

context,

language

usersneedto

transform

the

information

expression.

There

are

several

reasons

for

language

conversion.Firstly,westernsandChinesehavedifferentmentalpatterns.Secondly,EnglishandChinesehavedifferenthabitsofexpression.Chineseemphasizessubject’sreflectiononobject,whilemostEnglishexpressionsstressobjectsreflectiononsubject(譚,2011).Thirdly,inEnglishandChinese,information

is

located

in

different

places.InEnglish,informationismainlylocatedinthemainsentence,andsubordinateclauseisonlypartofmainclauseortomodifymainclause.WhilethemainclauseoftenappearsattheendofChinese,whichmeansthattheemphasisisputatthetheendofasentences.4.2CohesiveEquivalenceintheC-ETranslationofBusinessCorrespondenceHu(2008:179)says“theso-calledcohesionistheinterrelationoftwocomponentsinadiscoursewhicharewithoutconstrainsofsyntacticstructure,ortherelationbetweenonecomponentandanothercomponentwhichcanexplaineachother”.Itplaysanimportantroleinachievingtextualcoherence.4.2.1ClassificationofCohesiveEquivalenceinBusinessCorrespondenceHallidaydividedcohesionintolexicalcohesionandgrammaticalcohesion.Reference,ellipsis,substitutionandconjunctionbelongtogrammaticalcohesion.Whilerepetition,synonymy/antonymy,hyponymy/meronymyandcollocationbelongtolexicalcohesion.ReferenceInhisAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar,Halliday(2000:45)statesthat“aparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows”.Thepresenceofanactorandanindirectelementatcertainplaceinthetextcanserveasareferencepointforthefollowing,whichindicatestheidentityrelationshipbetweenthetwo.Thisiscalledreferential,anditisdividedintopersonalreference,indicativereferenceandcomparativereference.Personal

referencereferstotheuseofpersonalpronounsandtheircorrespondingpossessiveadjectivestoexpresstherelation(許,2010).InbusinessEnglish,first-personorsecondpersonstatementaregenerallynotused.Insteadoftheuseoffirst-personandsecondperson,therepetitionof“theseller/buyer”,“partyA/partyB”isusedtoachieveaccuracyandobjectivity.Indicativereferenceusesthelimitedwordssuchas“this(these)”,“that(those)”and“the”toachievetheeffectofwellorganization(許,2010).Comparative

reference

refers

to

theuse

ofadjectives

such

as

“similarto”,“thesameas”andtheadverb“more”whichexpressescomparativedegreetodescribetwoorseveraldifferentsituations.Itisthemostcommonlinguisticphenomenonintextcohesion(ibid).(6)買方同意從賣方購買，賣方同意向買方出售。The

Buyer

agrees

to

buy

from

the

Seller

and

the

Seller

agrees

to

sell

to

the

Buyer.“賣方”and“買方”aretranslatedinto“seller”and“buyer”intoEnglish.

“Buyer”

and

“seller”

are

repeatedly

used

to

realize

personal

reference,

which

aims

atthe

accuracy

of

expression

and

reflects

the

rigor

of

business

English

translation.SoEnglishisequivalenttotheChinesesentence.(7)與其他牌子的輪胎相比，這種輪胎每英里損耗更少，耐磨時(shí)間更長，因?yàn)樗怯靡环N流橡膠制成的。Compared

with

other

brands,

this

kind

of

tire

cost

less

per

mile

and

wearmuchlonger

due

to

its

topnotch

rubber.InChinese,“它”isapersonalpronoun,referringtot