2025年大學(xué)《梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)》專業(yè)題庫(kù)——梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)影響東方文化考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選擇題（每題2分，共20分）1.下列哪部經(jīng)典主要用巴利語(yǔ)寫成？A.《奧義書》B.《摩訶婆羅多》C.《法句經(jīng)》D.《薄伽梵歌》2.梵語(yǔ)中的“Dharma”一詞在東方文化中通常被翻譯為什么？A.和平B.輪回C.法、義務(wù)、道德D.解脫3.佛教的“四圣諦”中，哪一項(xiàng)指出了苦的本質(zhì)？A.諸行無(wú)常B.諸法無(wú)我C.般若空性D.苦諦4.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)哪些東南亞國(guó)家的文化影響最為深遠(yuǎn)？A.中國(guó)、日本B.泰國(guó)、緬甸、斯里蘭卡C.印度尼西亞、越南D.菲律賓、韓國(guó)5.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的“Nirvana”通常被理解為什么狀態(tài)？A.永恒的生命B.悲觀絕望C.從輪回中解脫D.靈魂的毀滅6.下列哪項(xiàng)不是印度教中重要的神祇，其名稱源于梵語(yǔ)？A.印度教三神頭神B.濕婆C.毗濕奴D.薩蒂7.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)印度的哪種藝術(shù)形式影響最為顯著？A.舞蹈B.戲劇C.音樂D.寺廟建筑8.“輪回”的概念在東方文化中主要源于哪種宗教？A.基督教B.伊斯蘭教C.佛教和印度教D.猶太教9.梵語(yǔ)詞根“Bhū”在下列哪個(gè)詞中體現(xiàn)了其“存在、成為”的意義？A.Brahma（梵天）B.Buddha（佛陀）C.Dharma（法）D.Karma（業(yè)）10.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的哪種修辭手法在中國(guó)文學(xué)中也常見？A.比喻B.排比C.對(duì)偶D.反問二、填空題（每空1分，共10分）1.梵語(yǔ)和巴利語(yǔ)都屬于______語(yǔ)系。2.佛教的兩大主要流派是______和______。3.梵語(yǔ)字母共有______個(gè)。4.“業(yè)力”在梵語(yǔ)中稱為______。5.古印度的兩大史詩(shī)是______和______。6.梵語(yǔ)中的“Rita”一詞可以理解為______或______。7.巴利語(yǔ)是______世紀(jì)至______世紀(jì)的僧侶使用的語(yǔ)言。8.印度教的根本經(jīng)典《吠陀》分為四部：《______》、《______》、《______》和《______》。9.梵語(yǔ)詞“Moksha”意為______。10.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)東方文化的傳播起到了______作用。三、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題5分，共20分）1.簡(jiǎn)述梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)在佛教傳播中的作用。2.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)印度教哲學(xué)思想有哪些主要影響？3.簡(jiǎn)述梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)東方文學(xué)的影響。4.梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的哪些概念對(duì)東方藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響？四、論述題（10分）論述梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)東方社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和文化習(xí)俗的影響。五、翻譯題（10分）將以下巴利語(yǔ)選段翻譯成中文：“Bhikkhave,imasmi?sa?sāreupāyāyohoti,dvāda?a?sattāyocaayamantyohoti.Yocatvesu?vijjāhoti,sārāmvijjāyanāmhoti.Tassacavijjāya?nāma,dassanāvi??ā?a?,sacchikatvāvi??ā?a?.Yocatassadhammedassana?hoti,sārāmdhammeyya?hoti.Yocadhammesacchiketa?hoti,sārāmdhammevedeyya?hoti.Yocadhammevedeyya?hoti,sārāmdhammevādāya?hoti.Yocadhammevādāya?hoti,sārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācahoti.Tassacahitayāsubhāyā?hoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāyanāmhoti.Yocahitayāsubhāyāya?hoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?hoti.Yocahitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?hoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?hoti.Tassacavācāya?nāma,dassanāvi??ā?a?,sacchikatvāvi??ā?a?.Evameta?kho,bhikkhave,yaddavijjāhoti,sārāmvijjāyanāmhoti;yaddasārāmvijjāyanāmhoti,sārāmdhammenāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammenāmhoti,sārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?nāmhoti.Yocavācāya?nāma,dassanāvi??ā?a?,sacchikatvāvi??ā?a?.Tassakho,bhikkhave,vijjāsacchikāhoti.Tassavijjāsacchikāhoti,sammādi??hihoti.Tassasammādi??hihoti,sammāsatihoti.Tassasammāsatihoti,sammāvācāhoti.Tassasammāvācāhoti,sammākammanta?hoti.Tassasammākammanta?hoti,sappurisāhoti.Tassasappurisāhoti,atthakāri?īhoti.Tassaatthakāri?īhoti,sātthaka?hoti.Tassasātthaka?hoti,sacchikāvi??ā?a?hoti.Evameta?kho,bhikkhave,yaddavijjāhoti,sārāmvijjāyanāmhoti;yaddasārāmvijjāyanāmhoti,sārāmdhammenāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammenāmhoti,sārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?nāmhoti.Tassakho,bhikkhave,vijjāsacchikāhoti.”試卷答案一、選擇題1.C解析：《法句經(jīng)》是佛教重要經(jīng)典，用巴利語(yǔ)寫成。2.C解析：“Dharma”在印度教和佛教中都有“法、義務(wù)、道德”的含義。3.D解析：“苦諦”是佛教四圣諦之一，指出了苦的本質(zhì)。4.B解析：泰國(guó)、緬甸、斯里蘭卡等東南亞國(guó)家佛教盛行，巴利語(yǔ)影響深遠(yuǎn)。5.C解析：“Nirvana”是佛教概念，意為從輪回中解脫。6.D解析：薩蒂是印度教神話人物，濕婆、毗濕奴、印度教三神頭神是印度教主神。7.D解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)印度寺廟建筑的風(fēng)格、布局、裝飾等有深遠(yuǎn)影響。8.C解析：“輪回”是佛教和印度教的核心概念。9.B解析：“Bhū”是梵語(yǔ)詞根，意為“存在、成為”，“Buddha”（佛陀）意為“覺悟者”。10.C解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)文學(xué)中常用對(duì)偶修辭手法，中國(guó)文學(xué)中也常見。二、填空題1.印度解析：梵語(yǔ)和巴利語(yǔ)都是古代印度的語(yǔ)言。2.上座部佛教；大乘佛教解析：佛教主要分為上座部佛教和大乘佛教兩大流派。3.50解析：梵語(yǔ)字母共有50個(gè)。4.Karma解析：“業(yè)力”在梵語(yǔ)中稱為Karma。5.羅摩衍那；摩訶婆羅多解析：古印度的兩大史詩(shī)是《羅摩衍那》和《摩訶婆羅多》。6.正義；真理解析：“Rita”在梵語(yǔ)中意為“正義”或“真理”。7.一；五解析：巴利語(yǔ)主要流行于公元前一世紀(jì)至公元五世紀(jì)。8.勒叉吠陀；梨俱吠陀；阿闥婆吠陀；婆羅多吠陀解析：《吠陀》分為四部：《勒叉吠陀》、《梨俱吠陀》、《阿闥婆吠陀》和《婆羅多吠陀》。9.解脫解析：梵語(yǔ)詞“Moksha”意為解脫。10.傳播解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)東方文化的傳播起到了重要作用。三、簡(jiǎn)答題1.解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)是佛教經(jīng)典的原始語(yǔ)言，佛教的經(jīng)文、教義、儀式等都是用梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)記錄和傳播的。這使得佛教能夠超越地域和民族的限制，在東方乃至世界各地傳播開來(lái)。例如，巴利語(yǔ)三藏是佛教的核心經(jīng)典，對(duì)佛教的傳承和發(fā)展起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。2.解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的許多概念，如輪回、業(yè)力、解脫、梵我等，深刻影響了印度教哲學(xué)思想。這些概念不僅構(gòu)成了印度教哲學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，也影響了其他東方哲學(xué)流派。例如，佛教哲學(xué)就是在批判吸收印度教哲學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的。3.解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)東方文學(xué)的影響主要體現(xiàn)在敘事結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭手法、哲學(xué)思想等方面。例如，印度史詩(shī)《羅摩衍那》和《摩訶婆羅多》是用梵語(yǔ)寫成的，其宏大的敘事結(jié)構(gòu)、豐富的想象力、深刻的哲學(xué)思想對(duì)東方文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。這些史詩(shī)中的許多故事和人物也成為了東方文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的素材。4.解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的許多神祇、人物、故事對(duì)東方藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。例如，印度教的濕婆、毗濕奴、提毗等神祇，佛教的佛陀、菩薩、羅漢等形象，都是東方藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的重要題材。這些神祇和人物的形象、服飾、姿態(tài)等都在東方藝術(shù)作品中得到了生動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。四、論述題解析：梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)對(duì)東方社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和文化習(xí)俗的影響是多方面的。首先，在印度社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)方面，梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的種姓制度觀念對(duì)社會(huì)等級(jí)劃分產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。雖然種姓制度在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)已經(jīng)逐漸消失，但其影響仍然存在于一些社會(huì)習(xí)俗和傳統(tǒng)中。其次，在文化習(xí)俗方面，梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的許多宗教儀式、節(jié)日、習(xí)俗等對(duì)東方文化產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。例如，印度教的許多宗教儀式都是用梵語(yǔ)進(jìn)行的，印度教的節(jié)日也都與宗教神話故事有關(guān)。這些宗教儀式和節(jié)日也成為了東方文化的重要組成部分。此外，梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)還對(duì)東方的語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)等方面產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。例如，許多東方語(yǔ)言都受到了梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)的影響，東方文學(xué)中也充滿了梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)的詞匯和表達(dá)方式。東方藝術(shù)中也充滿了梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)中的神祇、人物、故事等元素。五、翻譯題解析：此段巴利語(yǔ)選自《法句經(jīng)》，主要內(nèi)容是闡述智慧、法、苦、圣者之間的關(guān)系。“Bhikkhave,imasmi?sa?sāreupāyāyohoti,dvāda?a?sattāyocaayamantyohoti.Yocatvesu?vijjāhoti,sārāmvijjāyanāmhoti.Tassacavijjāya?nāma,dassanāvi??ā?a?,sacchikatvāvi??ā?a?.Yocatassadhammedassana?hoti,sārāmdhammeyya?hoti.Yocadhammesacchiketa?hoti,sārāmdhammevedeyya?hoti.Yocadhammevedeyya?hoti,sārāmdhammevādāya?hoti.Yocadhammevādāya?hoti,sārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācahoti.Tassacahitayāsubhāyā?hoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?hoti.Yocahitayāsubhāyāya?hoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?hoti.Yocahitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?hoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?hoti.Tassacavācāya?nāma,dassanāvi??ā?a?,sacchikatvāvi??ā?a?.Evameta?kho,bhikkhave,yaddavijjāhoti,sārāmvijjāyanāmhoti;yaddasārāmvijjāyanāmhoti,sārāmdhammenāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammenāmhoti,sārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?nāmhoti.Tassakho,bhikkhave,vijjāsacchikāhoti.Tassavijjāsacchikāhoti,sammādi??hihoti.Tassasammādi??hihoti,sammāsatihoti.Tassasammāsatihoti,sammāvācāhoti.Tassasammāvācāhoti,sammākammanta?hoti.Tassasammākammanta?hoti,sappurisāhoti.Tassasappurisāhoti,atthakāri?īhoti.Tassaatthakāri?īhoti,sātthaka?hoti.Tassasātthaka?hoti,sacchikāvi??ā?a?hoti.Evameta?kho,bhikkhave,yaddavijjāhoti,sārāmvijjāyanāmhoti;yaddasārāmvijjāyanāmhoti,sārāmdhammenāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammenāmhoti,sārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevedeyya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammevādāya?nāmhoti,sārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti;yaddasārāmdhammehitayācasubhāyācanāmhoti,sārāmhitayāsubhāyāya?vācāya?nāmhoti.Tassakho,bhikkhave,vijjāsacchikāhoti.”翻譯為：“monks,inthissa?sārathereisaway,anditistwelveandseven[i.e.,thetwelvesensegatesandthesevenfactorsofenlightenment].Whichone,monks,istheway?Ifwisdomexists,thenthewayexists.Thiswisdomiscalledseeing-consciousness,anditisformedseeing.IfthiswisdomseestheDhamma,thentheDhammawayexists.IfthisDhammaisformed,thentheDhammaunderstandingexists.IfthisDhammaunderstandingexists,thentheDhammadiscussionexists.IfthisDhammadiscussionexists,thentheDhammawelfareandwell-beingexist.Thiswelfareandwell-beingiscalledthewelfareandwell-beingway.Ifthiswelfareandwell-beingwayexists,thenthewelfareandwell-beingspeechexists.Ifthiswelfareandwell-beingspeechexists,thenthewelfareandwell-beingspeechexists.Thisspeechiscalledseeing-consciousness.Thus,monks,ifwisdomexists,thenthewayexists.Ifthewayexists,thentheDhammaexists.IftheDhammaexists,thentheDhammawayexists.IftheDhammawayexists,thentheDhammaunderstandingexists.Ifthe